Japanese Abstract: 本論文は、歴史的順序に従って、人類のリーダーシップの起源を検討（第2節）した後に、経営リーダーシップの起源を考察するという第一の目的を持っている。経営リーダーシップは、創業者や企業家のようなトップ・マネジメントが排他的に行使するものであった。しかし、19世紀末から20世紀初頭に出現した専門職業経営者は、マネジメントだけでなく経営リーダーシップも担うようになったという仮説を経営者の役割という観点から検討（第3節）するのが本論文の第二の目的である。そして、この史実から派生し、後世の研究者が繰り返し行っているマネジャーとリーダーの比較、すなわち経営リーダーシップの二分法的考察を検討する（第4節）のが本論文の第三の目的である。
English Abstract: This paper is to explore the origin of business leadership and the dichotomous theoretical framework frequently observed in modern leadership theories. The human leadership was originated among foragers in primordial time according to their physical strength and intellectual capacity. Although humans experienced such critical revolutions of cognition, agriculture, and science, humans had yet to wait for the industrial revolution of 18th century to meet with the business leadership, that was originated by full-time salaried executives who replaced entrepreneurs and appeared around late 19th century. Executives had to take burden of performing both general management and leadership, because they were not entrepreneurial founders who had performed both from the inception of their companies. The nature of executive leadership observed around early 20th century is explored by referring to C.I. Barnard’s The Functions of The Executive. The dichotomous theoretical framework of “Managers and Leaders” was first presented by A. Zaleznik who discussed their respective characteristic qualities. It has been repeatedly employed and persists. Among those, B.M. Bass and B.J. Avolio’s Transformational-Transactional Leadership theory attracts many academic followers whose works show the usefulness of the dichotomous theoretical framework in the study of business leadership.
Japanese Abstract:在按照历史顺序探讨人类领导力的起源(第二节)之后，本文的首要目的是探讨管理领导力的起源。经营领导力是由创业者和企业家等高层管理者排他性地行使的。但是，19世纪末到20世纪初出现的专业职业经理人，不仅负责管理，而且还负责领导。从经理人的角色角度来探讨这一假设(第三节)是本文的第二个目的。有。从这一史实派生出来的，后世的研究者反复进行的管理者和领导者的比较，即考察经营领导力的两分法(第4节)，是本文的第三个目的。english abstract:This paper is to explore the origin of business leadership and the dichotomous theoretical frameworkfrequently observed in modern leadership theories. The human leadership was originated amongforagers in primordial time according to their物理strength and intellectual capacity. Althoughhumans experienced such critical revolutions of cognition, agriculture，与科学，humans had yet to wait for the工业进化of 18th century to meet with the businessleadership,that was originated by full-time salaried executives who replaced entrepreneurs and appeared aroundlate 19th century. Executives had to take burden of performing both general management andleadership,because they were not entrepreneurial founders who had performed both from the inception of theircompanies. nature of executive leadership observed around early 20th century is explored byreferring to C.I. Barnard’s The Functions of The Executive. The dichotomous theoretical framework of《管理与领导》was first presented by A. Zaleznik who discussed their respectivecharacteristic qualities. It has been repeatedly employed and persists. Among those，b.m. Bass and b.j. Avolio’transactional Leadership theory attracts many academicfollowers whose works show the usefulness of the dichotomous theoretical framework in the study ofbusiness leadership。
{"title":"経営リーダーシップの起源と二分法的考察について (On the Origin of Business Leadership and the Dichotomous Theoretical Framework)","authors":"Sakae Sugai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3355298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3355298","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Japanese Abstract:</b> 本論文は、歴史的順序に従って、人類のリーダーシップの起源を検討（第2節）した後に、経営リーダーシップの起源を考察するという第一の目的を持っている。経営リーダーシップは、創業者や企業家のようなトップ・マネジメントが排他的に行使するものであった。しかし、19世紀末から20世紀初頭に出現した専門職業経営者は、マネジメントだけでなく経営リーダーシップも担うようになったという仮説を経営者の役割という観点から検討（第3節）するのが本論文の第二の目的である。そして、この史実から派生し、後世の研究者が繰り返し行っているマネジャーとリーダーの比較、すなわち経営リーダーシップの二分法的考察を検討する（第4節）のが本論文の第三の目的である。<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This paper is to explore the origin of business leadership and the dichotomous theoretical framework frequently observed in modern leadership theories. The human leadership was originated among foragers in primordial time according to their physical strength and intellectual capacity. Although humans experienced such critical revolutions of cognition, agriculture, and science, humans had yet to wait for the industrial revolution of 18th century to meet with the business leadership, that was originated by full-time salaried executives who replaced entrepreneurs and appeared around late 19th century. Executives had to take burden of performing both general management and leadership, because they were not entrepreneurial founders who had performed both from the inception of their companies. The nature of executive leadership observed around early 20th century is explored by referring to C.I. Barnard’s The Functions of The Executive. The dichotomous theoretical framework of “Managers and Leaders” was first presented by A. Zaleznik who discussed their respective characteristic qualities. It has been repeatedly employed and persists. Among those, B.M. Bass and B.J. Avolio’s Transformational-Transactional Leadership theory attracts many academic followers whose works show the usefulness of the dichotomous theoretical framework in the study of business leadership.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77757126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Online degree programs can advance diversity and inclusion by meeting growing demand for higher education, lowering costs, and attracting non-traditional populations who could not attend a residential degree program. However, online degrees are frequently considered inferior in the public eye. Negative stereotypes and the experience of stigma related to online degree programs can act as psychological barriers to academic achievement, employability, and career advancement. We develop the first survey instrument to measure online degree stigma, assess the content of stereotypes about online degree programs, and investigate socio-demographic variation in stigma and stereotypes in a sample of 157 US adults. We discuss implications for advancing inclusiveness in higher education and the workforce and how the findings can inform intervention approaches to mitigate stigma and bias.
{"title":"Online Degree Stigma and Stereotypes: A New Instrument and Implications for Diversity in Higher Education","authors":"René F. Kizilcec, Dan Davis, E. Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3339768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3339768","url":null,"abstract":"Online degree programs can advance diversity and inclusion by meeting growing demand for higher education, lowering costs, and attracting non-traditional populations who could not attend a residential degree program. However, online degrees are frequently considered inferior in the public eye. Negative stereotypes and the experience of stigma related to online degree programs can act as psychological barriers to academic achievement, employability, and career advancement. We develop the first survey instrument to measure online degree stigma, assess the content of stereotypes about online degree programs, and investigate socio-demographic variation in stigma and stereotypes in a sample of 157 US adults. We discuss implications for advancing inclusiveness in higher education and the workforce and how the findings can inform intervention approaches to mitigate stigma and bias.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73268246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-20DOI: 10.35609/GJBSSR.2019.7.1(7)
Rostiana, Daniel Lie
Objective - Individual work performance (IWP) has been researched time and time again in the past few decades. Interestingly enough, existing research on IWP focuses mainly on the area of work production and lacks an in-depth holistic understanding of IWP and other interrelated work behaviours. In this study, IWP is explored in the context of a multidimensional construct that includes the dimensions of task, contextual, and counterproductive behaviours. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether the three variables of work engagement (WE), psychological empowerment (PE), and subjective well-being (SWB) mediate and correlate with the relationship between perceived organisational support (POS) and IWP. Methodology/Technique - 780 employees from 4 organisations in Jakarta were selected to participate in this study. The respondents were tasked with responding to five questionnaires including (1) IWP of Koopmans, (2) POS of Eisenberger, (3) SWB of Diener, (4) WE of Baker and Schaufeli, (5) PE of Spreitzer. The data was analysed using structural equation modelling. Findings - The results show that the proposed structural model aligns with the empirical data [X2 (0, N = 780) = 0, p = 1.000; RMSEA=.000]. This research concludes that the relationship between POS and IWP is best mediated by either WE, PE or SWB. Among the three mediators, WE plays the greatest role in mediating the relationship between POS and IWP. Novelty - These findings expand on previous research on the weak relationship between POS and IWP. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Individual Work Performance; Perceived Organizational Support; Psychological Empowerment; Subjective Well-being; Work Engagement. JEL Classification: L20, L25, L29.
在过去的几十年里，人们对个人工作绩效(IWP)进行了一次又一次的研究。有趣的是，现有的关于IWP的研究主要集中在工作生产领域，缺乏对IWP和其他相关工作行为的深入整体理解。在这项研究中，IWP在一个多维结构的背景下进行了探索，包括任务、情境和反生产行为的维度。本研究旨在探讨工作投入(WE)、心理授权(PE)和主观幸福感(SWB)这三个变量是否在组织支持感(POS)和IWP之间起到中介和相关作用。方法/技术——来自雅加达4个组织的780名员工被选中参与这项研究。问卷内容包括:(1)Koopmans的IWP， (2) Eisenberger的POS， (3) Diener的SWB， (4) Baker and Schaufeli的WE， (5) Spreitzer的PE。采用结构方程模型对数据进行分析。结果表明，本文提出的结构模型与实证数据一致[X2 (0, N = 780) = 0, p = 1.000;RMSEA =组织]。本研究得出结论:工作效率与工作效率之间的关系由WE、PE或SWB介导。在三个中介因子中，WE在POS和IWP之间的中介作用最大。新颖性-这些发现扩展了先前关于POS与IWP之间微弱关系的研究。论文类型-经验性。关键词:个人工作绩效;感知组织支持;心理赋权;主观幸福感;参与工作。JEL分类:L20, L25, L29。
{"title":"Multi-Dimensional Individual Work Performance: Predictors and Mediators","authors":"Rostiana, Daniel Lie","doi":"10.35609/GJBSSR.2019.7.1(7)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35609/GJBSSR.2019.7.1(7)","url":null,"abstract":"Objective - Individual work performance (IWP) has been researched time and time again in the past few decades. Interestingly enough, existing research on IWP focuses mainly on the area of work production and lacks an in-depth holistic understanding of IWP and other interrelated work behaviours. In this study, IWP is explored in the context of a multidimensional construct that includes the dimensions of task, contextual, and counterproductive behaviours. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether the three variables of work engagement (WE), psychological empowerment (PE), and subjective well-being (SWB) mediate and correlate with the relationship between perceived organisational support (POS) and IWP.\u0000\u0000Methodology/Technique - 780 employees from 4 organisations in Jakarta were selected to participate in this study. The respondents were tasked with responding to five questionnaires including (1) IWP of Koopmans, (2) POS of Eisenberger, (3) SWB of Diener, (4) WE of Baker and Schaufeli, (5) PE of Spreitzer. The data was analysed using structural equation modelling.\u0000\u0000Findings - The results show that the proposed structural model aligns with the empirical data [X2 (0, N = 780) = 0, p = 1.000; RMSEA=.000]. This research concludes that the relationship between POS and IWP is best mediated by either WE, PE or SWB. Among the three mediators, WE plays the greatest role in mediating the relationship between POS and IWP.\u0000\u0000Novelty - These findings expand on previous research on the weak relationship between POS and IWP.\u0000\u0000Type of Paper - Empirical.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Individual Work Performance; Perceived Organizational Support; Psychological Empowerment; Subjective Well-being; Work Engagement.\u0000\u0000JEL Classification: L20, L25, L29.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86876218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qualitative Transparency Deliberations (QTD) Working Group III.5 considered issues of research transparency in the manual collection and content analysis of texts, audio, and visual materials. Our report is based on the authors' research experience, comments of those participating online in the QTD discussion board on this topic, and direct communications with colleagues. A principal contribution of the report is the conceptualization and evaluation of the various forms that research transparency might take in this methodological domain. By forms, we mean the various kinds of research materials or products that scholars might choose to disseminate. The report identifies nine types of such materials, which vary with respect to the stage of the analysis, burden on the researcher, benefits to the research community, and risks: (1) Raw (primary) source material; (2) bibliographic references to the source material; (3) sampling plans; (4) commentary and deliberative process notes regarding coding decisions; (5) “chapter/verse” references for each coding decision; (6) data codebooks; (7) coded data; (8) estimates of inter-coder reliability; (9) concept mapping (glossary/ontology).
{"title":"Content Analysis, Non-Automated","authors":"Zachary Elkins, Scott J. Spitzer, J. Tallberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3333485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3333485","url":null,"abstract":"Qualitative Transparency Deliberations (QTD) Working Group III.5 considered issues of research transparency in the manual collection and content analysis of texts, audio, and visual materials. Our report is based on the authors' research experience, comments of those participating online in the QTD discussion board on this topic, and direct communications with colleagues. A principal contribution of the report is the conceptualization and evaluation of the various forms that research transparency might take in this methodological domain. By forms, we mean the various kinds of research materials or products that scholars might choose to disseminate. The report identifies nine types of such materials, which vary with respect to the stage of the analysis, burden on the researcher, benefits to the research community, and risks: \u0000(1) Raw (primary) source material; \u0000(2) bibliographic references to the source material; \u0000(3) sampling plans; \u0000(4) commentary and deliberative process notes regarding coding decisions; \u0000(5) “chapter/verse” references for each coding decision; \u0000(6) data codebooks; \u0000(7) coded data; \u0000(8) estimates of inter-coder reliability; \u0000(9) concept mapping (glossary/ontology).","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80875784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gate Working Paper Series, Cécile Bazart, M. Lefebvre, Julie Rosaz
In a series of experiments, we test the relative efficiency of persuasion and commitment schemes to increase and sustain contribution levels in a Voluntary Contribution Game. The design allows to compare a baseline consisting of a repeated public good game to, respectively, four manipulation treatments relying on: an information strategy, a low commitment strategy, a high commitment strategy and a promise strategy. We confirm the advantages of psychologically orientated policies as they increase the overall level of contribution and for some, that is commitment and promises, question the decreasing trend traditionally observed in long term contributions to public goods.
{"title":"Promoting Socially Desirable Behaviors: Experimental Comparison of the Procedures of Persuasion and Commitment","authors":"Gate Working Paper Series, Cécile Bazart, M. Lefebvre, Julie Rosaz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3333182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3333182","url":null,"abstract":"In a series of experiments, we test the relative efficiency of persuasion and commitment schemes to increase and sustain contribution levels in a Voluntary Contribution Game. The design allows to compare a baseline consisting of a repeated public good game to, respectively, four manipulation treatments relying on: an information strategy, a low commitment strategy, a high commitment strategy and a promise strategy. We confirm the advantages of psychologically orientated policies as they increase the overall level of contribution and for some, that is commitment and promises, question the decreasing trend traditionally observed in long term contributions to public goods.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79597328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jakob Huber, Sebastian Müller, M. Fleischmann, H. Stuckenschmidt
Retailers that offer perishable items are required to make ordering decisions for hundreds of products on a daily basis. This task is non-trivial because the risk of ordering too much or too little is associated with overstocking costs and unsatisfied customers. The well-known newsvendor model captures the essence of this trade-off. Traditionally, this newsvendor problem is solved based on a demand distribution assumption. However, in reality, the true demand distribution is hardly ever known to the decision maker. Instead, large datasets are available that enable the use of empirical distributions. In this paper, we investigate how to exploit this data for making better decisions. We identify three levels on which data can generate value, and we assess their potential. To this end, we present data-driven solution methods based on Machine Learning and Quantile Regression that do not require the assumption of a specific demand distribution. We provide an empirical evaluation of these methods with point-of-sales data for a large German bakery chain. We find that Machine Learning approaches substantially outperform traditional methods if the dataset is large enough. We also find that the benefit of improved forecasting dominates other potential benefits of data-driven solution methods.
{"title":"A Data-Driven Newsvendor Problem: From Data to Decision","authors":"Jakob Huber, Sebastian Müller, M. Fleischmann, H. Stuckenschmidt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3090901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3090901","url":null,"abstract":"Retailers that offer perishable items are required to make ordering decisions for hundreds of products on a daily basis. This task is non-trivial because the risk of ordering too much or too little is associated with overstocking costs and unsatisfied customers. The well-known newsvendor model captures the essence of this trade-off. Traditionally, this newsvendor problem is solved based on a demand distribution assumption. However, in reality, the true demand distribution is hardly ever known to the decision maker. Instead, large datasets are available that enable the use of empirical distributions. In this paper, we investigate how to exploit this data for making better decisions. We identify three levels on which data can generate value, and we assess their potential. To this end, we present data-driven solution methods based on Machine Learning and Quantile Regression that do not require the assumption of a specific demand distribution. We provide an empirical evaluation of these methods with point-of-sales data for a large German bakery chain. We find that Machine Learning approaches substantially outperform traditional methods if the dataset is large enough. We also find that the benefit of improved forecasting dominates other potential benefits of data-driven solution methods.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81743388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew Baugh, Nicholas Hallman, Steven J. Kachelmeier
Although prior research has claimed that audit committees with more expertise secure better auditors and enjoy higher quality earnings, a deeper understanding of this premise compels consideration of the factors that less-expert audit committees consider when choosing auditors if indeed they are less sensitive to auditor quality. Drawing on newly mandated PCAOB Form AP disclosures of audit partners’ identities, we examine the premise that less-expert audit committees are more likely to be influenced by auditors’ superficial characteristics, which we proxy by obtaining independent ratings of audit partners’ physical appearances. We find that audit committees with fewer financial experts tend to engage more attractive audit partners and pay attractive audit partners a differential fee premium. These findings support the view that expertise helps audit committees by mitigating the influence of superficial characteristics in auditor selection and compensation decisions.
{"title":"A Matter of Appearances: Does Financial Expertise Help Audit Committees Look Beyond the Superficial When Selecting and Compensating Auditors?","authors":"Matthew Baugh, Nicholas Hallman, Steven J. Kachelmeier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3050614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3050614","url":null,"abstract":"Although prior research has claimed that audit committees with more expertise secure better auditors and enjoy higher quality earnings, a deeper understanding of this premise compels consideration of the factors that less-expert audit committees consider when choosing auditors if indeed they are less sensitive to auditor quality. Drawing on newly mandated PCAOB Form AP disclosures of audit partners’ identities, we examine the premise that less-expert audit committees are more likely to be influenced by auditors’ superficial characteristics, which we proxy by obtaining independent ratings of audit partners’ physical appearances. We find that audit committees with fewer financial experts tend to engage more attractive audit partners and pay attractive audit partners a differential fee premium. These findings support the view that expertise helps audit committees by mitigating the influence of superficial characteristics in auditor selection and compensation decisions.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73022184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social desirability is a major problem in survey research. One way of handling the problem is to measure social desirability and to incorporate it into the statistical analysis. There are different techniques of measuring social desirability. We investigate and compare the performance of the well-known Crowne-Marlowe scale with the less common use of phantom questions. Up to now, there is only one study, which tests the comparative performance of both instruments (Randall & Fernandes 1991). In this paper we replicate the test and introduce a few innovations. In difference to the former study, we compare two short versions of the Crowne-Marlowe scale, the 10-items version as suggested by Clancy and Gove (1974) and a 10-items version suggested by Stocke (2014). First, we test both scales with respect to their internal consistency. Second, we investigate which of the two versions has the strongest impact on different sensitive behaviors (alcohol consumption, shoplifting, law compliance, and reported life satisfaction). Third, we construct 20 phantom questions, 10 with fictitious answering categories that can hardly be confused with existing things, and 10 where the fictitious categories resemble existing persons or sites. We then investigate whether the phantom questions pick up social desirability better than the Crowne-Marlowe scale. The study was conducted online with 365 student subjects. Our results indicate that the short version of the Crowne-Marlowe scale suggested by Clancy and Gove (1974) performs best. But none of our phantom questions or any combination of them is able to pick up social desirability. Instead over-claiming is associated with a lack of knowledge.
{"title":"Do Phantom Questions Measure Social Desirability?","authors":"Axel Franzen, S. Mader","doi":"10.12758/MDA.2019.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12758/MDA.2019.01","url":null,"abstract":"Social desirability is a major problem in survey research. One way of handling the problem is to measure social desirability and to incorporate it into the statistical analysis. There are different techniques of measuring social desirability. We investigate and compare the performance of the well-known Crowne-Marlowe scale with the less common use of phantom questions. Up to now, there is only one study, which tests the comparative performance of both instruments (Randall & Fernandes 1991). In this paper we replicate the test and introduce a few innovations. In difference to the former study, we compare two short versions of the Crowne-Marlowe scale, the 10-items version as suggested by Clancy and Gove (1974) and a 10-items version suggested by Stocke (2014). First, we test both scales with respect to their internal consistency. Second, we investigate which of the two versions has the strongest impact on different sensitive behaviors (alcohol consumption, shoplifting, law compliance, and reported life satisfaction). Third, we construct 20 phantom questions, 10 with fictitious answering categories that can hardly be confused with existing things, and 10 where the fictitious categories resemble existing persons or sites. We then investigate whether the phantom questions pick up social desirability better than the Crowne-Marlowe scale. The study was conducted online with 365 student subjects. Our results indicate that the short version of the Crowne-Marlowe scale suggested by Clancy and Gove (1974) performs best. But none of our phantom questions or any combination of them is able to pick up social desirability. Instead over-claiming is associated with a lack of knowledge.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87046644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driven by methodological concerns, theoretical considerations, and previous evidence, we systematically test the validity of common dictator-game variants with probabilistic incentives. We include four approaches and compare them to a standard dictator game: involving fewer receivers than dictators; paying only some subjects or decisions; role uncertainty at the time of the transfer decision. We also relate the dictator-game variants to established complementary individual difference measures of pro-sociality: social value orientation, personal values, a donation to charity, and Big Five personality facors. Our data show that dictator behavior is quite sensitive to the applied methods. The standard version of the dictator game has the highest validity. Involving fewer receivers than dictators and not paying for all decisions yields comparably valid results. By contrast, when only some subjects are paid or where subjects face uncertainty about their final player role, the expected associations with complementary pro-sociality are distorted. Under role uncertainty, generosity is biased upwards. We conclude that the validity of the dictator-game outcomes is highly sensitive to the applied methods.
{"title":"On the Validity of Probabilistic (and Cost-Saving) Incentives in Dictator Games: A Systematic Test","authors":"G. Walkowitz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3068380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3068380","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by methodological concerns, theoretical considerations, and previous evidence, we systematically test the validity of common dictator-game variants with probabilistic incentives. We include four approaches and compare them to a standard dictator game: involving fewer receivers than dictators; paying only some subjects or decisions; role uncertainty at the time of the transfer decision. We also relate the dictator-game variants to established complementary individual difference measures of pro-sociality: social value orientation, personal values, a donation to charity, and Big Five personality facors. Our data show that dictator behavior is quite sensitive to the applied methods. The standard version of the dictator game has the highest validity. Involving fewer receivers than dictators and not paying for all decisions yields comparably valid results. By contrast, when only some subjects are paid or where subjects face uncertainty about their final player role, the expected associations with complementary pro-sociality are distorted. Under role uncertainty, generosity is biased upwards. We conclude that the validity of the dictator-game outcomes is highly sensitive to the applied methods.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88870448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, the automobile industry becomes the most attractive industry. Since the disposal income in rural and urban sector is increasing continuously and easy finance being provided by all the financial institutes, the sales of passenger cars have been increasing. It motivates a researcher to identify and study the factors which affect the consumer’s behaviour towards purchasing cars. This research attempts to answer some of the questions regarding perception of consumers towards car purchasing decisions in India by conducting a market survey. This is a descriptive study based on primary data collected from 300 car users of Kanpur City. The data was collected with the help of a structured questionnaire containing questions based on 5-point Likert scale. The reliability test was applied for identifying the consistency of the questionnaire. The KMO – Bartlett’s test was applied for checking the data adequacy. The Exploratory factor analysis was applied for identifying the factors and four factors named cost, resale value, quality and dealer’s services were identified. Non-parametric Spearman’s rank correlation test was applied for testing the hypothesis.
{"title":"Perception of Consumers Towards Car Purchase Decision","authors":"Ashish Sharma, Deepak Shukla","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3308680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3308680","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the automobile industry becomes the most attractive industry. Since the disposal income in rural and urban sector is increasing continuously and easy finance being provided by all the financial institutes, the sales of passenger cars have been increasing. It motivates a researcher to identify and study the factors which affect the consumer’s behaviour towards purchasing cars. This research attempts to answer some of the questions regarding perception of consumers towards car purchasing decisions in India by conducting a market survey. This is a descriptive study based on primary data collected from 300 car users of Kanpur City. The data was collected with the help of a structured questionnaire containing questions based on 5-point Likert scale. The reliability test was applied for identifying the consistency of the questionnaire. The KMO – Bartlett’s test was applied for checking the data adequacy. The Exploratory factor analysis was applied for identifying the factors and four factors named cost, resale value, quality and dealer’s services were identified. Non-parametric Spearman’s rank correlation test was applied for testing the hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87932084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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