Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871602
A. D. Sarma, M. Prasad, S. Pandit
In this paper an attempt is made to extend Hata's method for estimating path loss to cm and mm wave lengths using adaptive propagation techniques. The measurements reported in the literature at 9.6, 28.8 and 57.6 GHz are utilized to deduce the coefficients in the adaptive propagation models for the case of rural area. Predicted results compare well with the experimental data.
{"title":"Modelling of path loss for land mobile cm and mm wave communication systems","authors":"A. D. Sarma, M. Prasad, S. Pandit","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871602","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper an attempt is made to extend Hata's method for estimating path loss to cm and mm wave lengths using adaptive propagation techniques. The measurements reported in the literature at 9.6, 28.8 and 57.6 GHz are utilized to deduce the coefficients in the adaptive propagation models for the case of rural area. Predicted results compare well with the experimental data.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121246600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871611
Soo-Hyung Kim, Jungyong Nam, Kyung-Il Ouh, Sang-Jun Hong, Chaewhan Rim
Reviews the approaches to improve the noise immunity at the semiconductor level and system level through the analysis of the effect of EFT (electrical fast transient) pulse input into the system on the semiconductor and the coupling path. A thermometer evaluation board applying a microcontroller device KS57P2308 was used and the failure phenomenon happening at the time of the EFT pulse application was the halt status of the system due to the malfunctioning of the micom device. Two approaches were presented to prevent such a malfunction by improving the immunity against the EFT noise. It was confirmed that the first way was to divert the noise input into the semiconductor toward the reset pin and then the second way was to properly control the conditions for activation of reset by adjusting the minimum input low width of a noise filter inside the reset pin, thereby preventing the halt status of the system due to the malfunction of the semiconductor device. An accurate analysis of the amplitude of the input noise level and duration is required for the adjustment of minimum input low width of the noise filter and the new noise filler design is required accordingly. Also, it is required to review again the bulk capacitor applied to almost all boards inside the system. The existing reset circuit failed to properly function due to reduction of the noise input from the outside because of the bulk capacitor. However, this application is only possible in the case where the system is not greatly affected even if peripherals rather than main system are reset and if the system is seriously affected by such reset, this application is not appropriate.
{"title":"Analysis of coupling mechanism and solution for EFT noise on semiconductor device level","authors":"Soo-Hyung Kim, Jungyong Nam, Kyung-Il Ouh, Sang-Jun Hong, Chaewhan Rim","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871611","url":null,"abstract":"Reviews the approaches to improve the noise immunity at the semiconductor level and system level through the analysis of the effect of EFT (electrical fast transient) pulse input into the system on the semiconductor and the coupling path. A thermometer evaluation board applying a microcontroller device KS57P2308 was used and the failure phenomenon happening at the time of the EFT pulse application was the halt status of the system due to the malfunctioning of the micom device. Two approaches were presented to prevent such a malfunction by improving the immunity against the EFT noise. It was confirmed that the first way was to divert the noise input into the semiconductor toward the reset pin and then the second way was to properly control the conditions for activation of reset by adjusting the minimum input low width of a noise filter inside the reset pin, thereby preventing the halt status of the system due to the malfunction of the semiconductor device. An accurate analysis of the amplitude of the input noise level and duration is required for the adjustment of minimum input low width of the noise filter and the new noise filler design is required accordingly. Also, it is required to review again the bulk capacitor applied to almost all boards inside the system. The existing reset circuit failed to properly function due to reduction of the noise input from the outside because of the bulk capacitor. However, this application is only possible in the case where the system is not greatly affected even if peripherals rather than main system are reset and if the system is seriously affected by such reset, this application is not appropriate.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"15 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121003717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871609
K. Singh
Situations arise where several systems operate in close proximity on a given platform like an armoured carrier, aircraft carrier, or an aircraft. In some of these systems, like radar, the radiated RF powers are high and due to close proximity with other systems, high field intensities are likely to get coupled to them through antenna to antenna coupling, antenna to box coupling, and antenna to wire coupling. For EMI prediction it is necessary to have an assessment of the coupled fields within the near field ranges of large antennas for which antenna near field prediction is required. The emitted EM fields in close proximity to the aperture are reactive, their free space impedance different than 120/spl pi/ and the E and H field phase relationship not well defined as it is in case of the far field regions. An analysis is carried out to bring about a closed form solution for the prediction of the EM fields in the near field regions of the antennas such that the results are amenable to computer coding for automated prediction analysis. For this analysis two procedures are presented. The first one is based on the far field to near field transformation using spherical wave expansion. The other is for less accuracy, yet is simpler for the computation of the near fields of a large antenna. This method is based on a notional array with antenna parameters like gain beam widths and sidelobes similar to the antenna under consideration.
{"title":"Antenna near field intensity prediction","authors":"K. Singh","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871609","url":null,"abstract":"Situations arise where several systems operate in close proximity on a given platform like an armoured carrier, aircraft carrier, or an aircraft. In some of these systems, like radar, the radiated RF powers are high and due to close proximity with other systems, high field intensities are likely to get coupled to them through antenna to antenna coupling, antenna to box coupling, and antenna to wire coupling. For EMI prediction it is necessary to have an assessment of the coupled fields within the near field ranges of large antennas for which antenna near field prediction is required. The emitted EM fields in close proximity to the aperture are reactive, their free space impedance different than 120/spl pi/ and the E and H field phase relationship not well defined as it is in case of the far field regions. An analysis is carried out to bring about a closed form solution for the prediction of the EM fields in the near field regions of the antennas such that the results are amenable to computer coding for automated prediction analysis. For this analysis two procedures are presented. The first one is based on the far field to near field transformation using spherical wave expansion. The other is for less accuracy, yet is simpler for the computation of the near fields of a large antenna. This method is based on a notional array with antenna parameters like gain beam widths and sidelobes similar to the antenna under consideration.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"415 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116506202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871641
J. Mclean, A. Medina, J. Sivaswamy, R. Sutton
Broadband, high-power baluns and matching transformers intended for application in EMC immunity testing are considered in detail. Emphasis is on baluns which are much greater than one-quarter wavelength long at the high end of their operating frequency range. A model for a helical Guanella 4:1 balun is developed and a helical Guanella design is presented. Experimental data which illuminates the action of parasitic modes is presented.
{"title":"Balun development for high-power, broadband EMC immunity test equipment","authors":"J. Mclean, A. Medina, J. Sivaswamy, R. Sutton","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871641","url":null,"abstract":"Broadband, high-power baluns and matching transformers intended for application in EMC immunity testing are considered in detail. Emphasis is on baluns which are much greater than one-quarter wavelength long at the high end of their operating frequency range. A model for a helical Guanella 4:1 balun is developed and a helical Guanella design is presented. Experimental data which illuminates the action of parasitic modes is presented.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"501 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125469319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871658
R. Bera, A. K. Sen, P. Karmakar
The utilization of the Ka band (35 GHz) with a bandwidth of 2500 MHz seems to represent the largest significant achievement in LOS link application. The performance of a transceiver system in this band is determined largely by the ratio of wanted power to the unwanted power in the receiver. The unwanted power contributions are coming from two factors: (1) internal thermal noise generated by random atomic motions within the elements of the receiver and (2) the contribution in the sky noise temperature T/sub s/ due to EMI (electromagnetic interference) from rain drops. This extra term T/sub s/ has so far been ignored. Therefore, in view of propagation and noise study in the Ka band, both rain attenuation and receiver noise floor variations with rain are estimated over a tropical station, Calcutta, India. This is concluded with a special discussion of receiving systems utilising LNBCs (low noise block down converters) at the front end which are typically at 30 K or less where rain EMI effects are severe.
{"title":"Line of sight link degradation at millimeterwaves due to EMI from rain drops","authors":"R. Bera, A. K. Sen, P. Karmakar","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871658","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of the Ka band (35 GHz) with a bandwidth of 2500 MHz seems to represent the largest significant achievement in LOS link application. The performance of a transceiver system in this band is determined largely by the ratio of wanted power to the unwanted power in the receiver. The unwanted power contributions are coming from two factors: (1) internal thermal noise generated by random atomic motions within the elements of the receiver and (2) the contribution in the sky noise temperature T/sub s/ due to EMI (electromagnetic interference) from rain drops. This extra term T/sub s/ has so far been ignored. Therefore, in view of propagation and noise study in the Ka band, both rain attenuation and receiver noise floor variations with rain are estimated over a tropical station, Calcutta, India. This is concluded with a special discussion of receiving systems utilising LNBCs (low noise block down converters) at the front end which are typically at 30 K or less where rain EMI effects are severe.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132137950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871612
K. Sakthivel, S.K. Das, R. Ganesan
This paper describes, with experimental data and graphs, errors in the surface transfer impedance (STI) measurements that could resulted from different input power levels applied to the test cable. It also describes the causes of the errors due to other reasons and how they could be avoided. It concludes by justifying the appropriate input power level to be used while using this particular standard for STI measurements.
{"title":"Error analysis in surface transfer impedance measurements on shielded cables","authors":"K. Sakthivel, S.K. Das, R. Ganesan","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871612","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes, with experimental data and graphs, errors in the surface transfer impedance (STI) measurements that could resulted from different input power levels applied to the test cable. It also describes the causes of the errors due to other reasons and how they could be avoided. It concludes by justifying the appropriate input power level to be used while using this particular standard for STI measurements.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131297008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871681
J. Behari
Low level electromagnetic fields have been found to produce a variety of biological effects, though the mechanism of such interactions is still not completely understood. The cell membrane of the brain is a critical structure perceiving the action of microwaves, which has received greater attention. The interactions of EM fields with living cells are considered for stochastic resonance, cooperative effects, non-equilibrium thermodynamic processes and nonlinear interactions. The nonlinear mechanism plays the main role in the process of transmembrane coupling of the signal to the cytoplasm. The criteria for safe exposure limits of an electromagnetic field to humans is also discussed.
{"title":"Biological effects and health implication of radiofrequency and microwave","authors":"J. Behari","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871681","url":null,"abstract":"Low level electromagnetic fields have been found to produce a variety of biological effects, though the mechanism of such interactions is still not completely understood. The cell membrane of the brain is a critical structure perceiving the action of microwaves, which has received greater attention. The interactions of EM fields with living cells are considered for stochastic resonance, cooperative effects, non-equilibrium thermodynamic processes and nonlinear interactions. The nonlinear mechanism plays the main role in the process of transmembrane coupling of the signal to the cytoplasm. The criteria for safe exposure limits of an electromagnetic field to humans is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133613164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871685
N. Jagannathan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used noninvasive imaging modality for obtaining diagnostic radiological images. An MRI scanner consists of several diverse technological components such as powerful static magnetic field, rapidly varying local gradient magnetic fields, pulsed radiofrequency (RF) field and liquid helium and/or liquid nitrogen. At present, there is no conclusive evidence for adverse biological effects in patients scanned by MRI. However, a clear knowledge and understanding of the various components are necessary and appropriate precautions should be adhered to, in order to ensure the safety of the patient as well as for the safe and smooth operation of the MR scanner.
{"title":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): effects of electro-magnetic radiation and safety aspects","authors":"N. Jagannathan","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871685","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used noninvasive imaging modality for obtaining diagnostic radiological images. An MRI scanner consists of several diverse technological components such as powerful static magnetic field, rapidly varying local gradient magnetic fields, pulsed radiofrequency (RF) field and liquid helium and/or liquid nitrogen. At present, there is no conclusive evidence for adverse biological effects in patients scanned by MRI. However, a clear knowledge and understanding of the various components are necessary and appropriate precautions should be adhered to, in order to ensure the safety of the patient as well as for the safe and smooth operation of the MR scanner.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132876251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871644
S. Ghosh, M.R. Singhley, S. Shastry, A. Chakrabarty
The Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell has been experimental and certified as a suitable test environment for radiated emission and susceptibility testing. In this paper the numerical technique applied for the fabrication of a typical GTEM cell has been explained. A method of moments based technique is applied to evaluate the charge distribution on the two conductors and the capacitance per unit length of the cell. The conductors are divided into large number of subsections. The charge density is assumed to be constant throughout a particular sub-section and concentrated at the center of a particular sub-section. This theory is further applied to design a GTEM cell with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. According to the size of the equipment under test (here the EUT is taken as a personal computer) the size of the cell is chosen. The cell is designed with appropriate low and high frequency terminations. The testing of the GTEM cell has been completed and the results are satisfactory.
{"title":"Design and characterisation of GTEM cell","authors":"S. Ghosh, M.R. Singhley, S. Shastry, A. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871644","url":null,"abstract":"The Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell has been experimental and certified as a suitable test environment for radiated emission and susceptibility testing. In this paper the numerical technique applied for the fabrication of a typical GTEM cell has been explained. A method of moments based technique is applied to evaluate the charge distribution on the two conductors and the capacitance per unit length of the cell. The conductors are divided into large number of subsections. The charge density is assumed to be constant throughout a particular sub-section and concentrated at the center of a particular sub-section. This theory is further applied to design a GTEM cell with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. According to the size of the equipment under test (here the EUT is taken as a personal computer) the size of the cell is chosen. The cell is designed with appropriate low and high frequency terminations. The testing of the GTEM cell has been completed and the results are satisfactory.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133176739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871668
T. K. Mitra
ECG voltage records against time in seconds reveal the electrical status of the heart. Change in the waveshapes of scalar ECG records contain the diagnostic information of clinical significance. The electrophysiological ECG biosignal is weak in nature. Interference preventive methods are discussed in this paper to improve signal to noise ratio as well as linearity and reliability of the ECG records.
{"title":"Control of EMI interference for linear ECG recording","authors":"T. K. Mitra","doi":"10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMIC.1999.871668","url":null,"abstract":"ECG voltage records against time in seconds reveal the electrical status of the heart. Change in the waveshapes of scalar ECG records contain the diagnostic information of clinical significance. The electrophysiological ECG biosignal is weak in nature. Interference preventive methods are discussed in this paper to improve signal to noise ratio as well as linearity and reliability of the ECG records.","PeriodicalId":104361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility","volume":"189 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120892472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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