It is well documented that the primary etiological agent of periodontal disease is a polymicrobial complex, predominantly gram-negative anaerobic or facultative bacteria within the subgingival biofilm. These bacteria trigger the release of numbers of cytokines, leading to elevated numbers and activity of polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs). As a result of stimulation by bacterial antigens, PMNs produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide via the respiratory burst as part of the host response to infection. The human body does contain an array of antioxidant defence mechanisms to remove harmful ROS as soon as they are formed and to prevent their deleterious effects. This review focuses predominantly on the role of ROS and antioxidant defence systems in the pathobiology of periodontitis, with a view to identify specific therapeutic targets for future host-modulating therapies.
{"title":"Oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis","authors":"Parveen Dahiya, Reet Kamal, R. Gupta, A. Puri","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93019","url":null,"abstract":"It is well documented that the primary etiological agent of periodontal disease is a polymicrobial complex, predominantly gram-negative anaerobic or facultative bacteria within the subgingival biofilm. These bacteria trigger the release of numbers of cytokines, leading to elevated numbers and activity of polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs). As a result of stimulation by bacterial antigens, PMNs produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide via the respiratory burst as part of the host response to infection. The human body does contain an array of antioxidant defence mechanisms to remove harmful ROS as soon as they are formed and to prevent their deleterious effects. This review focuses predominantly on the role of ROS and antioxidant defence systems in the pathobiology of periodontitis, with a view to identify specific therapeutic targets for future host-modulating therapies.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80760471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmashine 2011-12","authors":"H. Mody","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88641912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The aim of present investigation was to formulate and evaluate the ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus L. fruit cream formulation on experimentally induced wounds in rats. Materials and Methods: The cream was formulated using soft white paraffin base containing 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w of aqueous extract of of Cucumis sativus L. fruit. Excision wounds of size 300 mm 2 and 2 mm depth were used for the study of rate of contraction of wound and epithelization. All the three formulations were evaluated for various pharmaceutical parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, and acute skin irritation study. Epithelialization period, wound contraction, scar width, and histopathological evaluation parameters were used for pharmacological evaluation of wound healing activity of the formulation. Statistical Analysis: All the results were expressed as mean±SEM. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical comparisons were made between drug-treated groups and disease control animals. Data of disease activity index were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance; Dunnett's multiple range test was applied for post hoc analysis, whereas data of wound area and percent wound contraction were analyzed using two-way repeated analysis of variance, Bonferroni's multiple range test was applied for post hoc analysis. A value of P Results: Cream formulation of AECS when applied topically did not show any sign and symptoms of skin irritation. The treatment with aqueous extract of C. sativus fruit cream formulation (2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w) resulted in significance decrease ( P P P P Conclusion: The present investigation demonstrates that by virtue of its antioxidant property and presence of the flavanoids content in C. sativus may responsible for wound contraction and elevated rate of epithelization in wound healing in laboratory animals.
目的:制备并评价黄瓜果霜水提物对实验性大鼠创面的改善作用。材料与方法:采用含有2.5%、5%、10% w/w黄瓜果实水提物的白色软石蜡基配制乳膏。采用300 mm 2和2 mm深度的切除创面，研究创面收缩率和上皮形成情况。对三种配方进行了各种药物参数的评价，如pH、粘度、涂抹性和急性皮肤刺激研究。采用上皮化期、创面收缩、瘢痕宽度及组织病理学评价参数对制剂创面愈合活性进行药理学评价。统计分析:所有结果均以mean±SEM表示。使用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件(GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA)进行数据分析。用药组与疾病对照动物进行统计学比较。疾病活动度指数资料采用单因素方差分析;事后分析采用Dunnett’s多极差检验，创面面积和创面收缩百分比数据采用双向重复方差分析，事后分析采用Bonferroni’s多极差检验。结果:局部应用AECS乳膏制剂时，未显示任何皮肤刺激的体征和症状。结论:本研究表明，由于其抗氧化特性和黄酮含量的存在，可能是导致实验动物创面愈合过程中创面收缩和上皮化率升高的原因。
{"title":"Pharmacological evaluation of ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus L. fruit formulation on wound healing in Wistar rats","authors":"M. V. Patil, A. Kandhare, Sucheta D. Bhise","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93026","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of present investigation was to formulate and evaluate the ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus L. fruit cream formulation on experimentally induced wounds in rats. Materials and Methods: The cream was formulated using soft white paraffin base containing 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w of aqueous extract of of Cucumis sativus L. fruit. Excision wounds of size 300 mm 2 and 2 mm depth were used for the study of rate of contraction of wound and epithelization. All the three formulations were evaluated for various pharmaceutical parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, and acute skin irritation study. Epithelialization period, wound contraction, scar width, and histopathological evaluation parameters were used for pharmacological evaluation of wound healing activity of the formulation. Statistical Analysis: All the results were expressed as mean±SEM. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical comparisons were made between drug-treated groups and disease control animals. Data of disease activity index were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance; Dunnett's multiple range test was applied for post hoc analysis, whereas data of wound area and percent wound contraction were analyzed using two-way repeated analysis of variance, Bonferroni's multiple range test was applied for post hoc analysis. A value of P Results: Cream formulation of AECS when applied topically did not show any sign and symptoms of skin irritation. The treatment with aqueous extract of C. sativus fruit cream formulation (2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w) resulted in significance decrease ( P P P P Conclusion: The present investigation demonstrates that by virtue of its antioxidant property and presence of the flavanoids content in C. sativus may responsible for wound contraction and elevated rate of epithelization in wound healing in laboratory animals.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76000896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Mateti, N. Adla, Shreekant Sharma, T. Rajakannan, A. Nagappa
Toxicovigilance is the active process of identifying and evaluating the toxic risks existing in a community and evaluating the measures taken to reduce or eliminate them. It should be viewed as a useful complement to prevent poisoning. The section serves to enhance epidemiological surveillance for identification of poisoning/risk of poisoning in the community, the substances, circumstances, and the population involved in and to strengthen investigation of poisoning incidences of public health significance so as to implement control measures in a timely manner. Data mining of large databases, such as those of poison centers, can be extremely helpful by triggering signals for health authorities. So far, very few countries have set up structured toxicovigilance systems and it is anticipated that in future, national and international initiatives will help bridging this gap in our knowledge of the toxicity of many chemicals and commercial products to human beings.
{"title":"A critical and comprehensive review on toxicovigilance","authors":"U. Mateti, N. Adla, Shreekant Sharma, T. Rajakannan, A. Nagappa","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93021","url":null,"abstract":"Toxicovigilance is the active process of identifying and evaluating the toxic risks existing in a community and evaluating the measures taken to reduce or eliminate them. It should be viewed as a useful complement to prevent poisoning. The section serves to enhance epidemiological surveillance for identification of poisoning/risk of poisoning in the community, the substances, circumstances, and the population involved in and to strengthen investigation of poisoning incidences of public health significance so as to implement control measures in a timely manner. Data mining of large databases, such as those of poison centers, can be extremely helpful by triggering signals for health authorities. So far, very few countries have set up structured toxicovigilance systems and it is anticipated that in future, national and international initiatives will help bridging this gap in our knowledge of the toxicity of many chemicals and commercial products to human beings.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81308037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Dash, Sangeeta Rani Behera, B. Pattanaik, A. Palo
In the present work, a comparative antimicrobial study of different hypoglycemic drugs (Metformin, Phenformin, and Rosiglitazone) was carried out. The main objective was to ascertain the antimicrobial activity by using non-antibiotics as the test substances. The antimicrobial activity was carried out against different bacteria and fungi namely Bacillus liceniformis , Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Shigella flexneri , Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus subspp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis by using disc diffusion method and agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin was taken as the standard antibiotic. The entire procedure was carried out in an aseptic area under the laminar flow by inoculating the bacterial strain to the agar media in which the drug solution was added. Different concentrations (300 and 400 μg/ml) of the standard antibiotic and selected drugs were subjected for minimum inhibitory concentration, and zone of inhibition tests and the antimicrobial activity of the selected drugs were determined.
{"title":"Study of antimicrobial property of some hypoglycemic drugs","authors":"A. Dash, Sangeeta Rani Behera, B. Pattanaik, A. Palo","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93029","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, a comparative antimicrobial study of different hypoglycemic drugs (Metformin, Phenformin, and Rosiglitazone) was carried out. The main objective was to ascertain the antimicrobial activity by using non-antibiotics as the test substances. The antimicrobial activity was carried out against different bacteria and fungi namely Bacillus liceniformis , Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Shigella flexneri , Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus subspp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis by using disc diffusion method and agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin was taken as the standard antibiotic. The entire procedure was carried out in an aseptic area under the laminar flow by inoculating the bacterial strain to the agar media in which the drug solution was added. Different concentrations (300 and 400 μg/ml) of the standard antibiotic and selected drugs were subjected for minimum inhibitory concentration, and zone of inhibition tests and the antimicrobial activity of the selected drugs were determined.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79242357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims and Objectives: It has been observed that various microorganisms are acquiring resistance to most of the available potent antibiotics; hence, there is a need for every hospital to follow the use of antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity pattern in that particular hospital or geographical area. It has been reported that Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms are increasingly acquiring resistance to many antibiotics and this resistance varies geographically. As there is a short of recent data with respect to Indian hospital, this particular study was designed with the aim of establishing sensitivity pattern of Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms to various antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Data of antibiotic sensitivity from December 2010 to April 2011 of different Enterobacteriaceae was taken from the Department of Microbiology, Govt. Medical College, Surat. Sensitivity of different Enterobacteriaceae was shown as using descriptive statistics. Results: E. coli (55.6%) and Klebsiella (31.2%) were the most frequent bacteria isolated. Enterobacteriaceae were very less sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (13.7%), chloramphenicol (7.6%), cefoperazone (14.4%), cefixime (15.7%), and cefuroxime (17.6). Sensitivity to aztreonam was 32.7%. Sensitivity to carbapenem group of drugs included in this study, i.e., meropenem was 69.8%. Highest sensitivity was shown for ceftazidime (74.1%). E. coli is more sensitive to meropenem as compared with Klebsiella . Conclusion: Sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms to known antibiotics is decreasing. Decreased sensitivity to carbapenem group of antibiotics is a matter of concern.
{"title":"Antibiotic sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary care center in India","authors":"S. Mulla, J. Charan, Tanvi Panvala","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93028","url":null,"abstract":"Aims and Objectives: It has been observed that various microorganisms are acquiring resistance to most of the available potent antibiotics; hence, there is a need for every hospital to follow the use of antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity pattern in that particular hospital or geographical area. It has been reported that Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms are increasingly acquiring resistance to many antibiotics and this resistance varies geographically. As there is a short of recent data with respect to Indian hospital, this particular study was designed with the aim of establishing sensitivity pattern of Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms to various antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Data of antibiotic sensitivity from December 2010 to April 2011 of different Enterobacteriaceae was taken from the Department of Microbiology, Govt. Medical College, Surat. Sensitivity of different Enterobacteriaceae was shown as using descriptive statistics. Results: E. coli (55.6%) and Klebsiella (31.2%) were the most frequent bacteria isolated. Enterobacteriaceae were very less sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (13.7%), chloramphenicol (7.6%), cefoperazone (14.4%), cefixime (15.7%), and cefuroxime (17.6). Sensitivity to aztreonam was 32.7%. Sensitivity to carbapenem group of drugs included in this study, i.e., meropenem was 69.8%. Highest sensitivity was shown for ceftazidime (74.1%). E. coli is more sensitive to meropenem as compared with Klebsiella . Conclusion: Sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms to known antibiotics is decreasing. Decreased sensitivity to carbapenem group of antibiotics is a matter of concern.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80364467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biotechnology is expected to be a great technological revolution followed by information technology. It is an application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide better goods and services to mankind. Commercially its techniques are applied long back in 6 th century in the art of brewing, wine making and baking. It has progressed there after crossing different land marks. Modern biotechnology has developed significantly in the late 19 th century with groundbreaking discoveries applicable in medicine, food, agriculture, chemistry, environmental protection and many more industries. It is widely used in the development of high-yielding, disease-resistant, better quality varieties by applying tissue culture and recombinant DNA techniques. It has wide application in animal breeding using techniques such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Specific enzymes used in laundry, fuel and leather industries for better quality, economically feasible and environmental friendly production. Biotechnology in healthcare system uses body's own tools and weapons to fight against diseases, manufacturing of targeted therapeutic proteins, gene therapy and so on. Novel approaches such as proteomics and structural biology are contributing to understanding the chemistry of life and diseases. Malfunctioning gene replaced with correctly functioning gene by using gene therapy. Tissue engineering has opened up the use of in vitro developed tissue or organ in repairing wounded tissue and system biology which is a computer-based approach to understand cell functions. Although every new discovery related to biology and its implications is significant and has taken the technology ahead. This includes applications, commercialization, controversies, media exposure and so on. Hence, we have enlisted some of the chronological development avenues in biotechnology across the world.
{"title":"Chronological development avenues in biotechnology across the world","authors":"P. Mali, S. Panchal","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93030","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology is expected to be a great technological revolution followed by information technology. It is an application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide better goods and services to mankind. Commercially its techniques are applied long back in 6 th century in the art of brewing, wine making and baking. It has progressed there after crossing different land marks. Modern biotechnology has developed significantly in the late 19 th century with groundbreaking discoveries applicable in medicine, food, agriculture, chemistry, environmental protection and many more industries. It is widely used in the development of high-yielding, disease-resistant, better quality varieties by applying tissue culture and recombinant DNA techniques. It has wide application in animal breeding using techniques such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Specific enzymes used in laundry, fuel and leather industries for better quality, economically feasible and environmental friendly production. Biotechnology in healthcare system uses body's own tools and weapons to fight against diseases, manufacturing of targeted therapeutic proteins, gene therapy and so on. Novel approaches such as proteomics and structural biology are contributing to understanding the chemistry of life and diseases. Malfunctioning gene replaced with correctly functioning gene by using gene therapy. Tissue engineering has opened up the use of in vitro developed tissue or organ in repairing wounded tissue and system biology which is a computer-based approach to understand cell functions. Although every new discovery related to biology and its implications is significant and has taken the technology ahead. This includes applications, commercialization, controversies, media exposure and so on. Hence, we have enlisted some of the chronological development avenues in biotechnology across the world.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82261589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Attimarad, Bander E. Al-Dhubiab, I. Alhaider, Anroop B Nair, N. Sreeharsha, K. MueenAhmed
Background: The new combination of moxifloxacin HCl and cefixime trihydrate is approved for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in adults. At initial formulation development and screening stage a fast and reliable method for the dissolution and release testing of moxifloxacin and cefixime were highly desirable. The zero order overlaid UV spectra of moxifloxacin and cefixime showed >90% overlapping. Hence, simple, accurate precise and validated two derivative spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime. Methods: In the first derivative spectrophotometric method varying concentration of moxifloxacin and cefixime were prepared and scanned in the range of 200 to 400 nm and first derivative spectra were calculated (n = 1). The zero crossing wavelengths 287 nm and 317.9 nm were selected for determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime, respectively. In the second method the first derivative of ratio spectra was calculated and used for the determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime by measuring the peak intensity at 359.3 nm and 269.6 nm respectively. Results: Calibration graphs were established in the range of 1–16 μg /mL and 1–15 μg /mL for both the drugs by first and ratio first derivative spectroscopic methods respectively with good correlation coefficients. Average accuracy of assay of moxifloxacin and cefixime were found to be 100.68% and 98 93%, respectively. Relative standard deviations of both inter and intraday assays were less than 1.8%. Moreover, recovery of moxifloxacin and cefixime was more than 98.7% and 99.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The described derivative spectrophotometric methods are simple, rapid, accurate, precise and excellent alternative to sophisticated chromatographic techniques. Hence, the proposed methods can be used for the quality control of the cited drugs and can be extended for routine analysis of the drugs in formulations.
{"title":"Simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime by first and ratio first derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry","authors":"M. Attimarad, Bander E. Al-Dhubiab, I. Alhaider, Anroop B Nair, N. Sreeharsha, K. MueenAhmed","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.90891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.90891","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The new combination of moxifloxacin HCl and cefixime trihydrate is approved for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in adults. At initial formulation development and screening stage a fast and reliable method for the dissolution and release testing of moxifloxacin and cefixime were highly desirable. The zero order overlaid UV spectra of moxifloxacin and cefixime showed >90% overlapping. Hence, simple, accurate precise and validated two derivative spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime. Methods: In the first derivative spectrophotometric method varying concentration of moxifloxacin and cefixime were prepared and scanned in the range of 200 to 400 nm and first derivative spectra were calculated (n = 1). The zero crossing wavelengths 287 nm and 317.9 nm were selected for determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime, respectively. In the second method the first derivative of ratio spectra was calculated and used for the determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime by measuring the peak intensity at 359.3 nm and 269.6 nm respectively. Results: Calibration graphs were established in the range of 1–16 μg /mL and 1–15 μg /mL for both the drugs by first and ratio first derivative spectroscopic methods respectively with good correlation coefficients. Average accuracy of assay of moxifloxacin and cefixime were found to be 100.68% and 98 93%, respectively. Relative standard deviations of both inter and intraday assays were less than 1.8%. Moreover, recovery of moxifloxacin and cefixime was more than 98.7% and 99.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The described derivative spectrophotometric methods are simple, rapid, accurate, precise and excellent alternative to sophisticated chromatographic techniques. Hence, the proposed methods can be used for the quality control of the cited drugs and can be extended for routine analysis of the drugs in formulations.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78151941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This work deals with the simultaneous determination of Losartan potassium (LSP) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HZ) in a binary mixture form, without prior separation, by three different techniques. Materials and Methods: The present work was carried out on Shimadzu electron UV1800 double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra of reference and test solutions were carried out in 1 cm matched quartz cell over the range of 200-400 nm. Standard gift sample of LSP and HZ were obtained from Torrent pharmaceuticals Ltd, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. Combined LSP and HZ tablets were purchased from local market. Methanol from Merck Ltd. and distilled water are used as solvent. Results: The first method is the application of simultaneous equation. Where the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 5-25 μg/ml and 1-20 μg/ml, respectively. The second method is the determination of ratio of absorbance at 272 nm, the maximum absorption of HZ and isosbestic wavelength 266.5nm, the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 5-80μg/ml and 1-25μg/ml respectively. The third method is the first order derivative method, where the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 1-30 μg/ml and 1-40 μg/ml respectively. The proposed procedures were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both the drugs in commercial tablet preparation. The validity of the proposed methods was assessed by applying the standard addition technique where the percentage recovery of the added standard was found to be 99.06±1.210 and 99.30±1.159 using the simultaneous equation method, 99.66±0.573 and 99.95±0.272 using the graphical absorbance ratio method and 99.64±0.301 and 99.91±0.614 using first derivative method, for LSP and HZ respectively. Conclusions: The proposed procedures are rapid, simple, require no preliminary separation steps and can be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous estimation of losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage forms","authors":"K. S. Rao, M. Panda, N. K. Keshar","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.90893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.90893","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This work deals with the simultaneous determination of Losartan potassium (LSP) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HZ) in a binary mixture form, without prior separation, by three different techniques. Materials and Methods: The present work was carried out on Shimadzu electron UV1800 double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra of reference and test solutions were carried out in 1 cm matched quartz cell over the range of 200-400 nm. Standard gift sample of LSP and HZ were obtained from Torrent pharmaceuticals Ltd, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. Combined LSP and HZ tablets were purchased from local market. Methanol from Merck Ltd. and distilled water are used as solvent. Results: The first method is the application of simultaneous equation. Where the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 5-25 μg/ml and 1-20 μg/ml, respectively. The second method is the determination of ratio of absorbance at 272 nm, the maximum absorption of HZ and isosbestic wavelength 266.5nm, the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 5-80μg/ml and 1-25μg/ml respectively. The third method is the first order derivative method, where the linearity ranges for LSP and HZ were 1-30 μg/ml and 1-40 μg/ml respectively. The proposed procedures were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both the drugs in commercial tablet preparation. The validity of the proposed methods was assessed by applying the standard addition technique where the percentage recovery of the added standard was found to be 99.06±1.210 and 99.30±1.159 using the simultaneous equation method, 99.66±0.573 and 99.95±0.272 using the graphical absorbance ratio method and 99.64±0.301 and 99.91±0.614 using first derivative method, for LSP and HZ respectively. Conclusions: The proposed procedures are rapid, simple, require no preliminary separation steps and can be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89250824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Naegele's rule, which is used to estimate the expected date of delivery (EDD), presumes that the subject is menstruating regularly every 28 days. For subjects with lengthier or shorter cycles, correction is needed while calculating the EDD. A majority of medical professionals are unaware of this and succumb to errors. The author has published Parikh's formula as an alternative that does not require any additional correction. This study was aimed at evaluating awareness among medical professionals regarding the importance of menstrual history and utility of Parikh's formula in minimizing errors. Materials and Methods: One twenty-six medical students and interns from four medical colleges in India and 24 medical officers from a primary health center were enrolled for the study. A questionnaire with a history of a woman with a regular cycle of 35 days was distributed to each participant and they were asked to calculate the EDD. Participants were then educated on Parikh's formula and asked to calculate the EDD again by using that formula. Results: Only 10 (6.66%) of 150 participants calculated the EDD correctly by using their conventional methods. After explaining Parikh's formula, this proportion raised to 99%, i.e., 147 of 150 participants, the difference being statistically significant at P Conclusion: A majority of students, interns, and medical officers are unaware of the importance of previous menstrual history while calculating the EDD. If Parikh's formula is used, errors in calculating the EDD can be reduced significantly.
{"title":"Erroneous calculation of the expected date of delivery by medical professionals","authors":"R. Parikh, Kirti Pandia","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.90896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.90896","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Naegele's rule, which is used to estimate the expected date of delivery (EDD), presumes that the subject is menstruating regularly every 28 days. For subjects with lengthier or shorter cycles, correction is needed while calculating the EDD. A majority of medical professionals are unaware of this and succumb to errors. The author has published Parikh's formula as an alternative that does not require any additional correction. This study was aimed at evaluating awareness among medical professionals regarding the importance of menstrual history and utility of Parikh's formula in minimizing errors. Materials and Methods: One twenty-six medical students and interns from four medical colleges in India and 24 medical officers from a primary health center were enrolled for the study. A questionnaire with a history of a woman with a regular cycle of 35 days was distributed to each participant and they were asked to calculate the EDD. Participants were then educated on Parikh's formula and asked to calculate the EDD again by using that formula. Results: Only 10 (6.66%) of 150 participants calculated the EDD correctly by using their conventional methods. After explaining Parikh's formula, this proportion raised to 99%, i.e., 147 of 150 participants, the difference being statistically significant at P Conclusion: A majority of students, interns, and medical officers are unaware of the importance of previous menstrual history while calculating the EDD. If Parikh's formula is used, errors in calculating the EDD can be reduced significantly.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83401967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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