Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of anogenital ulceration worldwide. There are two distinct viruses: HSV-1 associated with oro-labial cold sores and genital infection and HSV-2 associated with genital infection. Infection is lifelong, and typically presents with painful anogenital ulceration, which may recur after periods of latency. Asymptomatic shedding is common and may lead to transmission to sexual partners. Antiviral suppression with aciclovir, valaciclovir, or famciclovir is useful to treat initial painful episodes or troublesome recurrent infection. Suppressive antiviral therapy, condoms, selective abstinence, and disclosure to sexual partners have all been demonstrated to reduce the risk of transmission.
{"title":"Herpes simplex virus (update on dermatologic aspects of sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus)","authors":"Emily Clarke BSc (Hons), BM, DMCC, DLSHTM, DipG-UMed, DFSRH, DipHIVMed, MSc, FRCP (UK)","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of anogenital ulceration worldwide. There are two distinct viruses: HSV-1 associated with oro-labial cold sores and genital infection and HSV-2 associated with genital infection. Infection is lifelong, and typically presents with painful anogenital ulceration, which may recur after periods of latency. Asymptomatic shedding is common and may lead to transmission to sexual partners. Antiviral suppression with aciclovir, valaciclovir, or famciclovir is useful to treat initial painful episodes or troublesome recurrent infection. Suppressive antiviral therapy, condoms, selective abstinence, and disclosure to sexual partners have all been demonstrated to reduce the risk of transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 40-47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145174069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.11.001
Julia Woźna MD , Wiktoria Woźna , Ewa Mojs PhD , Andrzej Grzybowski MD, PhD , Ryszard Żaba MD, PhD
Acne vulgaris is the most prevalent chronic skin disorder in the United States, affecting approximately 50 million individuals annually. Despite the availability of effective modern therapies, the evolution of acne treatment remains a rich and understudied topic in dermatologic history. This review traces the historic progression of acne management in the United States, highlighting key therapeutic milestones, shifts in clinical practice, and evolving societal perceptions of the disease. Early approaches to acne worldwide, rooted in humoral theory, included arsenicals, bloodletting, sulfur preparations, and folk remedies. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a gradual move toward rational therapies, including dietary regulation, topical antiseptics, and even vaccine and x-ray treatments. By the mid-20th century, dermatology entered a scientific era led by figures such as Dr Marion B. Sulzberger, ushering in antibiotic therapy, keratolytics, and eventually isotretinoin, representing the first treatment to target all major pathogenic factors. This period also marked a cultural shift: acne was no longer seen as a trivial esthetic issue but a condition with significant psychologic implications. The history of acne therapy in the United States illustrates a transition from empiric and often harmful interventions toward evidence-based, patient-centered care. Although treatments have advanced significantly, enduring challenges remain, particularly in addressing the psychologic burden of the disease. Continued innovation, both pharmacologic and psychosocial, is essential to meet the complex needs of acne patients today.
{"title":"From Salves to Sulzberger: The emergence of the American approach to acne treatment","authors":"Julia Woźna MD , Wiktoria Woźna , Ewa Mojs PhD , Andrzej Grzybowski MD, PhD , Ryszard Żaba MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acne vulgaris is the most prevalent chronic skin disorder in the United States, affecting approximately 50 million individuals annually. Despite the availability of effective modern therapies, the evolution of acne treatment remains a rich and understudied topic in dermatologic history. This review traces the historic progression of acne management in the United States, highlighting key therapeutic milestones, shifts in clinical practice, and evolving societal perceptions of the disease. Early approaches to acne worldwide, rooted in humoral theory, included arsenicals, bloodletting, sulfur preparations, and folk remedies. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a gradual move toward rational therapies, including dietary regulation, topical antiseptics, and even vaccine and x-ray treatments. By the mid-20th century, dermatology entered a scientific era led by figures such as Dr Marion B. Sulzberger, ushering in antibiotic therapy, keratolytics, and eventually isotretinoin, representing the first treatment to target all major pathogenic factors. This period also marked a cultural shift: acne was no longer seen as a trivial esthetic issue but a condition with significant psychologic implications. The history of acne therapy in the United States illustrates a transition from empiric and often harmful interventions toward evidence-based, patient-centered care. Although treatments have advanced significantly, enduring challenges remain, particularly in addressing the psychologic burden of the disease. Continued innovation, both pharmacologic and psychosocial, is essential to meet the complex needs of acne patients today.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 140-149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.014
Cory Kosche MD , Martin TW Chio MB, ChB, MSc , Sarah T. Arron MD, PhD
The risk of skin cancer in persons living with HIV (PLWH) is an evolving subject area shaped by the use of antiretroviral therapy. Keratinocyte carcinomas, including basal and squamous cell carcinoma, have a high incidence in the general population and in PLWH. PLWH may have a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma compared to the general population. In addition, Merkel cell carcinoma and sebaceous carcinoma exhibit higher incidence rates in PLWH. Data on melanoma risk are varied. Risks of skin cancer may be influenced by vigilant surveillance, photosensitivity, and immune status. Screening for skin cancer is generally recommended, although national guidelines vary in specific recommendations. Treatments range from topical therapies to surgeries to immune checkpoint inhibitors, with Mohs micrographic surgery playing an important role. Data on immune checkpoint inhibitors suggest safe and efficacious use in PLWH, although larger trials are warranted. The dynamic interplay between HIV, antiretroviral use and immunosuppression, and the risk and treatment of skin cancer underscores the importance of rigorous research studies and screening and treatment guidelines specific to this population.
{"title":"Skin cancer and human immunodeficiency virus","authors":"Cory Kosche MD , Martin TW Chio MB, ChB, MSc , Sarah T. Arron MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The risk of skin cancer in persons living with HIV (PLWH) is an evolving subject area shaped by the use of antiretroviral therapy. Keratinocyte carcinomas, including basal and squamous cell carcinoma, have a high incidence in the general population and in PLWH. PLWH may have a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma compared to the general population. In addition, Merkel cell carcinoma and sebaceous carcinoma exhibit higher incidence rates in PLWH. Data on melanoma risk are varied. Risks of skin cancer may be influenced by vigilant surveillance, photosensitivity, and immune status. Screening for skin cancer is generally recommended, although national guidelines vary in specific recommendations. Treatments range from topical therapies to surgeries to immune checkpoint inhibitors, with Mohs micrographic surgery playing an important role. Data on immune checkpoint inhibitors suggest safe and efficacious use in PLWH, although larger trials are warranted. The dynamic interplay between HIV, antiretroviral use and immunosuppression, and the risk and treatment of skin cancer underscores the importance of rigorous research studies and screening and treatment guidelines specific to this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 78-85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.013
Lily Park DO , Sarah Beach MS , Brad P. Glick DO, MPH , Anthony V. Benedetto DO
{"title":"DO and MD enrollment in US dermatology residencies after the graduate medical education merger: Implications for access","authors":"Lily Park DO , Sarah Beach MS , Brad P. Glick DO, MPH , Anthony V. Benedetto DO","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 104-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145437668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.008
Antoine Joly MBBS , Michael Rayment MBBS, MA, FRCP
Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium share many similarities, but as much differentiates these two organisms as unites them. These common sexually transmitted bacteria are strongly associated with several acute syndromes in the genito-urinary tract. Although the long-term severe sequelae of Chlamydia trachomatis are well accepted, the data underpinning the complications of Mycoplasma genitalium are less specific and largely observational. Efforts to control Chlamydia trachomatis with comprehensive, large-scale testing programs have yielded limited results, and the control paradigm will shift in the coming years. As diagnostic capabilities for detecting Mycoplasma genitalium have improved, this organism is more widely diagnosed, and the emergence of complex antimicrobial resistance has complicated therapy options. This contribution describes the two organisms’ epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management, and explores new approaches to their control and prevention.
{"title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium","authors":"Antoine Joly MBBS , Michael Rayment MBBS, MA, FRCP","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> and <em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em> share many similarities, but as much differentiates these two organisms as unites them. These common sexually transmitted bacteria are strongly associated with several acute syndromes in the genito-urinary tract. Although the long-term severe sequelae of <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> are well accepted, the data underpinning the complications of <em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em> are less specific and largely observational. Efforts to control <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> with comprehensive, large-scale testing programs have yielded limited results, and the control paradigm will shift in the coming years. As diagnostic capabilities for detecting <em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em> have improved, this organism is more widely diagnosed, and the emergence of complex antimicrobial resistance has complicated therapy options. This contribution describes the two organisms’ epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management, and explores new approaches to their control and prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.009
Gabriel Rice MD , Gabriella VanAken MD , Steven Daveluy MD , Yolanda Helfrich MD
Identifying applicants who will be successful dermatology residents requires a tremendous effort every year. The objective of the current study was to determine if application characteristics are predictive of success in dermatology residency. We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing applications of dermatology residents from the University of Michigan (2011-2016) and Wayne State University (2009-2019). The residents’ clinical abilities and collegiality were retrospectively assessed by faculty based on a scale from 1 (Problematic, I would not recommend this person as a colleague or physician) to 4 (Great, I would love to have this person as a colleague and would recommend this person to family and friends as a physician). The relationship between faculty ratings and application characteristics was evaluated through multivariable regression. Ninety-one total residents were included in the study, with 48 from University of Michigan and 43 from Wayne State University . Nine faculty from University of Michigan and six faculty from Wayne State University evaluated residents. The average faculty rating of residents was 2.5 ± 0.5. Board examination scores were associated with higher faculty ratings (Step 1, β: 0.007; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.013; P = .03; Step 2, β: 0.008; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.014; P = .02). High level of athletic achievement was also associated with higher average faculty ratings (β: 0.310; 95% CI: 0.051, 0.569; P = .02). Our study suggests that board examination scores and athletic achievement are associated with success in dermatology residency. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between these factors and their utility in evaluating prospective candidates.
确定申请人谁将是成功的皮肤科住院医师每年需要巨大的努力。当前研究的目的是确定应用特征是否预示着皮肤科住院医师的成功。我们利用密歇根大学（UM）（2011年至2016年）和韦恩州立大学（WSU）（2009年至2019年）皮肤科住院医师的应用程序进行了一项回顾性队列研究。住院医生的临床能力和合作关系是由教师根据从1（有问题，我不会推荐这个人作为同事或医生）到4（很好，我很乐意有这个人作为同事，并将这个人推荐给家人和朋友作为医生）的等级进行回顾性评估的。通过多变量回归评估教师评分与申请特征之间的关系。共有91名居民参与了这项研究，其中48名来自密歇根大学，43名来自华盛顿州立大学。来自UM的9名教员和来自WSU的6名教员对居民进行了评估。住院医师的平均教师评分为2.5±0.5。委员会考试成绩与较高的教师评分相关（步骤1 Beta: 0.007, 95% CI [0.001, 0.013]， p值：0.03；步骤2 Beta: 0.008, 95% CI [0.001, 0.014]， p值：0.02）。高水平的运动成绩也与较高的教师平均评分相关（Beta值：0.310,95% CI [0.051, 0.569]， p值：0.02）。我们的研究表明，委员会考试成绩和运动成绩与皮肤科住院医师的成功有关。需要进一步的研究来充分了解这些因素之间的关系及其在评估潜在候选人时的效用。
{"title":"Identifying predictors of success in dermatology residency: A multicenter retrospective study","authors":"Gabriel Rice MD , Gabriella VanAken MD , Steven Daveluy MD , Yolanda Helfrich MD","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying applicants who will be successful dermatology residents requires a tremendous effort every year. The objective of the current study was to determine if application characteristics are predictive of success in dermatology residency. We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing applications of dermatology residents from the University of Michigan (2011-2016) and Wayne State University (2009-2019). The residents’ clinical abilities and collegiality were retrospectively assessed by faculty based on a scale from 1 (Problematic, I would not recommend this person as a colleague or physician) to 4 (Great, I would love to have this person as a colleague and would recommend this person to family and friends as a physician). The relationship between faculty ratings and application characteristics was evaluated through multivariable regression. Ninety-one total residents were included in the study, with 48 from University of Michigan and 43 from Wayne State University . Nine faculty from University of Michigan and six faculty from Wayne State University evaluated residents. The average faculty rating of residents was 2.5 ± 0.5. Board examination scores were associated with higher faculty ratings (Step 1, β: 0.007; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.013; <em>P</em> = .03; Step 2, β: 0.008; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.014; <em>P</em> = .02). High level of athletic achievement was also associated with higher average faculty ratings (β: 0.310; 95% CI: 0.051, 0.569; <em>P</em> = .02). Our study suggests that board examination scores and athletic achievement are associated with success in dermatology residency. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between these factors and their utility in evaluating prospective candidates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 115-121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.014
Samantha Strelzer BA, MPH , Timothy Klufas BA , Julie Frances Solimine MGC, CGC , Albert E. Zhou MD, PhD , Jane M. Grant-Kels MD
Dermatologists routinely care for women with childbearing potential and pregnant women. When the mother or their fetus has a dermatologic disease, the dermatologist is often involved in helping potential parents navigate the complex medical and ethical decisions that are required. Dermatologists also regularly advise patients of childbearing age who require teratogenic medications such as isotretinoin on how to navigate its use safely. As features of some life-threatening dermatologic skin diseases can be identified prenatally and genetic testing enables confirmatory diagnosis before birth, dermatologists should be prepared to ethically support parents considering the options of preparing to care for their child with a devastating skin disease or terminating the pregnancy. Dermatologists also have an ethical obligation to educate their pregnant patient regarding the risks associated with genetically inherited conditions and the potential therapeutic options and prognosis. In view of the recent change in the legal landscape regarding abortion, dermatologists now need to be aware of local ordinance and how to refer to providers knowledgeable on the topic to best support a patient in their pregnancy.
{"title":"Reproductive ethics: Defining the dermatologist’s role","authors":"Samantha Strelzer BA, MPH , Timothy Klufas BA , Julie Frances Solimine MGC, CGC , Albert E. Zhou MD, PhD , Jane M. Grant-Kels MD","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.10.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dermatologists routinely care for women with childbearing potential and pregnant women. When the mother or their fetus has a dermatologic disease, the dermatologist is often involved in helping potential parents navigate the complex medical and ethical decisions that are required. Dermatologists also regularly advise patients of childbearing age who require teratogenic medications such as isotretinoin on how to navigate its use safely. As features of some life-threatening dermatologic skin diseases can be identified prenatally and genetic testing enables confirmatory diagnosis before birth, dermatologists should be prepared to ethically support parents considering the options of preparing to care for their child with a devastating skin disease or terminating the pregnancy. Dermatologists also have an ethical obligation to educate their pregnant patient regarding the risks associated with genetically inherited conditions and the potential therapeutic options and prognosis. In view of the recent change in the legal landscape regarding abortion, dermatologists now need to be aware of local ordinance and how to refer to providers knowledgeable on the topic to best support a patient in their pregnancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 164-167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145457191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.12.001
Laila Hassan MD , Alexander Rivkin MD , Eleni Kroumpouzos BA , Asma Qaiser Qureshi MBBS (SMC), DPD (Cardiff) , George Kroumpouzos MD, PhD
There has been an increasing demand for hand rejuvenation procedures. Hand evaluation is critical before any such procedure, and recently proposed five-point scales, including the Merz Hand Grading Scale and Allergan Hand Volume Deficit Scale, provide an objective assessment of volume loss of soft tissues. Dermal fillers, including hyaluronic acid (HA), calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA), and poly-L-lactic acid, can address volume loss, contour irregularities, and texture changes associated with aging. Our literature review includes 12 studies with HA, seven with CaHA, and two with poly-L-lactic acid fillers. One study used a hybrid HA–CaHA filler. The superficial lamina contains minimal vascular or neural structures, making it the safest plane for filler placement. Techniques such as proximal-to-distal fanning allow smooth and homogeneous filler placement with minimal trauma. A blunt cannula is often preferred to minimize vascular injury. All fillers discussed here—HA, CaHA, and poly-L-lactic acid—have a good safety profile and provide acceptable aesthetic outcomes associated with high patient satisfaction. HA fillers provide instant volume restoration and hydration, whereas CaHA and poly-L-lactic acid are advantageous for improving texture and skin quality. Patient counseling on available options and selecting the most suitable filler that aligns with patient expectations are crucial to achieving successful outcomes.
{"title":"Hand rejuvenation with dermal fillers: Key aspects and a comparison of commonly used fillers","authors":"Laila Hassan MD , Alexander Rivkin MD , Eleni Kroumpouzos BA , Asma Qaiser Qureshi MBBS (SMC), DPD (Cardiff) , George Kroumpouzos MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been an increasing demand for hand rejuvenation procedures. Hand evaluation is critical before any such procedure, and recently proposed five-point scales, including the Merz Hand Grading Scale and Allergan Hand Volume Deficit Scale, provide an objective assessment of volume loss of soft tissues. Dermal fillers, including hyaluronic acid (HA), calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA), and poly-L-lactic acid, can address volume loss, contour irregularities, and texture changes associated with aging. Our literature review includes 12 studies with HA, seven with CaHA, and two with poly-L-lactic acid fillers. One study used a hybrid HA–CaHA filler. The superficial lamina contains minimal vascular or neural structures, making it the safest plane for filler placement. Techniques such as proximal-to-distal fanning allow smooth and homogeneous filler placement with minimal trauma. A blunt cannula is often preferred to minimize vascular injury. All fillers discussed here—HA, CaHA, and poly-L-lactic acid—have a good safety profile and provide acceptable aesthetic outcomes associated with high patient satisfaction. HA fillers provide instant volume restoration and hydration, whereas CaHA and poly-L-lactic acid are advantageous for improving texture and skin quality. Patient counseling on available options and selecting the most suitable filler that aligns with patient expectations are crucial to achieving successful outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145713339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.06.004
Sowmya Ravi MD , Leah D. Kovacs BFA , Ekaterina Korytnikova MD , Albert E. Zhou MD, PhD , Jane M. Grant-Kels MD , Hao Feng MD, MHS , Gillian Weston MD , Brett Sloan MD
The dermatology residency match has become increasingly competitive, culminating in a 2025 US senior MD match rate of 63%, according to the National Resident Matching Program. Considering this trend, this three-part review aimed to demystify the dermatology application process for future applicants. Part II of this series focused on key components of the application process that shape applicant success, including preference signaling, geographic preferencing, letters of recommendation, audition rotations, interviews, mentorship, and emerging applications of artificial intelligence. Preference signaling and geographic preferencing may improve applicant-program alignment, though they risk exacerbating inequities if applied inconsistently or opaquely. Letters of recommendation remain among the most influential and subjective components of the application, with those authored by academic dermatologists carrying particular weight. Audition rotations offer applicants the opportunity to demonstrate clinical performance and cultural fit, but are costly and may reinforce socioeconomic disparities. The number of interviews completed strongly predicts match success, though interview hoarding and variability in virtual evaluation remain unresolved challenges. Structured mentorship, especially for applicants without a home dermatology program, significantly improves application strength. Artificial intelligence tools are increasingly used by applicants and programs, raising important questions about transparency, authorship, and bias. These evolving practices collectively underscore the need for continued research and reform to ensure a more equitable and evidence-based dermatology match.
{"title":"Demystifying the dermatology residency application process, part two—application season: Strategic application, interviewing, and mentorship","authors":"Sowmya Ravi MD , Leah D. Kovacs BFA , Ekaterina Korytnikova MD , Albert E. Zhou MD, PhD , Jane M. Grant-Kels MD , Hao Feng MD, MHS , Gillian Weston MD , Brett Sloan MD","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dermatology residency match has become increasingly competitive, culminating in a 2025 US senior MD match rate of 63%, according to the National Resident Matching Program. Considering this trend, this three-part review aimed to demystify the dermatology application process for future applicants. Part II of this series focused on key components of the application process that shape applicant success, including preference signaling, geographic preferencing, letters of recommendation, audition rotations, interviews, mentorship, and emerging applications of artificial intelligence. Preference signaling and geographic preferencing may improve applicant-program alignment, though they risk exacerbating inequities if applied inconsistently or opaquely. Letters of recommendation remain among the most influential and subjective components of the application, with those authored by academic dermatologists carrying particular weight. Audition rotations offer applicants the opportunity to demonstrate clinical performance and cultural fit, but are costly and may reinforce socioeconomic disparities. The number of interviews completed strongly predicts match success, though interview hoarding and variability in virtual evaluation remain unresolved challenges. Structured mentorship, especially for applicants without a home dermatology program, significantly improves application strength. Artificial intelligence tools are increasingly used by applicants and programs, raising important questions about transparency, authorship, and bias. These evolving practices collectively underscore the need for continued research and reform to ensure a more equitable and evidence-based dermatology match.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10358,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in dermatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"Pages 157-163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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