Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.108797
D. Nagore, V. Kuber, P. Patil, T. Deshmukh
Background: Nutmeg is the imperative spices having pharmacological importance. Objectives: The objective of this work was to standardize Nutmeg extract by RP-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Settings and Design: An RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous quantification of quercetin (QUE), eugenol (EUG), myristicin (MYRS), and safrole (SAFR) from nutmeg fruit and mace extracts. Materials and Methods: RP-HPLC method was performed with Waters 2695 Alliance system using a 2996 photodiode array detector (PDA). QUE, EUG, MYRS, and SAFR were separated on a reverse-phase 250 × 4.6 mm, 5-m, Zorbax SB C18 column (Agilent). The mobile phase was prepared from 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water of pH 2.5 (solvent-A) and acetonitrile (solvent-B). The gradient program was selected for separation. The PDA was set at 220 nm, which shows maximum response for all peaks. Statistical Analysis: Percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) and correlation coefficient (r 2 ) were calculated by standard formulas. Results: QUE, EUG, MYRS, and SAFR were satisfactorily resolved with retention time about 3, 7, 19 and 21 min. respectively. The method was validated and results obtained showed accepted values for correlation of coefficient and % RSD. Conclusions: The method was accurate and specific for analysis of nutmeg extract.
{"title":"Simultaneous assessment and validation of reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography method for quercetin, eugenol, myristicin, and safrole from nutmeg, fruit and mace","authors":"D. Nagore, V. Kuber, P. Patil, T. Deshmukh","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.108797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.108797","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nutmeg is the imperative spices having pharmacological importance. Objectives: The objective of this work was to standardize Nutmeg extract by RP-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Settings and Design: An RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous quantification of quercetin (QUE), eugenol (EUG), myristicin (MYRS), and safrole (SAFR) from nutmeg fruit and mace extracts. Materials and Methods: RP-HPLC method was performed with Waters 2695 Alliance system using a 2996 photodiode array detector (PDA). QUE, EUG, MYRS, and SAFR were separated on a reverse-phase 250 × 4.6 mm, 5-m, Zorbax SB C18 column (Agilent). The mobile phase was prepared from 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water of pH 2.5 (solvent-A) and acetonitrile (solvent-B). The gradient program was selected for separation. The PDA was set at 220 nm, which shows maximum response for all peaks. Statistical Analysis: Percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) and correlation coefficient (r 2 ) were calculated by standard formulas. Results: QUE, EUG, MYRS, and SAFR were satisfactorily resolved with retention time about 3, 7, 19 and 21 min. respectively. The method was validated and results obtained showed accepted values for correlation of coefficient and % RSD. Conclusions: The method was accurate and specific for analysis of nutmeg extract.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88983467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.108804
G. Sharma, A. Prakash
Context: Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging food borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. Aims: The present paper is for the rapid detection of C. sakazakii from milk and milk products of Agra region via PCR method and comparison of C. sakazakii in biofilm, on agar surface and planktonic cells by proteomic analysis. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 55 samples of milk and milk products of the Agra region were analyzed. 200 isolates were obtained of which 11 were biochemically detected as C. sakazakii . The PCR targeting the ompA gene was used to amplify a 496 bp DNA segment unique to C. sakazakii , in order to confirm C. sakazakii isolates. The proteome was investigated to study the differential protein pattern expressed by biofilm, agar surface-associated and planktonic bacteria employing SDS-PAGE. Statistical Analysis: UN-SCAN-6.1 gel analysis software. Results: The primer pair ESSF and ESSR was successfully used to amplify a 469 bp DNA unique to C. sakazakii . Whole cell protein profiles of planktonic, biofilm and agar surface associated were characteristic. Conclusion: The cultural procedure for detection of C. sakazakii is laborious, taking up to 7 days for completion, whereas PCR combined with enrichment culturing can detect C. sakazakii in about 12 hours and thus has the potential to be used as a rapid tool for detecting its presence. Differential protein pattern of C. sakazakii cultivated in biofilm versus agar-surface-associated and planktonic cells were observed. Further understanding the role of specific proteins during the biofilm development should permit a better understanding of the mechanisms sustaining the proliferation and the resistance of bacteria on biotic surfaces.
背景:阪崎克罗诺杆菌是一种新兴的食源性病原体，可引起新生儿和婴儿严重的脑膜炎、脑膜脑炎、败血症和坏死性小肠结肠炎，死亡率高。目的:采用PCR方法快速检测阿格拉地区牛奶及乳制品中的阪崎弧菌，并对生物膜、琼脂表面和浮游细胞中的阪崎弧菌进行蛋白质组学分析比较。材料与方法:对阿格拉地区55份牛奶及乳制品样品进行分析。分离得到200株，其中11株经生化检测为阪崎菌。利用定位于ompA基因的PCR扩增出一段496 bp的阪崎梭菌特有DNA片段，以证实阪崎梭菌的分离。利用SDS-PAGE技术对生物膜菌、琼脂表面相关菌和浮游菌的蛋白质表达进行了研究。统计分析:UN-SCAN-6.1凝胶分析软件。结果:利用引物ESSF和ESSR成功扩增出阪崎木特有的469 bp DNA。浮游生物、生物膜和琼脂表面的全细胞蛋白谱具有一定的特征。结论:阪崎弧菌的培养检测过程繁琐，需要7天才能完成，而PCR与富集培养相结合，可以在12小时左右检测出阪崎弧菌，因此有潜力作为一种快速检测阪崎弧菌存在的工具。观察了坂崎菌在生物膜中培养与琼脂表面相关细胞和浮游细胞培养的差异蛋白模式。进一步了解特定蛋白质在生物膜发育过程中的作用，将有助于更好地理解维持生物表面细菌增殖和抗性的机制。
{"title":"Comparison of Cronobacter sakazakii from Agra region grown in biofilms, agar surface associated and planktonic mode by proteomic analysis","authors":"G. Sharma, A. Prakash","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.108804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.108804","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging food borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. Aims: The present paper is for the rapid detection of C. sakazakii from milk and milk products of Agra region via PCR method and comparison of C. sakazakii in biofilm, on agar surface and planktonic cells by proteomic analysis. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 55 samples of milk and milk products of the Agra region were analyzed. 200 isolates were obtained of which 11 were biochemically detected as C. sakazakii . The PCR targeting the ompA gene was used to amplify a 496 bp DNA segment unique to C. sakazakii , in order to confirm C. sakazakii isolates. The proteome was investigated to study the differential protein pattern expressed by biofilm, agar surface-associated and planktonic bacteria employing SDS-PAGE. Statistical Analysis: UN-SCAN-6.1 gel analysis software. Results: The primer pair ESSF and ESSR was successfully used to amplify a 469 bp DNA unique to C. sakazakii . Whole cell protein profiles of planktonic, biofilm and agar surface associated were characteristic. Conclusion: The cultural procedure for detection of C. sakazakii is laborious, taking up to 7 days for completion, whereas PCR combined with enrichment culturing can detect C. sakazakii in about 12 hours and thus has the potential to be used as a rapid tool for detecting its presence. Differential protein pattern of C. sakazakii cultivated in biofilm versus agar-surface-associated and planktonic cells were observed. Further understanding the role of specific proteins during the biofilm development should permit a better understanding of the mechanisms sustaining the proliferation and the resistance of bacteria on biotic surfaces.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84291482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103102
A. Dixit, P. Pandey
{"title":"Colesevelam: A novel drug for comorbid diabetes and dyslipidemia","authors":"A. Dixit, P. Pandey","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75634182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103101
D. Chauhan, Y. Guruprasad
Double lip, also referred to as macrocheilia, is a rare anomaly which affects the upper lip more commonly than the lower lip. It consists of a fold of excess or redundant hypertrophic tissue on the mucosal side of the lip. The congenital double lip is believed to be present at birth and becomes more prominent after eruption of teeth. It affects esthetics and also interferes with speech and mastication. Simple surgical excision produces good functional and cosmetic results. We report a case of a non-syndromic congenital maxillary double lip in a 21-year-old male patient.
{"title":"Congenital maxillary double lip","authors":"D. Chauhan, Y. Guruprasad","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103101","url":null,"abstract":"Double lip, also referred to as macrocheilia, is a rare anomaly which affects the upper lip more commonly than the lower lip. It consists of a fold of excess or redundant hypertrophic tissue on the mucosal side of the lip. The congenital double lip is believed to be present at birth and becomes more prominent after eruption of teeth. It affects esthetics and also interferes with speech and mastication. Simple surgical excision produces good functional and cosmetic results. We report a case of a non-syndromic congenital maxillary double lip in a 21-year-old male patient.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87297591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103099
Ethiraj Thiruvengadam, R. Ramadoss, M. Amudha
Aim: The main aim of this present investigation is to apply the hydrotropic solubilization phenomenon for spectroscopic analysis of poorly water-soluble drugs to avoid the use organic solvents which may be costlier, toxic to environment, volatile, and pollutant. Materials and Methods: A simple ultra violet spectroscopic method was used for the content analysis by diluting the drug cefixime with various hydrotropic agents. In this study, 20% solutions of sodium salicylate (SS), sodium citrate (SC), sodium acetate (SA), and sodium benzoate (SB) were used as hydrotropes for the analysis of cefixime. Results and Discussion: The drug cefixime showed the linearity of 0.5-2 μg/mL in SS, 5-30 μg/mL in SC, 5-50 μg/mL in SA, and 0.05-0.30 μg/mL in SB solution. Then the proposed methods were validated with respect to accuracy and precision as per International Conference of Harmonization guidelines Q2 (R1), November 2005 (Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology). The drug showed less limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values (LOD = 0.0225471 μg/mL and LOQ 0.0683246 μg/mL) to SB solution and it obeyed the Beer's law at very low concentration range (0.05-0.30 μg/mL) which proved that the drug has high sensitivity with SB solution. Conclusions: Finally, it was concluded that the all proposed methods were simple, cost-effective, safe to environment, rapid, reproducible, and highly sensitive with SB solution.
{"title":"Sensitive spectroscopic method for content analysis of cefixime in solid dosage form using hydrotropy phenomenon","authors":"Ethiraj Thiruvengadam, R. Ramadoss, M. Amudha","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103099","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The main aim of this present investigation is to apply the hydrotropic solubilization phenomenon for spectroscopic analysis of poorly water-soluble drugs to avoid the use organic solvents which may be costlier, toxic to environment, volatile, and pollutant. Materials and Methods: A simple ultra violet spectroscopic method was used for the content analysis by diluting the drug cefixime with various hydrotropic agents. In this study, 20% solutions of sodium salicylate (SS), sodium citrate (SC), sodium acetate (SA), and sodium benzoate (SB) were used as hydrotropes for the analysis of cefixime. Results and Discussion: The drug cefixime showed the linearity of 0.5-2 μg/mL in SS, 5-30 μg/mL in SC, 5-50 μg/mL in SA, and 0.05-0.30 μg/mL in SB solution. Then the proposed methods were validated with respect to accuracy and precision as per International Conference of Harmonization guidelines Q2 (R1), November 2005 (Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology). The drug showed less limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values (LOD = 0.0225471 μg/mL and LOQ 0.0683246 μg/mL) to SB solution and it obeyed the Beer's law at very low concentration range (0.05-0.30 μg/mL) which proved that the drug has high sensitivity with SB solution. Conclusions: Finally, it was concluded that the all proposed methods were simple, cost-effective, safe to environment, rapid, reproducible, and highly sensitive with SB solution.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78732747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103090
B. Pawar, Avneesh Tejnani, P. Marawar, A. Mani
A solid understanding of the etiology of periodontitis is critical for developing therapies that can ensure long-lasting disease control. Research during the past 15 years has implied that herpes viruses are involved in the etiopathogeny of destructive periodontal disease. Because of the high copy counts of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in aggressive and chronic periodontitis, it is unlikely that these pathogenic viruses are acting merely as innocuous bystanders present in proportion to the severity of the underlying periodontal pathosis. However, herpes viruses are probably not stand-alone periodontopathic agents but cooperate with specific bacteria in periodontal tissue breakdown. A coinfection of active herpes viruses and periodontopathic bacteria may constitute a major cause of periodontitis and explain a number of the clinical characteristics of the disease. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence supporting the hypothesis that viral infection plays a role in the development of periodontitis.
{"title":"Herpes virus: A key missing piece of the periodontopathogenic jigsaw puzzle","authors":"B. Pawar, Avneesh Tejnani, P. Marawar, A. Mani","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103090","url":null,"abstract":"A solid understanding of the etiology of periodontitis is critical for developing therapies that can ensure long-lasting disease control. Research during the past 15 years has implied that herpes viruses are involved in the etiopathogeny of destructive periodontal disease. Because of the high copy counts of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in aggressive and chronic periodontitis, it is unlikely that these pathogenic viruses are acting merely as innocuous bystanders present in proportion to the severity of the underlying periodontal pathosis. However, herpes viruses are probably not stand-alone periodontopathic agents but cooperate with specific bacteria in periodontal tissue breakdown. A coinfection of active herpes viruses and periodontopathic bacteria may constitute a major cause of periodontitis and explain a number of the clinical characteristics of the disease. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence supporting the hypothesis that viral infection plays a role in the development of periodontitis.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91489272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103094
B. Patel, A. K. Doshi, C. Patel
Aim: A simple, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method with UV-Visible detector has been developed and subsequently validated for the simultaneous determination of propranolol hydrochloride (PRP) and flunarizine dihydrochloride (FLU) in their combined dosage formulation. Materials and Methods: The separation was based on the use of a Kromasil C8 analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 70 volumes of methanol and 30 volumes of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8). The separation was carried out at 40°C temperature with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/ min. Result and Conclusion: Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 242 nm, with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges of 32-72 μg/ml for PRP and 8-18 μg/ml for FLU. The recoveries obtained were 98.97-101.10% and 98.86-102.27% for PRP and FLU, respectively. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, limits of detection, limit of quantitation, and system suitability of analytical method validation.
{"title":"RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of propranolol hydrochloride and flunarizine dihydrochloride in their combined dosage formulation","authors":"B. Patel, A. K. Doshi, C. Patel","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103094","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: A simple, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method with UV-Visible detector has been developed and subsequently validated for the simultaneous determination of propranolol hydrochloride (PRP) and flunarizine dihydrochloride (FLU) in their combined dosage formulation. Materials and Methods: The separation was based on the use of a Kromasil C8 analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 70 volumes of methanol and 30 volumes of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8). The separation was carried out at 40°C temperature with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/ min. Result and Conclusion: Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 242 nm, with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges of 32-72 μg/ml for PRP and 8-18 μg/ml for FLU. The recoveries obtained were 98.97-101.10% and 98.86-102.27% for PRP and FLU, respectively. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, limits of detection, limit of quantitation, and system suitability of analytical method validation.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82206352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103092
M. Joshi, G. Tiwari, R. Tiwari, B. Srivastava
The early genesis of the concept of nanomedicine sprang from the visionary idea that tiny nanorobots and related machines could be designed, manufactured, and introduced into the human body to perform cellular repairs at the molecular level. Nanomedicine today has branched out in hundreds of different directions, each of them embodying the key insight that the ability to structure materials and devices at the molecular scale can bring enormous immediate benefits in the research and practice of medicine. The integration of nanotechnology with biology and medicine has given birth to a new field of science called Nanomedicine. Research into the rational delivery and targeting of pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents is at the forefront of projects in nanomedicine. These involve the identification of precise targets (cells and receptors) related to specific clinical conditions and choice of the appropriate nanocarriers to achieve the required responses while minimizing the side effects. Mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and cancers (tumor cells as well as tumor neovasculature) are key targets. The ultimate goal of nanomedicine is to develop well-engineered nanotools for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. Nanomedicine today has branched out in hundreds of different directions, each of them embodying the key insight that the ability to structure materials and devices at the molecular scale can bring enormous immediate benefits in the research and practice of medicine.
{"title":"Nanomedicine to improve drug delivery outcomes [Retracted]","authors":"M. Joshi, G. Tiwari, R. Tiwari, B. Srivastava","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103092","url":null,"abstract":"The early genesis of the concept of nanomedicine sprang from the visionary idea that tiny nanorobots and related machines could be designed, manufactured, and introduced into the human body to perform cellular repairs at the molecular level. Nanomedicine today has branched out in hundreds of different directions, each of them embodying the key insight that the ability to structure materials and devices at the molecular scale can bring enormous immediate benefits in the research and practice of medicine. The integration of nanotechnology with biology and medicine has given birth to a new field of science called Nanomedicine. Research into the rational delivery and targeting of pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents is at the forefront of projects in nanomedicine. These involve the identification of precise targets (cells and receptors) related to specific clinical conditions and choice of the appropriate nanocarriers to achieve the required responses while minimizing the side effects. Mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and cancers (tumor cells as well as tumor neovasculature) are key targets. The ultimate goal of nanomedicine is to develop well-engineered nanotools for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. Nanomedicine today has branched out in hundreds of different directions, each of them embodying the key insight that the ability to structure materials and devices at the molecular scale can bring enormous immediate benefits in the research and practice of medicine.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81784513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103100
Ashutosh Kumar Singh, A. Mitra, S. Rath
Background: Progressive External Opthalmoplegia (PEO1) or Chromosome 10 open reading frame 2 gene (OMIM ID 606075) encodes Twinkle protein, a phage T7 gene 4-like hexameric helicase, and is associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions and neuromuscular disease called autosomal dominant PEO (adPEO). Twinkle has also been known to play an important role in the stability and maintenance of the mtDNA. Aims: In this study as an effort of Indian Genome Variation Consortium, we screened the SNPs of PEO1 gene such as rs7184, rs1535349, rs2863095, rs3740484, rs3740488, rs3740489, rs4919511, rs17113613, rs3824783, rs3740485, rs3740486, and rs3740487 in discovery panel (a population set of 40 DNA samples), and four synonymous SNPs, namely rs3824783 (ancestral allele=A), rs3740485 (ancestral allele=T), rs3740486 (ancestral allele=C), and rs3740487 (ancestral allele=A) in a large validation panel composed of 55 Indian subpopulations. Materials and Methods: In present study, a total of 55 Indian subpopulations were identified and collected for validation panel to check the frequencies of SNPs in PEO1 gene. Results and Conclusion: The allelic and genotype frequencies are found to be variable among different ethnic groups of India.
背景:进行性眼外麻痹症(PEO1)或10号染色体开放阅读框2基因(OMIM ID 606075)编码Twinkle蛋白，这是一种噬菌体T7基因4样六聚解旋酶，与线粒体DNA (mtDNA)缺失和常染色体显性PEO (adPEO)神经肌肉疾病有关。人们还知道，Twinkle在mtDNA的稳定和维持中发挥着重要作用。目的:本研究作为印度基因组变异联盟的一项工作，我们在发现面板(一组40份DNA样本的群体集)中筛选了PEO1基因rs7184、rs1535349、rs2863095、rs3740484、rs3740488、rs3740489、rs4919511、rs17113613、rs3824783、rs3740485、rs3740486和rs3740487四个同源snp，即rs3824783(祖先等位基因= a)、rs3740485(祖先等位基因=T)、rs3740486(祖先等位基因=C)。rs3740487(祖先等位基因=A)在由55个印度亚群组成的大型验证面板中。材料与方法:本研究共收集了55个印度人亚群，用于验证小组，检查PEO1基因snp的频率。结果与结论:印度不同民族间的等位基因和基因型频率存在差异。
{"title":"Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of PEO1 gene in 55 ethnic groups of India","authors":"Ashutosh Kumar Singh, A. Mitra, S. Rath","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103100","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Progressive External Opthalmoplegia (PEO1) or Chromosome 10 open reading frame 2 gene (OMIM ID 606075) encodes Twinkle protein, a phage T7 gene 4-like hexameric helicase, and is associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions and neuromuscular disease called autosomal dominant PEO (adPEO). Twinkle has also been known to play an important role in the stability and maintenance of the mtDNA. Aims: In this study as an effort of Indian Genome Variation Consortium, we screened the SNPs of PEO1 gene such as rs7184, rs1535349, rs2863095, rs3740484, rs3740488, rs3740489, rs4919511, rs17113613, rs3824783, rs3740485, rs3740486, and rs3740487 in discovery panel (a population set of 40 DNA samples), and four synonymous SNPs, namely rs3824783 (ancestral allele=A), rs3740485 (ancestral allele=T), rs3740486 (ancestral allele=C), and rs3740487 (ancestral allele=A) in a large validation panel composed of 55 Indian subpopulations. Materials and Methods: In present study, a total of 55 Indian subpopulations were identified and collected for validation panel to check the frequencies of SNPs in PEO1 gene. Results and Conclusion: The allelic and genotype frequencies are found to be variable among different ethnic groups of India.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75735718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.103097
Sonam Mittal, Abhishek Gupta, B. Narasimhan, K. Srinivas, R. S. Gupta, V. P. Semwal
Background: Ziprasidone, a novel antipsychotic, exhibits a potent highly selective antagonistic activity on D2 and 5HT2A receptors. Literature survey for ziprasidone revealed several analytical methods based on different techniques but no UPLC method has been reported so far. Aim: Aim of this research paper is to present a simple and rapid stability indicating isocratic, ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method which was developed and validated for the determination of ziprasidone active pharmaceutical ingredient. Forced degradation studies of ziprasidone were studied under acid, base, oxidative hydrolysis, thermal stress and photo stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The quantitative determination of ziprasidone drug was performed on a Supelco analytical column (100×2.1 mm i.d., 2.7 ΅m) with 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH: 6.7) and acetonitrile (ACN) as mobile phase with the ratio (55:45-Buffer:ACN) at a flow rate of 0.35 ml/ min. For UPLC method, UV detection was made at 318 nm and the run time was 3 min. Developed UPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Results and Conclusion: Mild degradation of the drug substance was observed during oxidative hydrolysis and considerable degradation observed during basic hydrolysis. During method validation, parameters such as precision, linearity, ruggedness, stability, robustness, and specificity were evaluated, which remained within acceptable limits. Developed UPLC method was successfully applied for evaluating assay of Ziprasidone active Pharma ingredient.
{"title":"Development and validation of stability indicating UPLC assay method for ziprasidone active pharma ingredient","authors":"Sonam Mittal, Abhishek Gupta, B. Narasimhan, K. Srinivas, R. S. Gupta, V. P. Semwal","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.103097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.103097","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ziprasidone, a novel antipsychotic, exhibits a potent highly selective antagonistic activity on D2 and 5HT2A receptors. Literature survey for ziprasidone revealed several analytical methods based on different techniques but no UPLC method has been reported so far. Aim: Aim of this research paper is to present a simple and rapid stability indicating isocratic, ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method which was developed and validated for the determination of ziprasidone active pharmaceutical ingredient. Forced degradation studies of ziprasidone were studied under acid, base, oxidative hydrolysis, thermal stress and photo stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The quantitative determination of ziprasidone drug was performed on a Supelco analytical column (100×2.1 mm i.d., 2.7 ΅m) with 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH: 6.7) and acetonitrile (ACN) as mobile phase with the ratio (55:45-Buffer:ACN) at a flow rate of 0.35 ml/ min. For UPLC method, UV detection was made at 318 nm and the run time was 3 min. Developed UPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Results and Conclusion: Mild degradation of the drug substance was observed during oxidative hydrolysis and considerable degradation observed during basic hydrolysis. During method validation, parameters such as precision, linearity, ruggedness, stability, robustness, and specificity were evaluated, which remained within acceptable limits. Developed UPLC method was successfully applied for evaluating assay of Ziprasidone active Pharma ingredient.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76187209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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