Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.129339
P. Mali
Background: Oxidative damage as a result of an increase in the free radical load and/or decrease in the efficiency of the antioxidant systems has been implicated in many human diseases. Premna integrifolia (Verbenaceae) is an important woody, medicinal plant and has a prominent place in Ayurvedha, Siddha and Unani system of medicines. Traditionally, it has been used for various antioxidant related disorders. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of extracts of P. integrifolia root on human leucocytes and erythrocytes against hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) induced oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Chloroform:methanol (1:1) extract of P. integrifolia (CMEPI) and aqueous extract of P. integrifolia roots were used to accessed catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in H 2 O 2 induced oxidative damage. Results: Results of the present study revealed that, there was an increase in the CAT, SOD, GPx and reduction of the GSH and LPO levels in H 2 O 2 group compared with the control. P. integrifolia root extract treated groups showed the reduction of CAT, SOD, GPx and increased in the GSH and LPO levels as compared with H 2 O 2 group. CMEPI was found to be more effective than aqueous. Conclusion: The present study suggests that, extracts of P. integrifolia root possess beneficial effect on human leucocytes and erythrocytes against H 2 O 2 induced oxidative damage which has substantiated their use in ethnomedicine as an antioxidant. Observed effect can be attributed due to the flavonoid and phenol contents in the plant. Furthermore, in-vitro and in-vivo studies are needed to explore its effects on antioxidant system of the body for proving its clinical safety, reliability and efficacy.
{"title":"Beneficial effect of extracts of Premna integrifolia root on human leucocytes and erythrocytes against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage","authors":"P. Mali","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.129339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.129339","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oxidative damage as a result of an increase in the free radical load and/or decrease in the efficiency of the antioxidant systems has been implicated in many human diseases. Premna integrifolia (Verbenaceae) is an important woody, medicinal plant and has a prominent place in Ayurvedha, Siddha and Unani system of medicines. Traditionally, it has been used for various antioxidant related disorders. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of extracts of P. integrifolia root on human leucocytes and erythrocytes against hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) induced oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Chloroform:methanol (1:1) extract of P. integrifolia (CMEPI) and aqueous extract of P. integrifolia roots were used to accessed catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in H 2 O 2 induced oxidative damage. Results: Results of the present study revealed that, there was an increase in the CAT, SOD, GPx and reduction of the GSH and LPO levels in H 2 O 2 group compared with the control. P. integrifolia root extract treated groups showed the reduction of CAT, SOD, GPx and increased in the GSH and LPO levels as compared with H 2 O 2 group. CMEPI was found to be more effective than aqueous. Conclusion: The present study suggests that, extracts of P. integrifolia root possess beneficial effect on human leucocytes and erythrocytes against H 2 O 2 induced oxidative damage which has substantiated their use in ethnomedicine as an antioxidant. Observed effect can be attributed due to the flavonoid and phenol contents in the plant. Furthermore, in-vitro and in-vivo studies are needed to explore its effects on antioxidant system of the body for proving its clinical safety, reliability and efficacy.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77783051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.129351
R. Sharma, N. Saini
{"title":"A modification regarding the Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale","authors":"R. Sharma, N. Saini","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.129351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.129351","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87728456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.129340
M. Basu, P. Das
Background: India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world with over 2 million incident cases (21% of the global burden). Future physicians should correctly diagnose, treat the cases to prevent the development of newer cases. Materials and Methods: The observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 among 172 interns. Study tool was an English language, pre-designed, pre-tested, self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Study variables were multiple including different aspects of TB knowledge. Then, data were collected from them. Finally, the collected data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by proper statistical methods (by percentage). Results: The response rate was 88.4%; mean age was 23.8 (standard deviation ±1.5) years, ranged from 22 to 28 years. A majority of interns (65.4%) correctly identified droplet infection as the chief mode of transmission of pulmonary TB (PTB). Again 65.4% interns correctly mentioned coughing for 2 weeks or more as the most important symptom of PTB. Majority (91.0%) correctly responded sputum examination for acid fast bacilli for diagnosis. Only a few respondents (25.6%) were able to narrate correct categorization of TB. More than 3/4 th (76.9%) could correctly name all the five first line anti-TB drugs used in directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS). Conclusion: The most worrisome finding was the lack of proper knowledge about TB transmission. Poor level of knowledge can prevent the future medical practitioners from suspecting TB. The present study was found comparable with many other study findings. The respondents had moderate knowledge regarding treatment monitoring. There is an urgent need for the huge increase in awareness of DOTS among budding doctors.
{"title":"Assessment of knowledge regarding tuberculosis in the context of revised national tuberculosis control program among budding doctors","authors":"M. Basu, P. Das","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.129340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.129340","url":null,"abstract":"Background: India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world with over 2 million incident cases (21% of the global burden). Future physicians should correctly diagnose, treat the cases to prevent the development of newer cases. Materials and Methods: The observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 among 172 interns. Study tool was an English language, pre-designed, pre-tested, self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Study variables were multiple including different aspects of TB knowledge. Then, data were collected from them. Finally, the collected data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by proper statistical methods (by percentage). Results: The response rate was 88.4%; mean age was 23.8 (standard deviation ±1.5) years, ranged from 22 to 28 years. A majority of interns (65.4%) correctly identified droplet infection as the chief mode of transmission of pulmonary TB (PTB). Again 65.4% interns correctly mentioned coughing for 2 weeks or more as the most important symptom of PTB. Majority (91.0%) correctly responded sputum examination for acid fast bacilli for diagnosis. Only a few respondents (25.6%) were able to narrate correct categorization of TB. More than 3/4 th (76.9%) could correctly name all the five first line anti-TB drugs used in directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS). Conclusion: The most worrisome finding was the lack of proper knowledge about TB transmission. Poor level of knowledge can prevent the future medical practitioners from suspecting TB. The present study was found comparable with many other study findings. The respondents had moderate knowledge regarding treatment monitoring. There is an urgent need for the huge increase in awareness of DOTS among budding doctors.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80012082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.129336
S. Njoroge, J. Kiiru, G. Kikuvi
Context: Severely malnourished children have increased risk of being put on antibiotics due to co-morbidities. Aim: The study's objective was to characterize the Escherichia coli β-lactamase mediated resistance to the broad spectrum β-lactam antimicrobials among this population and compare them with nourished children as controls. Settings and Design: In this case-control, hospital-based setup, 109 E. coli isolates were obtained from each group, one isolate per subject. Materials and Methods: Stool or anal swabs were collected, enriched in buffered peptone water and cultured on MacConkey and eosin methylene blue agars. Biochemical test were used to identify E. coli . antibiograms to determine phenotypic resistance were determined using a panel of 14 drugs. Only the isolates showing synergy between ampicillin-calvulanic acid and one or more third generation cephalosporins were picked as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Statistical Analysis: Differences in ESBL rates and susceptibility percentages between cases and controls were evaluated for significance using 2-tailed Fisher's exact test. Results: Prevalence of ESBL phenotype was higher in severely malnourished children (39%) as compared to the controls (7%). The plasmid-encoded AmpC's (pAmpC)-like phenotype was observed in 11% isolates. Conclusions: Isolation of ESBL- E. coli among severely malnourished children is high. Surveillance of ESBL producers, both in the community and hospital settings needs to be stepped up in Kenya.
{"title":"Broad spectrum β-lactam resistance in faecal Escherichia coli isolated from severely malnourished and nourished children attending Mbagathi district hospital, Nairobi: A case-control study","authors":"S. Njoroge, J. Kiiru, G. Kikuvi","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.129336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.129336","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Severely malnourished children have increased risk of being put on antibiotics due to co-morbidities. Aim: The study's objective was to characterize the Escherichia coli β-lactamase mediated resistance to the broad spectrum β-lactam antimicrobials among this population and compare them with nourished children as controls. Settings and Design: In this case-control, hospital-based setup, 109 E. coli isolates were obtained from each group, one isolate per subject. Materials and Methods: Stool or anal swabs were collected, enriched in buffered peptone water and cultured on MacConkey and eosin methylene blue agars. Biochemical test were used to identify E. coli . antibiograms to determine phenotypic resistance were determined using a panel of 14 drugs. Only the isolates showing synergy between ampicillin-calvulanic acid and one or more third generation cephalosporins were picked as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Statistical Analysis: Differences in ESBL rates and susceptibility percentages between cases and controls were evaluated for significance using 2-tailed Fisher's exact test. Results: Prevalence of ESBL phenotype was higher in severely malnourished children (39%) as compared to the controls (7%). The plasmid-encoded AmpC's (pAmpC)-like phenotype was observed in 11% isolates. Conclusions: Isolation of ESBL- E. coli among severely malnourished children is high. Surveillance of ESBL producers, both in the community and hospital settings needs to be stepped up in Kenya.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88425713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.129350
D. Chauhan, Y. Guruprasad
1. Al‑Attar A, Mess S, Thomassen JM, Kauffman CL, Davison SP. Keloid pathogenesis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:286‑300.2. Lee Y, Minn KW, Baek RM, Hong JJ. A new surgical treatment of keloid: Keloid core excision. Ann Plast Surg 2001;46:135‑40.3. Lawrence WT. In search of the optimal treatment of keloids: Report of a series and a review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg 1991;27:164‑78.4. Buchwald C, Nielsen LH, Rosborg J. Keloids of the external ear. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1992;54:108‑12.5. Akoz T, Gideroglu K, Akan M. Combination of different techniques for the treatment of earlobe keloids. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2002; 26:184‑8.6. KellyAP.Medicalandsurgicaltherapiesforkeloids.DermatolTher2004;17:212‑8.
1. Al - Attar A, Mess S, Thomassen JM, Kauffman CL, Davison SP.瘢痕疙瘩的发病机制及治疗。整形外科2006;117:286 - 3002。李毅，闵光华，白瑞麟，洪建军。瘢痕疙瘩的一种新的手术治疗方法:瘢痕疙瘩核心切除。中华外科杂志，2001;46:135 - 40.3。寻找瘢痕疙瘩的最佳治疗方法:一系列报告和文献综述。Ann Plast surgery 1991;27:164 - 78.4。Buchwald C, Nielsen LH, Rosborg J.外耳瘢痕疙瘩。[J] .中国耳鼻喉科杂志，1997,19(4):444 - 444。Akoz T, Gideroglu K, Akan M.不同技术组合治疗耳垂瘢痕疙瘩。美容整形外科2002;26:184 - 8.6。KellyAP.Medicalandsurgicaltherapiesforkeloids.DermatolTher2004; 17:212 - 8所示。
{"title":"Giant lipoma of the cerivical-nuchal region","authors":"D. Chauhan, Y. Guruprasad","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.129350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.129350","url":null,"abstract":"1. Al‑Attar A, Mess S, Thomassen JM, Kauffman CL, Davison SP. Keloid pathogenesis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:286‑300.2. Lee Y, Minn KW, Baek RM, Hong JJ. A new surgical treatment of keloid: Keloid core excision. Ann Plast Surg 2001;46:135‑40.3. Lawrence WT. In search of the optimal treatment of keloids: Report of a series and a review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg 1991;27:164‑78.4. Buchwald C, Nielsen LH, Rosborg J. Keloids of the external ear. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1992;54:108‑12.5. Akoz T, Gideroglu K, Akan M. Combination of different techniques for the treatment of earlobe keloids. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2002; 26:184‑8.6. KellyAP.Medicalandsurgicaltherapiesforkeloids.DermatolTher2004;17:212‑8.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90651185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.115549
Dinesh Dhamecha, Kiran Jadhav, Shyam Ghadlinge, S. Shelke, Ritesh Fule
Background: A simple, selective, precise, and stability indicating high-performance thin layer chromatographic method has been established and validated for analysis of lafutidine in bulk drug and formulations. Materials and Methods: The compounds were analyzed on aluminum backed silica gel 60 F 254 plates with chloroform:ethanol:acetic Acid (8:1:1) as mobile phase. Densitometric analysis of lafutidine was performed at 230 nm. Result : Regression analysis data for the calibration plots were indicative of good linear relationship between response and concentration over the range 100-500 ng per spot. The correlation coefficient (r 2 ) was 0.998±0.002. Conclusion: Lafutidine was subjected to acid, base, peroxide, and sunlight degradation. In stability tests, the drug was susceptible to acid and basic hydrolysis, oxidation, and photodegradation.
背景:建立了一种简便、选择性好、准确度高、稳定性好的高效薄层色谱分析方法，并对该方法进行了验证。材料与方法:以氯仿:乙醇:乙酸(8:1:1)为流动相，在60f254铝背硅胶板上对化合物进行分析。在230 nm处进行拉弗丁的密度分析。结果:校正图的回归分析数据表明，在100-500 ng /点范围内，响应与浓度之间具有良好的线性关系。相关系数(r2)为0.998±0.002。结论:拉弗丁具有酸、碱、过氧化和日光降解作用。在稳定性试验中，该药物易受酸碱水解、氧化和光降解。
{"title":"Development and validation of a stability indicating HPTLC-densitometric method for lafutidine","authors":"Dinesh Dhamecha, Kiran Jadhav, Shyam Ghadlinge, S. Shelke, Ritesh Fule","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.115549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.115549","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A simple, selective, precise, and stability indicating high-performance thin layer chromatographic method has been established and validated for analysis of lafutidine in bulk drug and formulations. Materials and Methods: The compounds were analyzed on aluminum backed silica gel 60 F 254 plates with chloroform:ethanol:acetic Acid (8:1:1) as mobile phase. Densitometric analysis of lafutidine was performed at 230 nm. Result : Regression analysis data for the calibration plots were indicative of good linear relationship between response and concentration over the range 100-500 ng per spot. The correlation coefficient (r 2 ) was 0.998±0.002. Conclusion: Lafutidine was subjected to acid, base, peroxide, and sunlight degradation. In stability tests, the drug was susceptible to acid and basic hydrolysis, oxidation, and photodegradation.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83686419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.115556
Shagun Dubey, A. Ganeshpurkar, D. Bansal, Nazneen Dubey
Background: Plant-derived phytochemicals are gaining wide popularity owing to their diverse therapeutic potential and less side effects. Rutin is one of the plant-derived flavonoid. Rutin has demonstrated cardio protective, analgesic, and anticancer effects. Aim: The current work was focused to evaluate bioactive potential of rutin. Materials and Methods: Rutin was isolated from tobacco leaves. The structure was confirmed by H 1 NMR spectroscopy. The isolated rutin was studied for possible antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, larvicidal, and cytotoxic effects. Results: Results of studies demonstrated that rutin effectively inhibited growth of bacteria and fungi, as well as demonstrated anthelmintic potential. There was a positive response for larvicidal and cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: These studies justify chemotherapeutic potential of rutin.
{"title":"Experimental studies on bioactive potential of rutin","authors":"Shagun Dubey, A. Ganeshpurkar, D. Bansal, Nazneen Dubey","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.115556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.115556","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plant-derived phytochemicals are gaining wide popularity owing to their diverse therapeutic potential and less side effects. Rutin is one of the plant-derived flavonoid. Rutin has demonstrated cardio protective, analgesic, and anticancer effects. Aim: The current work was focused to evaluate bioactive potential of rutin. Materials and Methods: Rutin was isolated from tobacco leaves. The structure was confirmed by H 1 NMR spectroscopy. The isolated rutin was studied for possible antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, larvicidal, and cytotoxic effects. Results: Results of studies demonstrated that rutin effectively inhibited growth of bacteria and fungi, as well as demonstrated anthelmintic potential. There was a positive response for larvicidal and cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: These studies justify chemotherapeutic potential of rutin.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89845065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.115544
N. Dand, Pranav B. Patel, A. Ayre, V. J. Kadam
Polymeric micelle can be targeted to tumor site by passive and active mechanism. Some inherent properties of polymeric micelle such as size in nanorange, stability in plasma, longevity in vivo, and pathological characteristics of tumor make polymeric micelles to be targeted at the tumor site by passive mechanism called enhanced permeability and retention effect. Polymeric micelle formed from the amphiphilic block copolymer is suitable for encapsulation of poorly water soluble, hydrophobic anticancer drugs. Other characteristics of polymeric micelles such as separated functionality at the outer shell are useful for targeting the anticancer drug to tumor by active mechanisms. Polymeric micelles can be conjugated with many ligands such as antibodies fragments, epidermal growth factors, α 2 -glycoprotein, transferrine, and folate to target micelles to cancer cells. Application of heat and ultrasound are the alternative methods to enhance drug accumulation in tumoral cells. Targeting using micelles can also be done to tumor angiogenesis which is the potentially promising target for anticancer drugs. This review summarizes about recently available information regarding targeting the anticancer drug to the tumor site using polymeric micelles.
{"title":"Polymeric micelles as a drug carrier for tumor targeting","authors":"N. Dand, Pranav B. Patel, A. Ayre, V. J. Kadam","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.115544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.115544","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric micelle can be targeted to tumor site by passive and active mechanism. Some inherent properties of polymeric micelle such as size in nanorange, stability in plasma, longevity in vivo, and pathological characteristics of tumor make polymeric micelles to be targeted at the tumor site by passive mechanism called enhanced permeability and retention effect. Polymeric micelle formed from the amphiphilic block copolymer is suitable for encapsulation of poorly water soluble, hydrophobic anticancer drugs. Other characteristics of polymeric micelles such as separated functionality at the outer shell are useful for targeting the anticancer drug to tumor by active mechanisms. Polymeric micelles can be conjugated with many ligands such as antibodies fragments, epidermal growth factors, α 2 -glycoprotein, transferrine, and folate to target micelles to cancer cells. Application of heat and ultrasound are the alternative methods to enhance drug accumulation in tumoral cells. Targeting using micelles can also be done to tumor angiogenesis which is the potentially promising target for anticancer drugs. This review summarizes about recently available information regarding targeting the anticancer drug to the tumor site using polymeric micelles.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90949450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.115552
N. Ramunigari, Debarshi Roy
Background: Mathematical approaches for biological events have gained significant importance in development of biomedical research. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is caused by blood clot in veins deeply rooted in the body, resulting in loss of blood, pain, and numbness of the body part associated with that vein. This situation can get complicated and can be fatal, when the blood clot travels to other parts of the body which may result in pulmonary embolism (PE). PE causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. Materials and Methods: We are trying to propose a computational approach for understanding venous thrombosis using the theory of fluid mechanics. In our study, we are trying to establish a computational model that mimics the venous blood flow containing unidirectional venous valves and will be depicting the blood flow in the veins. We analyzed the flow patterns in veins, which are included with lump like substances. This lump like substances can be clots, tissue debris, collagen or even cholesterol. Our study will facilitate better understanding of the biophysical process in case of thrombosis. Results: The predicted model analyzes the consequences that occur due to the clot formations in veins. Knowledge of Navier-Stokes equations in fluid dynamics along with the computational model of a complex biological system would help in diagnosis of the problem at much faster rate of time. Valves of the deep veins are damaged as a result of DVT, with no valves to prevent deep system reflux, the hydrostatic venous pressure in the lower extremity increases dramatically. Conclusion: Our model is used to determine the effects of an interrupted blood flow as a result of thrombin formation, which might result in disturbed systemic circulation. Our results indicated a positive inverse correlation exists between clots and the flow velocity. This would support medical practitioners to recommend faster curing measures.
{"title":"Numerical simulations of thrombosis","authors":"N. Ramunigari, Debarshi Roy","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.115552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.115552","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mathematical approaches for biological events have gained significant importance in development of biomedical research. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is caused by blood clot in veins deeply rooted in the body, resulting in loss of blood, pain, and numbness of the body part associated with that vein. This situation can get complicated and can be fatal, when the blood clot travels to other parts of the body which may result in pulmonary embolism (PE). PE causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. Materials and Methods: We are trying to propose a computational approach for understanding venous thrombosis using the theory of fluid mechanics. In our study, we are trying to establish a computational model that mimics the venous blood flow containing unidirectional venous valves and will be depicting the blood flow in the veins. We analyzed the flow patterns in veins, which are included with lump like substances. This lump like substances can be clots, tissue debris, collagen or even cholesterol. Our study will facilitate better understanding of the biophysical process in case of thrombosis. Results: The predicted model analyzes the consequences that occur due to the clot formations in veins. Knowledge of Navier-Stokes equations in fluid dynamics along with the computational model of a complex biological system would help in diagnosis of the problem at much faster rate of time. Valves of the deep veins are damaged as a result of DVT, with no valves to prevent deep system reflux, the hydrostatic venous pressure in the lower extremity increases dramatically. Conclusion: Our model is used to determine the effects of an interrupted blood flow as a result of thrombin formation, which might result in disturbed systemic circulation. Our results indicated a positive inverse correlation exists between clots and the flow velocity. This would support medical practitioners to recommend faster curing measures.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75249555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.115554
A. Khatkar, A. Nanda, B. Narasimhan
Background: Deterioration of pharmaceutical preparations due to growth of microorganisms is a great challenge and need of preservation becomes very important. Literature reports about various problems associated with the existing synthetic preservatives such as development of microbial resistance (in due course of time) and several serious side effects. Aim: The aim of the present study is to find out new preservatives synthesized from natural sources, which may have better efficiency than the existing synthetic preservatives. The derivatives of naturally occurring p-coumaric acid were subjected for their preservative efficacy study. Their preservative efficiency was evaluated and compared with the standard parabens. Materials and Methods: The selected amide, anilide and ester derivatives of p-coumaric acid were subjected to preservative efficacy testing in an official antacid preparation, (aluminium hydroxide gel-USP) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger as representative challenging microorganisms as per USP 2004 guidelines. Results: The selected derivatives were found to be effective against all selected strains and showed preservative efficacy comparable to that of standard and even better in case E. coli, C. albicans and A. niger. The 8-hydroxy quinoline ester derivative showed better preservative efficacy than standard as well as other derivatives. Conclusion: The newly synthesized p- coumaric acid preservatives were found to be effective in the proposed pharmaceutical preparation (Aluminium Hydroxide Gel - USP). Also, the synthesized preservatives have shown comparative and even better efficacy than the existing parabens and hence they have potential for use in pharmaceutical preparations.
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