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Pandemic Challenges to Sociology: A Review 流行病对社会学的挑战:综述
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2021-4-138-143
Nail Farkhatdinov
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引用次数: 0
Police Department, Gendarmes, Liberals: Peculiarities of the Political and Public in the Russian Empire 警察部门,宪兵,自由主义者:俄国帝国政治和公共的特点
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2022-1-298-306
A. Urushadze
Book Review: Lubov Ulyanova. Politicheskaja policija i liberal’noe dvizhenie v Rossijskoj imperii: vlast’ igry, igra vlast’ju. 1880–1905 [The Political Police and the Liberal Movement in the Russian Empire: The Power of Game, the Game of Power, 1880–1905] (Saint Petersburg: Aletheia, 2021) (in Russian).
书评Lubov Ulyanova.Politicheskaja policija i liberal'noe dvizhenie v Rossijskoj imperii: vlast' igry, igra vlast'ju.1880-1905 [《俄罗斯帝国的政治警察与自由运动》:The Power of Game, the Game of Power, 1880-1905] (圣彼得堡:Aletheia,2021 年)(俄语)。
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引用次数: 0
Communicating COVID-19 on Social Media: The Effects of the Spiral of Silence 在社交媒体上传播COVID-19:沉默螺旋的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2021-4-66-85
A. Atanesyan, Anahit Hakobyan, Bradley Reynolds
In this paper, the Spiral of Silence theory (SOS) in the study of mass communications is applied to examine the trends and mechanisms of public opinion in Social Media (SM), using the popular topic of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study includes a secondary analysis of the data on pandemic information consumption obtained through four mass surveys conducted in Armenia. In the period from July 1 to August 30, 2020, we also surveyed Armenian Facebook users by means of Google forms during the highest outbreak of the pandemic in Armenia. In particular, the study demonstrates that although the majority of people are well informed about both public conduct requirements and the sanctions for misconduct during the pandemic, they do not follow the rules but hide their real opinion, preferring to openly agree with the official position while silently breaking the rules (that is, they keep their silence). We have found a correlation between the opinion environment of “friends” and other Facebook users, and a willingness to express their own opinion. Due to the predominance of the self-presentation mode as a communication strategy on Facebook, there is a trend among Armenian users not to risk their reputation, and avoid possible critics by keeping silence, if the discussion goes against their opinion. The findings of the study might be helpful both for the further development of communication theories and its application to the conditions of new pandemic reality, and for a better understanding of communicative behavior mechanisms in SM.
本文运用大众传播研究中的沉默螺旋理论(SOS),以2019冠状病毒病大流行为热门话题,研究社交媒体(SM)中的民意趋势和机制。该研究包括对通过在亚美尼亚进行的四次大规模调查获得的关于大流行病信息消费的数据进行二次分析。在2020年7月1日至8月30日期间,在亚美尼亚疫情最严重的时期,我们还通过谷歌表格对亚美尼亚Facebook用户进行了调查。特别是,研究表明,虽然大多数人都很清楚疫情期间的公共行为要求和对不当行为的制裁,但他们并不遵守规则,而是隐藏自己的真实意见,宁愿公开同意官方立场,而默默地违反规则(即保持沉默)。我们发现“好友”和其他Facebook用户的意见环境与表达自己意见的意愿之间存在相关性。由于自我呈现模式在Facebook上占主导地位,亚美尼亚用户普遍不愿拿自己的声誉冒险,如果讨论与自己的意见相左,他们也会保持沉默,以免受到批评。本研究的结果可能有助于进一步发展交际理论及其在新流行病现实条件下的应用,并有助于更好地理解SM中的交际行为机制。
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引用次数: 0
The Empowerment Approach as a Methodology for Research and Overcoming Social Issues of People, Groups, and Communities in Mutual Activities: Review and Research Framework 授权方法作为研究和克服相互活动中人、群体和社区社会问题的方法:回顾和研究框架
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2022-2-274-303
T. Kienko
The article presents the results of a bibliographic and thematic review of the “empowerment” category, the history, key directions and main characteristics of the “empowerment” approach. The empowerment-approach is successfully applied in the world of science and the practice of empowerment of individual, communities, organizations, certain social groups, (women, youth, older people, workers, consumers, patients, minorities, etc.) in psychology, sociology, social work, healthcare, pedagogy, management, politics, economics, technical sciences, and in interdisciplinary discourses. The concept is rarely used in Russian scientific discourse; in political research, it is understood as a struggle for rights and powers, and social and political activism; in pedagogical research and in social work, it is considered as an activation and expansion of the potential resources. There is a wide range of interpretations and discussion of the concept as a goal, value, principle, process, result, method, technology, and strategy. Empowerment creates conditions for the transformation of people, groups, communities, and the social environment in mutual activities based on self-organization and/or supportive facilitation. A characteristic feature of empowerment is the non-linearity, dynamism, multilevel integration of macro-social, meso-social, micro-social, and intrapersonal factors and processes. The levels of individual, group, community, organizational, and institutional empowerment are distinguished. In this paper, we propose the beginning of a discussion about the empowerment approach as a way to study and overcome social problems in mutual activities of people, groups and communities as actors, and transforming agents.
本文介绍了对“授权”范畴、“授权”方法的历史、主要方向和主要特征进行文献和专题回顾的结果。灌顶方法成功地应用于科学领域,在心理学、社会学、社会工作、医疗保健、教育学、管理学、政治学、经济学、技术科学和跨学科的话语中,对个人、社区、组织、某些社会群体(妇女、青年、老年人、工人、消费者、病人、少数民族等)进行灌顶。这个概念在俄语科学话语中很少使用;在政治研究中,它被理解为权利和权力的斗争,以及社会和政治活动;在教学研究和社会工作中,它被认为是对潜在资源的激活和扩展。对于目标、价值、原则、过程、结果、方法、技术和策略等概念,有各种各样的解释和讨论。授权创造条件,以自我组织和/或支持性便利为基础,在相互活动中改造人、群体、社区和社会环境。授权的一个特征是宏观社会、中社会、微观社会和个人内部因素和过程的非线性、动态性和多层次整合。个人、团体、社区、组织和机构授权的层次是有区别的。在本文中,我们建议开始讨论赋权方法,作为一种研究和克服个人、群体和社区作为行动者和转化代理人的相互活动中的社会问题的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The Renewal of Tradition in the Political Thought of Early Modern Japan: The Confucian Concept of Dao and the Question of the Origin of Social Order in Ogyū Sorai’s Theory 近代早期日本政治思想中传统的更新:儒家的“道”观与小井井论中社会秩序的起源问题
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2021-3-149-181
V. Matveenko
In Japan’s early modern period, Confucian philosophy was considered as a pattern of political discourse. Hence, many Japanese thinkers of the time were involved into solving political problems. The paper deals with the theory of social order developed by Ogyū Sorai (1666–1728), a major Confucian philosopher and the most progressive thinker of the time, who criticized modern schools for the practical incompetence of their ideas. Sorai’s theory unfolded around the idea of the Way of Early Kings, which he saw as a complex of principles that formed the foundation of social order. The Confucian concept of Dao is fundamental for this idea, the ethical interpretation of which was proposed by Sorai’s contemporaries, while Sorai considered the Way as a political category. The paper begins with a brief introduction to the role that Confucian thought played in the forming of the language of political discourse in Japan. Further, the author discusses Sorai’s ideas on the early kings and the Way created by them, as well as on social order, the role of the ruler, and human nature. The author pays special attention to Sorai’s theory of language that connects his lexicographic and political works. The fact is that since Sorai’s attention to the Way was grounded on his methodology, he believed that careful work with the language was the way to proper government and social order. The article concludes with an analysis of the way Sorai theorized the concept of Dao. On one hand, in his practical precepts, Sorai offered a pragmatic and politically-problematized interpretation of Dao. On the other hand, in his ideas on Heaven, gods, and spirits, Sorai offered a metaphysical perspective of Dao that is characterized with concerns for ontological and epistemological questions. As a result, in order to point out the significance of Sorai’s utilitarian and disenchanting world ideas since they were an important step in the history of Japanese philosophy that preceded modernity, the author attempts to describe Ogyū Sorai’s logic of social order based on both the pragmatical and metaphysical perspectives of his theory.
在日本近代早期,儒家哲学被认为是一种政治话语模式。因此,当时许多日本思想家都参与解决政治问题。这篇论文讨论的是当时最进步的思想家、主要的儒家哲学家绪井(1666-1728)提出的社会秩序理论,他批评现代学派的思想在实践中无能为力。Sorai的理论围绕“早期国王之道”展开,他认为这是构成社会秩序基础的一系列原则。儒家的道的概念是这一理念的基础,其伦理解释是由Sorai的同时代人提出的,而Sorai认为道是一种政治范畴。本文首先简要介绍儒家思想在日本政治话语语言形成中的作用。此外,作者还讨论了Sorai对早期国王和他们创造的方式的看法,以及对社会秩序,统治者的角色和人性的看法。作者特别关注Sorai的语言理论,这一理论将他的词典编纂和政治著作联系起来。事实上,由于Sorai对“道”的关注是建立在他的方法论上的,他相信对语言的仔细研究是正确的政府和社会秩序的方式。文章最后分析了苍井空将道的概念理论化的方式。一方面,在他的实践戒律中,Sorai提供了一种实用主义和政治问题化的道解释。另一方面,在他对天、神、灵的看法中,苍井空提出了一种形而上学的道观,其特点是关注本体论和认识论问题。因此,为了指出小井的功利主义和祛魔世界思想在现代性之前的日本哲学史上所具有的重要意义,作者试图从其理论的实用主义和形而上学两个角度来描述小井的社会秩序逻辑。
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引用次数: 0
Post-City (IV): Co-Spatiality Politics and Planetary Ontologies 后城市(四):共空间政治与行星本体论
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-2-124-153
Dmitri Zamiatin
The nomos of the post-city forms specific phenomenologies of spatial development that go beyond the classical interpretations of the concepts of the biosphere and the noosphere. The ontology of planetarity is based on the spatial “inclusiveness” of any planetary object due to its specific localization, determined both by planetary conditions and the co-spatiality of the planet within the intelligible and explored cosmos. Post-urban co–spatialities are the ontological “base” for the emergence of specific terrestrial planetarities of special intensity. A post-city can be a topos of terrestrial planetariums becoming trans-planetary, first in metaphysical and then in physical relations. Post-urban trans-planetarity is the relativity of multiple imaginative cartographies representing the corresponding meta-geographies. Planetary post-urbanism is formed as coexisting planetary cartographies of the imagination, self-organizing into meta-cartography and relying on appropriate communicative co-spatialities. Trans-planetary post-urban geo-cultures in “cloning” local symbolic codes associated with the Earth include them in new cartographies of the imagination in co-spatial extraterrestrial loci. The co-spatialities of human communities become divided during the transitions from artificial internal environments to external trans-planetary environments that are not related to terrestrial geo-cultures. Post-urbanism, in contributing to the expansion of ambivalent networks of presence/absence cartographies, creates new opportunities for the ontological intensification of space-as-a-relationship, allowing post-urban human communities to think and act trans-planetarily. “Rhizomatic” post-nomadism makes or re-creates the Earth in the ontological sense as a giant cosmic “desire machine”. Fragments of trans-planetary post-urban noospheres will be understood as organic and autonomous geo-cultures, representing communicative fractals, whose placement can be considered as a kind of cosmo-geopolitics.
后城市的nomos形成了空间发展的特定现象学,超越了对生物圈和人类圈概念的经典解释。行星本体论是基于任何行星物体的空间“包容性”,这是由于其特定的定位,由行星条件和行星在可理解和探索的宇宙中的共空间性决定的。后城市共空间性是特定强度类地行星出现的本体论“基础”。后城市可以成为地球天文馆成为跨行星的主题,首先是形而上学的,然后是物理关系。后城市跨行星是代表相应元地理学的多种想象制图的相对性。行星后城市主义形成为共存的想象行星制图,自组织成元制图,并依赖于适当的交流共空间性。“克隆”与地球相关的地方符号代码的跨行星后城市地理文化将它们纳入共同空间地外轨迹的想象新制图中。人类社区的共空间性在从人工内部环境向与地球地理文化无关的外部跨行星环境过渡的过程中发生分裂。后城市主义促进了存在/缺席地图的矛盾网络的扩展,为空间作为一种关系的本体论强化创造了新的机会,使后城市人类社区能够在全球范围内思考和行动。“根茎式”后游牧主义在本体论意义上将地球作为一个巨大的宇宙“欲望机器”制造或重新创造。跨行星的后城市noosphere的碎片将被理解为有机和自主的地理文化,代表着交流的分形,其位置可以被认为是一种宇宙地缘政治。
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引用次数: 0
Ontological security in international relations: on the mechanics of appropriation of territories inside the consciousness of nations 国际关系中的本体论安全:论国家意识中的领土占有机制
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2022-3-309-318
P. Kusliy
Book review: Ejdus F. Crisis and Ontological Insecurity. Serbia’s Anxiety over Kosovo’s Secession (Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020).
书评:《危机与本体论的不安全感》。塞尔维亚对科索沃独立的焦虑(Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020)。
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引用次数: 0
Anthony Giddens and civilizational analysis: modernity between reflexivity and culture 安东尼·吉登斯与文明分析:反身性与文化之间的现代性
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-1-147-174
R. Braslavskiy
Based on the critical reconstruction of the diagnosis of modernity by A. Giddens, the article traces the logic of the transition from the institutional to the civilizational approach in the sociological discourse of “modernity”. The analysis focuses on the problem of the relationship between culture and reflexivity. In Giddens’ theory of radical modernity, reflexivity is opposed to culture, which is identified with tradition. According to the theory of multiple modernities that are genetically related to the sociological paradigm of civilizational analysis, tradition and reflexivity are correlated as two aspects of culture characterized by aspirations, on the one hand, to the reproduction of interpretive foundations that set a general context of meaning, and, on the other, to trans-contextual breakthroughs that open up new horizons of meaning. Both tendencies are in irreparable tension between themselves and are mediated in the capacity of culture to rationalization, during which the self-articulation of culture turns into its self-problematization. The combination of rationality with reflexivity leads to cultural innovation and interpretative shifts and, at least, potentially to new cultural crystallizations, allowing higher levels of self-problematization (J. P. Arnason). In different cultural and historical patterns, the ability to rationalize receives an uneven and specific development. Modernity is a “distinct civilization” (S. N. Eisenstadt), in which the tendencies of culture towards self-articulation in conflicting directions and towards self-problematization reach a level unprecedented in human history, giving rise to multiple configurations of social life intertwined with relatively autonomous dynamics of power and wealth. Although Giddens did not make a “civilizational turn” in his work, his institutional analysis of modernity closed with his formulating the problem of conjugation of culture and power, which is key for the civilizational approach in sociology. However, the same problematic also marked the limit of understanding modernity in Giddens’ theory; he recognized the incomprehensibility of the social world in which reflexivity was institutionalized. His further path was a one of utopian modeling and political implementation of the future post-modern world, rather than a one of scientific analysis of modernity.
本文以吉登斯对现代性诊断的批判性重构为基础,追溯了社会学“现代性”话语从制度取向向文明取向转变的逻辑。分析的重点是文化与反身性的关系问题。在吉登斯的激进现代性理论中,反身性与文化相对立,而文化又与传统等同。根据与文明分析的社会学范式遗传相关的多重现代性理论,传统和反身性作为文化的两个方面相互关联,以愿望为特征,一方面是解释基础的再生产,设定了意义的一般语境,另一方面是跨语境的突破,开辟了意义的新视野。这两种倾向之间都处于不可挽回的紧张状态,并以文化的理性化能力为媒介,在理性化过程中,文化的自我表达变成了文化的自我问题化。理性与反身性的结合导致了文化创新和解释的转变,至少,潜在地导致了新的文化结晶,允许更高水平的自我问题化(J. P. Arnason)。在不同的文化和历史模式中,理性化的能力得到了不平衡和特定的发展。现代性是一种“独特的文明”(S. N. Eisenstadt),在这种文明中,文化在相互冲突的方向上的自我接合和自我问题化的趋势达到了人类历史上前所未有的水平,产生了与相对自主的权力和财富动态交织在一起的社会生活的多种形态。虽然吉登斯没有在他的著作中进行“文明转向”,但他对现代性的制度分析与他提出的文化与权力的结合问题密切相关,这是社会学中文明方法的关键。然而,同样的问题也标志着吉登斯理论对现代性理解的局限;他认识到反身性被制度化的社会世界的不可理解性。他的未来之路与其说是对现代性的科学分析,不如说是对未来后现代世界的乌托邦式建模和政治实现。
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引用次数: 0
Charisma: Instruction for Use 魅力:使用指南
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2022-2-304-312
Vyacheslav Lebedev
Book review: Randall Collins. Charisma: Micro-Sociology of Power and Influence (New York: Routledge, 2020).
书评:兰德尔·柯林斯。魅力:权力与影响力的微观社会学(纽约:劳特利奇出版社,2020)。
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引用次数: 0
Democracy against Domination 反对统治的民主
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2019-4-344-353
A. Chernyak
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review
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