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Oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis 慢性牙周炎的氧化应激
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.93019
Parveen Dahiya, Reet Kamal, R. Gupta, A. Puri
It is well documented that the primary etiological agent of periodontal disease is a polymicrobial complex, predominantly gram-negative anaerobic or facultative bacteria within the subgingival biofilm. These bacteria trigger the release of numbers of cytokines, leading to elevated numbers and activity of polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs). As a result of stimulation by bacterial antigens, PMNs produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide via the respiratory burst as part of the host response to infection. The human body does contain an array of antioxidant defence mechanisms to remove harmful ROS as soon as they are formed and to prevent their deleterious effects. This review focuses predominantly on the role of ROS and antioxidant defence systems in the pathobiology of periodontitis, with a view to identify specific therapeutic targets for future host-modulating therapies.
文献表明,牙周病的主要病原是一种多微生物复合物,主要是龈下生物膜内的革兰氏阴性厌氧或兼性细菌。这些细菌触发细胞因子的释放,导致多形核细胞(pmn)的数量和活性升高。作为细菌抗原刺激的结果,PMNs通过呼吸爆发产生活性氧(ROS)超氧化物,作为宿主对感染反应的一部分。人体确实含有一系列抗氧化防御机制,可以在有害活性氧形成时立即清除它们,并防止它们的有害影响。这篇综述主要集中在活性氧和抗氧化防御系统在牙周炎病理生物学中的作用,以期确定未来宿主调节疗法的特定治疗靶点。
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引用次数: 4
Pharmashine 2011-12
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.93018
H. Mody
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引用次数: 0
Pharmacological evaluation of ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus L. fruit formulation on wound healing in Wistar rats 黄瓜果制剂水提物对Wistar大鼠创面愈合改善作用的药理学评价
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.93026
M. V. Patil, A. Kandhare, Sucheta D. Bhise
Aim: The aim of present investigation was to formulate and evaluate the ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus L. fruit cream formulation on experimentally induced wounds in rats. Materials and Methods: The cream was formulated using soft white paraffin base containing 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w of aqueous extract of of Cucumis sativus L. fruit. Excision wounds of size 300 mm 2 and 2 mm depth were used for the study of rate of contraction of wound and epithelization. All the three formulations were evaluated for various pharmaceutical parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, and acute skin irritation study. Epithelialization period, wound contraction, scar width, and histopathological evaluation parameters were used for pharmacological evaluation of wound healing activity of the formulation. Statistical Analysis: All the results were expressed as mean±SEM. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical comparisons were made between drug-treated groups and disease control animals. Data of disease activity index were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance; Dunnett's multiple range test was applied for post hoc analysis, whereas data of wound area and percent wound contraction were analyzed using two-way repeated analysis of variance, Bonferroni's multiple range test was applied for post hoc analysis. A value of P Results: Cream formulation of AECS when applied topically did not show any sign and symptoms of skin irritation. The treatment with aqueous extract of C. sativus fruit cream formulation (2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w) resulted in significance decrease ( P P P P Conclusion: The present investigation demonstrates that by virtue of its antioxidant property and presence of the flavanoids content in C. sativus may responsible for wound contraction and elevated rate of epithelization in wound healing in laboratory animals.
目的:制备并评价黄瓜果霜水提物对实验性大鼠创面的改善作用。材料与方法:采用含有2.5%、5%、10% w/w黄瓜果实水提物的白色软石蜡基配制乳膏。采用300 mm 2和2 mm深度的切除创面,研究创面收缩率和上皮形成情况。对三种配方进行了各种药物参数的评价,如pH、粘度、涂抹性和急性皮肤刺激研究。采用上皮化期、创面收缩、瘢痕宽度及组织病理学评价参数对制剂创面愈合活性进行药理学评价。统计分析:所有结果均以mean±SEM表示。使用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件(GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA)进行数据分析。用药组与疾病对照动物进行统计学比较。疾病活动度指数资料采用单因素方差分析;事后分析采用Dunnett’s多极差检验,创面面积和创面收缩百分比数据采用双向重复方差分析,事后分析采用Bonferroni’s多极差检验。结果:局部应用AECS乳膏制剂时,未显示任何皮肤刺激的体征和症状。结论:本研究表明,由于其抗氧化特性和黄酮含量的存在,可能是导致实验动物创面愈合过程中创面收缩和上皮化率升高的原因。
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引用次数: 55
A critical and comprehensive review on toxicovigilance 毒物警戒的关键和全面审查
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.93021
U. Mateti, N. Adla, Shreekant Sharma, T. Rajakannan, A. Nagappa
Toxicovigilance is the active process of identifying and evaluating the toxic risks existing in a community and evaluating the measures taken to reduce or eliminate them. It should be viewed as a useful complement to prevent poisoning. The section serves to enhance epidemiological surveillance for identification of poisoning/risk of poisoning in the community, the substances, circumstances, and the population involved in and to strengthen investigation of poisoning incidences of public health significance so as to implement control measures in a timely manner. Data mining of large databases, such as those of poison centers, can be extremely helpful by triggering signals for health authorities. So far, very few countries have set up structured toxicovigilance systems and it is anticipated that in future, national and international initiatives will help bridging this gap in our knowledge of the toxicity of many chemicals and commercial products to human beings.
毒物警戒是识别和评价社区中存在的有毒风险并评价为减少或消除这些风险而采取的措施的积极过程。它应被视为预防中毒的有益补充。该组的职责是加强流行病学监测,以识别社区、物质、情况和涉及的人群中的中毒/中毒风险,并加强对对公众健康有重要意义的中毒事件的调查,以便及时实施控制措施。大型数据库的数据挖掘,例如中毒中心的数据库,可以通过为卫生当局触发信号来提供极大的帮助。到目前为止,很少有国家建立了有组织的毒物警戒系统,预计今后,国家和国际倡议将有助于弥合我们对许多化学品和商业产品对人类毒性的认识方面的这一差距。
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引用次数: 5
Study of antimicrobial property of some hypoglycemic drugs 几种降糖药抗菌性能的研究
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.93029
A. Dash, Sangeeta Rani Behera, B. Pattanaik, A. Palo
In the present work, a comparative antimicrobial study of different hypoglycemic drugs (Metformin, Phenformin, and Rosiglitazone) was carried out. The main objective was to ascertain the antimicrobial activity by using non-antibiotics as the test substances. The antimicrobial activity was carried out against different bacteria and fungi namely Bacillus liceniformis , Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Shigella flexneri , Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus subspp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis by using disc diffusion method and agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin was taken as the standard antibiotic. The entire procedure was carried out in an aseptic area under the laminar flow by inoculating the bacterial strain to the agar media in which the drug solution was added. Different concentrations (300 and 400 μg/ml) of the standard antibiotic and selected drugs were subjected for minimum inhibitory concentration, and zone of inhibition tests and the antimicrobial activity of the selected drugs were determined.
本文对不同降糖药(二甲双胍、苯双胍和罗格列酮)的抗菌效果进行了比较研究。主要目的是用非抗生素作为试验物质,确定其抗菌活性。对许可芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、普通变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、福氏志贺氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌亚种等细菌和真菌进行了抑菌活性研究。采用圆盘扩散法和琼脂稀释法分离表皮葡萄球菌。以环丙沙星为标准抗生素。整个过程在层流下的无菌区进行,通过将菌株接种到添加药物溶液的琼脂培养基中。采用不同浓度(300和400 μg/ml)对标准抗生素和所选药物进行最低抑菌浓度测定,并对所选药物进行抑菌区试验和抑菌活性测定。
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引用次数: 9
Antibiotic sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary care center in India 肠杆菌科抗生素敏感性在印度三级保健中心
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.93028
S. Mulla, J. Charan, Tanvi Panvala
Aims and Objectives: It has been observed that various microorganisms are acquiring resistance to most of the available potent antibiotics; hence, there is a need for every hospital to follow the use of antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity pattern in that particular hospital or geographical area. It has been reported that Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms are increasingly acquiring resistance to many antibiotics and this resistance varies geographically. As there is a short of recent data with respect to Indian hospital, this particular study was designed with the aim of establishing sensitivity pattern of Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms to various antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Data of antibiotic sensitivity from December 2010 to April 2011 of different Enterobacteriaceae was taken from the Department of Microbiology, Govt. Medical College, Surat. Sensitivity of different Enterobacteriaceae was shown as using descriptive statistics. Results: E. coli (55.6%) and Klebsiella (31.2%) were the most frequent bacteria isolated. Enterobacteriaceae were very less sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (13.7%), chloramphenicol (7.6%), cefoperazone (14.4%), cefixime (15.7%), and cefuroxime (17.6). Sensitivity to aztreonam was 32.7%. Sensitivity to carbapenem group of drugs included in this study, i.e., meropenem was 69.8%. Highest sensitivity was shown for ceftazidime (74.1%). E. coli is more sensitive to meropenem as compared with Klebsiella . Conclusion: Sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms to known antibiotics is decreasing. Decreased sensitivity to carbapenem group of antibiotics is a matter of concern.
目的和目标:据观察,各种微生物正在对大多数现有的强效抗生素产生耐药性;因此,每家医院都有必要根据该特定医院或地理区域的抗生素敏感性模式跟踪抗生素的使用情况。据报道,肠杆菌科微生物群越来越多地获得对许多抗生素的耐药性,这种耐药性在地理上有所不同。由于缺乏有关印度医院的最新数据,本研究旨在建立肠杆菌科微生物组对各种抗生素的敏感性模式。材料与方法:2010年12月至2011年4月不同肠杆菌科抗生素敏感性数据取自苏拉特政府医学院微生物学系。不同肠杆菌科的敏感性采用描述性统计。结果:大肠杆菌(55.6%)和克雷伯氏菌(31.2%)是最常见的分离菌。肠杆菌科对阿莫西林+克拉维酸(13.7%)、氯霉素(7.6%)、头孢哌酮(14.4%)、头孢克肟(15.7%)和头孢呋辛(17.6%)的敏感性极低。对氨曲南的敏感性为32.7%。本研究纳入的碳青霉烯类药物,即美罗培南的敏感性为69.8%。头孢他啶的敏感性最高(74.1%)。大肠杆菌对美罗培南比克雷伯菌更敏感。结论:肠杆菌科微生物对已知抗生素的敏感性呈下降趋势。碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感性降低是一个值得关注的问题。
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引用次数: 16
Chronological development avenues in biotechnology across the world 世界各地生物技术按时间顺序的发展途径
Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.93030
P. Mali, S. Panchal
Biotechnology is expected to be a great technological revolution followed by information technology. It is an application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide better goods and services to mankind. Commercially its techniques are applied long back in 6 th century in the art of brewing, wine making and baking. It has progressed there after crossing different land marks. Modern biotechnology has developed significantly in the late 19 th century with groundbreaking discoveries applicable in medicine, food, agriculture, chemistry, environmental protection and many more industries. It is widely used in the development of high-yielding, disease-resistant, better quality varieties by applying tissue culture and recombinant DNA techniques. It has wide application in animal breeding using techniques such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Specific enzymes used in laundry, fuel and leather industries for better quality, economically feasible and environmental friendly production. Biotechnology in healthcare system uses body's own tools and weapons to fight against diseases, manufacturing of targeted therapeutic proteins, gene therapy and so on. Novel approaches such as proteomics and structural biology are contributing to understanding the chemistry of life and diseases. Malfunctioning gene replaced with correctly functioning gene by using gene therapy. Tissue engineering has opened up the use of in vitro developed tissue or organ in repairing wounded tissue and system biology which is a computer-based approach to understand cell functions. Although every new discovery related to biology and its implications is significant and has taken the technology ahead. This includes applications, commercialization, controversies, media exposure and so on. Hence, we have enlisted some of the chronological development avenues in biotechnology across the world.
生物技术被认为是继信息技术之后的一次伟大的技术革命。它是将科学和工程原理应用于生物制剂对材料的加工,以向人类提供更好的商品和服务。商业上,早在6世纪,它的技术就应用于酿造、酿酒和烘焙艺术。它穿过不同的地标,在那里发展。现代生物技术在19世纪末有了显著的发展,在医药、食品、农业、化学、环境保护和许多其他行业有了突破性的发现。应用组织培养和重组DNA技术,广泛应用于高产、抗病、优质品种的培育。人工授精、体外受精、胚胎移植等技术在动物育种中有着广泛的应用。用于洗衣,燃料和皮革工业的特定酶,以提高质量,经济可行和环保的生产。医疗保健系统中的生物技术利用人体自身的工具和武器来对抗疾病,制造靶向治疗蛋白,基因治疗等。蛋白质组学和结构生物学等新方法有助于理解生命和疾病的化学过程。通过基因治疗,将功能失常的基因替换为功能正常的基因。组织工程开辟了利用体外培养的组织或器官来修复损伤组织和系统生物学,这是一种基于计算机的方法来理解细胞功能。尽管每一个与生物学及其含义相关的新发现都是重要的,并推动了技术的发展。这包括应用、商业化、争议、媒体曝光等。因此,我们列出了世界各地生物技术的一些按时间顺序发展的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime by first and ratio first derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry 一阶导数和比例一阶导数紫外分光光度法同时测定莫西沙星和头孢克肟的含量
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.90891
M. Attimarad, Bander E. Al-Dhubiab, I. Alhaider, Anroop B Nair, N. Sreeharsha, K. MueenAhmed
Background: The new combination of moxifloxacin HCl and cefixime trihydrate is approved for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in adults. At initial formulation development and screening stage a fast and reliable method for the dissolution and release testing of moxifloxacin and cefixime were highly desirable. The zero order overlaid UV spectra of moxifloxacin and cefixime showed >90% overlapping. Hence, simple, accurate precise and validated two derivative spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime. Methods: In the first derivative spectrophotometric method varying concentration of moxifloxacin and cefixime were prepared and scanned in the range of 200 to 400 nm and first derivative spectra were calculated (n = 1). The zero crossing wavelengths 287 nm and 317.9 nm were selected for determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime, respectively. In the second method the first derivative of ratio spectra was calculated and used for the determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime by measuring the peak intensity at 359.3 nm and 269.6 nm respectively. Results: Calibration graphs were established in the range of 1–16 μg /mL and 1–15 μg /mL for both the drugs by first and ratio first derivative spectroscopic methods respectively with good correlation coefficients. Average accuracy of assay of moxifloxacin and cefixime were found to be 100.68% and 98 93%, respectively. Relative standard deviations of both inter and intraday assays were less than 1.8%. Moreover, recovery of moxifloxacin and cefixime was more than 98.7% and 99.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The described derivative spectrophotometric methods are simple, rapid, accurate, precise and excellent alternative to sophisticated chromatographic techniques. Hence, the proposed methods can be used for the quality control of the cited drugs and can be extended for routine analysis of the drugs in formulations.
背景:盐酸莫西沙星和三水合头孢克肟的新组合被批准用于治疗成人下呼吸道感染。在最初的处方开发和筛选阶段,迫切需要一种快速可靠的方法来检测莫西沙星和头孢克肟的溶出和释放。莫西沙星和头孢克肟的零阶重叠紫外光谱重叠度大于90%。因此,建立了两种导数分光光度法测定莫西沙星和头孢克肟的方法。方法:采用一阶导数分光光度法制备不同浓度的莫西沙星和头孢克肟,在200 ~ 400 nm范围内扫描,计算一阶导数光谱(n = 1),分别选择零交叉波长287 nm和317.9 nm测定莫西沙星和头孢克肟。第二种方法计算比值光谱的一阶导数,分别在359.3 nm和269.6 nm处测量峰强度,用于莫西沙星和头孢克肟的测定。结果:采用一阶导数法和比例一阶导数法分别在1 ~ 16 μg /mL和1 ~ 15 μg /mL范围内建立了两种药物的标度图,相关系数较好。莫西沙星和头孢克肟测定的平均准确度分别为100.68%和98.93%。日间和日间测定的相对标准偏差均小于1.8%。莫西沙星和头孢克肟的回收率分别大于98.7%和99.1%。结论:所建立的导数分光光度法简便、快速、准确、精密度高,可替代复杂的色谱技术。因此,所提出的方法可用于所引用药物的质量控制,并可扩展到制剂中药物的常规分析。
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引用次数: 1
Spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous estimation of losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage forms 分光光度法同时测定片剂中氯沙坦钾和氢氯噻嗪的含量
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.90893
K. S. Rao, M. Panda, N. K. Keshar
Aim: This work deals with the simultaneous determination of Losartan potassium (LSP) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HZ) in a binary mixture form, without prior separation, by three different techniques. Materials and Methods: The present work was carried out on Shimadzu electron UV1800 double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra of reference and test solutions were carried out in 1 cm matched quartz cell over the range of 200-400 nm. Standard gift sample of LSP and HZ were obtained from Torrent pharmaceuticals Ltd, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. Combined LSP and HZ tablets were purchased from local market. Methanol from Merck Ltd. and distilled water are used as solvent. Results: The first method is the application of simultaneous equation. Where the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 5-25 μg/ml and 1-20 μg/ml, respectively. The second method is the determination of ratio of absorbance at 272 nm, the maximum absorption of HZ and isosbestic wavelength 266.5nm, the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 5-80μg/ml and 1-25μg/ml respectively. The third method is the first order derivative method, where the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 1-30 μg/ml and 1-40 μg/ml respectively. The proposed procedures were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both the drugs in commercial tablet preparation. The validity of the proposed methods was assessed by applying the standard addition technique where the percentage recovery of the added standard was found to be 99.06±1.210 and 99.30±1.159 using the simultaneous equation method, 99.66±0.573 and 99.95±0.272 using the graphical absorbance ratio method and 99.64±0.301 and 99.91±0.614 using first derivative method, for LSP and HZ respectively. Conclusions: The proposed procedures are rapid, simple, require no preliminary separation steps and can be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories.
目的:采用三种不同的方法,在不预先分离的情况下,同时测定氯沙坦钾(LSP)和氢氯噻嗪(HZ)的含量。材料与方法:本工作在岛津电子UV1800双光束紫外可见分光光度计上进行。在1 cm匹配的石英池中,在200-400 nm范围内对参比溶液和被试溶液进行吸收光谱分析。LSP和HZ的标准礼品样品来自喜马偕尔邦巴迪Torrent制药有限公司。LSP和HZ联合片从当地市场购买。使用默克公司的甲醇和蒸馏水作为溶剂。结果:第一种方法是应用联立方程。其中,LSP和HZ的线性范围分别为5 ~ 25 μg/ml和1 ~ 20 μg/ml。第二种方法是在272 nm处测定吸光度,HZ和等吸光度的最大吸收波长为266.5nm, LSP和HZ的线性范围分别为5 ~ 80μg/ml和1 ~ 25μg/ml。第三种方法为一阶导数法,LSP和HZ的线性范围分别为1 ~ 30 μg/ml和1 ~ 40 μg/ml。该方法成功地应用于两种药物在市售片剂制剂中的同时测定。采用标准添加法对方法的有效性进行了评价,对LSP和HZ的加标回收率分别为99.06±1.210和99.30±1.159,对图形吸光度法的加标回收率分别为99.66±0.573和99.95±0.272,对一阶导数法的加标回收率分别为99.64±0.301和99.91±0.614。结论:所建立的方法快速、简便,无需前期分离步骤,可用于两种药物在质控实验室的常规分析。
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引用次数: 10
Erroneous calculation of the expected date of delivery by medical professionals 医疗专业人员对预产期的错误计算
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.90896
R. Parikh, Kirti Pandia
Background: Naegele's rule, which is used to estimate the expected date of delivery (EDD), presumes that the subject is menstruating regularly every 28 days. For subjects with lengthier or shorter cycles, correction is needed while calculating the EDD. A majority of medical professionals are unaware of this and succumb to errors. The author has published Parikh's formula as an alternative that does not require any additional correction. This study was aimed at evaluating awareness among medical professionals regarding the importance of menstrual history and utility of Parikh's formula in minimizing errors. Materials and Methods: One twenty-six medical students and interns from four medical colleges in India and 24 medical officers from a primary health center were enrolled for the study. A questionnaire with a history of a woman with a regular cycle of 35 days was distributed to each participant and they were asked to calculate the EDD. Participants were then educated on Parikh's formula and asked to calculate the EDD again by using that formula. Results: Only 10 (6.66%) of 150 participants calculated the EDD correctly by using their conventional methods. After explaining Parikh's formula, this proportion raised to 99%, i.e., 147 of 150 participants, the difference being statistically significant at P Conclusion: A majority of students, interns, and medical officers are unaware of the importance of previous menstrual history while calculating the EDD. If Parikh's formula is used, errors in calculating the EDD can be reduced significantly.
背景:Naegele法则用于估计预产期(EDD),它假定受试者每28天有规律地来一次月经。对于周期较长或较短的受试者,在计算EDD时需要进行校正。大多数医疗专业人员没有意识到这一点,并屈服于错误。作者发表了Parikh的公式,作为不需要任何额外更正的替代方法。本研究旨在评估医学专业人员对月经史的重要性和Parikh公式在尽量减少错误方面的效用的认识。材料和方法:来自印度四所医学院的26名医科学生和实习生以及来自初级卫生中心的24名医务人员被纳入研究。研究人员向每位参与者分发了一份问卷,其中包含一名月经周期为35天的女性的病史,并要求她们计算EDD。然后,参与者被告知Parikh的公式,并被要求使用该公式再次计算EDD。结果:150名受试者中,仅10人(6.66%)使用常规方法正确计算EDD。在解释Parikh的公式后,这一比例上升到99%,即150名参与者中有147名,差异在P处具有统计学意义。结论:大多数学生、实习生和医务人员在计算EDD时没有意识到以往月经史的重要性。如果使用Parikh公式,计算EDD的误差可以显著减少。
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引用次数: 2
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Chronicles of Young Scientists
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