We study environments in which agents are randomly matched to play a Prisoner’s Dilemma, and each player observes a few of the partner’s past actions against previous opponents. We depart from the existing related literature by allowing a small fraction of the population to be commitment types. The presence of committed agents destabilizes previously proposed mechanisms for sustaining cooperation. We present a novel intuitive combination of strategies that sustains cooperation in various environments. Moreover, we show that under an additional assumption of stationarity, this combination of strategies is essentially the unique mechanism to support full cooperation, and it is robust to various perturbations. Finally, we extend the results to a setup in which agents also observe actions played by past opponents against the current partner, and we characterize which observation structure is optimal for sustaining cooperation.
{"title":"Observations on Cooperation","authors":"Yuval Heller, Erik Mohlin","doi":"10.1093/restud/rdx076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdx076","url":null,"abstract":"We study environments in which agents are randomly matched to play a Prisoner’s Dilemma, and each player observes a few of the partner’s past actions against previous opponents. We depart from the existing related literature by allowing a small fraction of the population to be commitment types. The presence of committed agents destabilizes previously proposed mechanisms for sustaining cooperation. We present a novel intuitive combination of strategies that sustains cooperation in various environments. Moreover, we show that under an additional assumption of stationarity, this combination of strategies is essentially the unique mechanism to support full cooperation, and it is robust to various perturbations. Finally, we extend the results to a setup in which agents also observe actions played by past opponents against the current partner, and we characterize which observation structure is optimal for sustaining cooperation.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83986669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper documents gaps in two children’s psychosocial competencies, pride and self-esteem, by socioeconomic and locality gaps. It then examines how relationships with parents and peers act as determinants of these competencies and how improvements in relationships can close gaps. A cohort of Peruvian children and their siblings between the ages of 6 and 12 from the Young Lives survey is used for the analysis. Non-parametric analysis maps the differences by wealth and locality in children’s pride, self-esteem, and their relationship with peers and parents. Gaps are prevalent, but diminish as children age in all measures outside of peer relationships. Notably, parent-child relationships in rural households are worse than those in urban settings, illustrating one of the consequences of living in rural areas. Parametric analysis estimates wealth gradients and determinants of pride and self-esteem. The results show that relationships are hugely important, explaining between 50 to 80 percent of the variance in children’s pride and self-esteem together. While there are gaps at the mean, there is no evidence of wealth gradients in this sample for pride and self-esteem. The unique sibling’s aspect of the sample is exploited in a siblings difference model to improve identification, showing that the initial estimates are robust to household fixed effects. Decomposition results show that mean gaps in pride and self-esteem by wealth and locality can be closed by improving the parent-child relationship, with improvements of 21% in poor households and 80% for rural households. These estimates suggest that the previous literature which do not measure the quality of relationships provide lower bound estimates of the effect of parents on their children’s development. Policies which can improve these relationships, especially the parent-child relationship, are important for giving poorer children the essential human capital to overcome poverty in the future.
{"title":"The Importance of Family, Friends and Location on the Development of Human Capital in Mid-Childhood and Early Adolescence","authors":"J. Creamer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3071739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3071739","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents gaps in two children’s psychosocial competencies, pride and self-esteem, by socioeconomic and locality gaps. It then examines how relationships with parents and peers act as determinants of these competencies and how improvements in relationships can close gaps. A cohort of Peruvian children and their siblings between the ages of 6 and 12 from the Young Lives survey is used for the analysis. Non-parametric analysis maps the differences by wealth and locality in children’s pride, self-esteem, and their relationship with peers and parents. Gaps are prevalent, but diminish as children age in all measures outside of peer relationships. Notably, parent-child relationships in rural households are worse than those in urban settings, illustrating one of the consequences of living in rural areas. Parametric analysis estimates wealth gradients and determinants of pride and self-esteem. The results show that relationships are hugely important, explaining between 50 to 80 percent of the variance in children’s pride and self-esteem together. While there are gaps at the mean, there is no evidence of wealth gradients in this sample for pride and self-esteem. The unique sibling’s aspect of the sample is exploited in a siblings difference model to improve identification, showing that the initial estimates are robust to household fixed effects. Decomposition results show that mean gaps in pride and self-esteem by wealth and locality can be closed by improving the parent-child relationship, with improvements of 21% in poor households and 80% for rural households. These estimates suggest that the previous literature which do not measure the quality of relationships provide lower bound estimates of the effect of parents on their children’s development. Policies which can improve these relationships, especially the parent-child relationship, are important for giving poorer children the essential human capital to overcome poverty in the future.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84581073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ribamar Siqueira, Enrique ter Horst, Germán Molina, M. Losada, Marelby Amado Mateus
The study of customer experience (CX) has become a prominent topic in marketing research lately because of the evolution of the customer/company relationship. The total number of touch points where this interaction can take place has increased significantly due to the total number of channels and media outlets now available to customers, further increasing the complexity of the customer journey. As a consequence, the level of control companies yield over the experience provided to customers decreased resulting in a more intricate process of creation, management and delivery of experiences to customers. The present research contributes to marketing research in four main ways. First, it investigates the relationship between peer-to-peer interaction, peace-of-mind, and service outcome quality with the customer experience construct. Second, we examine the role peer-to-peer (PTP) interaction plays as a social/external/independent touch point in accordance with Lemon and Verhoef (2016), where interpersonal communication among customers occurs through WOM. PTP interaction is particularly important within the retail context. The present study introduces the novel approach of utilizing an innovative and less common analysis methodology based on Bayesian modeling that offers several advantages over traditional methods such as SEM in terms of how it approaches sample size and homogeneity, potential missing data and specification of research.
{"title":"Heard It Through the Grapevine! How Peer-to-Peer Interaction Affects Customer Experience and Word-of-Mouth Intention in Different Service Environments: A Bayesian Approach","authors":"Ribamar Siqueira, Enrique ter Horst, Germán Molina, M. Losada, Marelby Amado Mateus","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3069933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3069933","url":null,"abstract":"The study of customer experience (CX) has become a prominent topic in marketing research lately because of the evolution of the customer/company relationship. The total number of touch points where this interaction can take place has increased significantly due to the total number of channels and media outlets now available to customers, further increasing the complexity of the customer journey. As a consequence, the level of control companies yield over the experience provided to customers decreased resulting in a more intricate process of creation, management and delivery of experiences to customers. The present research contributes to marketing research in four main ways. First, it investigates the relationship between peer-to-peer interaction, peace-of-mind, and service outcome quality with the customer experience construct. Second, we examine the role peer-to-peer (PTP) interaction plays as a social/external/independent touch point in accordance with Lemon and Verhoef (2016), where interpersonal communication among customers occurs through WOM. PTP interaction is particularly important within the retail context. The present study introduces the novel approach of utilizing an innovative and less common analysis methodology based on Bayesian modeling that offers several advantages over traditional methods such as SEM in terms of how it approaches sample size and homogeneity, potential missing data and specification of research.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"12 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91425168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We consider inference based on local estimating equations in the presence of nuisance parameters. The framework is useful for a number of applications including those in economic policy evaluation based on discontinuities or kinks and in real-time financial risk management. We focus on the criterion-function-based (in particular, empirical likelihood-based) inference, and establish conditions under which the test statistic has a pivotal asymptotic distribution. In the key step of eliminating nuisance parameters in the (possibly non-smooth) criterion function, we consider two different approaches based on either concentration or Laplace-type plug-in estimation. The former is natural, and the latter does not require optimization and can be computationally attractive in applications. Our framework can easily incorporate bias correction induced by localization, and the inference is robust to the identification strength of the parameter of interest. The high-level assumptions are illustrated with several examples. We also conduct Monte Carlo simulations and provide an empirical application which assesses heterogeneous effects of academic probation in college and gender differences under the quantile regression discontinuity design.
{"title":"Inference of Local Regression in the Presence of Nuisance Parameters","authors":"Ke-Li Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2992157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2992157","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We consider inference based on local estimating equations in the presence of nuisance parameters. The framework is useful for a number of applications including those in economic policy evaluation based on discontinuities or kinks and in real-time financial risk management. We focus on the criterion-function-based (in particular, empirical likelihood-based) inference, and establish conditions under which the test statistic has a pivotal asymptotic distribution. In the key step of eliminating nuisance parameters in the (possibly non-smooth) criterion function, we consider two different approaches based on either concentration or Laplace-type plug-in estimation. The former is natural, and the latter does not require optimization and can be computationally attractive in applications. Our framework can easily incorporate bias correction induced by localization, and the inference is robust to the identification strength of the parameter of interest. The high-level assumptions are illustrated with several examples. We also conduct Monte Carlo simulations and provide an empirical application which assesses heterogeneous effects of academic probation in college and gender differences under the quantile regression discontinuity design.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75117733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on choicework in situations of different subjective importance. Psychology students (N=74) and internet sample respondents (N=1,833) were asked to recollect several choice situations of varying importance from their experience and to name, describe, and evaluate them using a number of self-report measures. Combining qualitative and quantitative data analysis, we devised a series of qualitative indicators of choicework (context and content of choice, emotional attitude to the choice process, satisfaction with choice, mindfulness, autonomy, difficulty, and significance) and compared the choice situations on these parameters. Significant and trivial choices differed on a number of variables (more significant situations were characterized by more complicated and conscious choicework). Choice situations with different thematic content also differed in their subjective importance and other parameters of choicework. The results imply the necessity to consider the scale of significance and the thematic content of situations used in choice studies.
{"title":"‘Fateful’ vs. ‘Everyday’ Choices: Qualitative Differences in Choice Situations and the Dimensions of Choicework","authors":"Anna K. Fam, D. Leontiev, E. Osin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3068671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3068671","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on choicework in situations of different subjective importance. Psychology students (N=74) and internet sample respondents (N=1,833) were asked to recollect several choice situations of varying importance from their experience and to name, describe, and evaluate them using a number of self-report measures. Combining qualitative and quantitative data analysis, we devised a series of qualitative indicators of choicework (context and content of choice, emotional attitude to the choice process, satisfaction with choice, mindfulness, autonomy, difficulty, and significance) and compared the choice situations on these parameters. Significant and trivial choices differed on a number of variables (more significant situations were characterized by more complicated and conscious choicework). Choice situations with different thematic content also differed in their subjective importance and other parameters of choicework. The results imply the necessity to consider the scale of significance and the thematic content of situations used in choice studies.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82096618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Building on an overview of various kinds of dual systems/process theories in psychology and economics, the paper proceeds with a methodological assessment in terms of the mechanistic or constitutive explanations framework that has gained prominence in philosophy of science recently, especially in the context of the neurosciences. I conclude that the existing dualist theories fail to meet the standards of proper causal explanations as established in this research. I suggest an alternative ‘dual functions’ view based on Marr’s celebrated methodology of computational neuroscience, and show that recent results in psychological and neuroscience research on dualities undermine the case for a simple categorization of processes in terms of properties such as relative speed and computational load, and point to alternative models available in the literature that highlight the role of higher-order levels of cognitive organisation in selecting specific mechanisms of choice and behaviour. In conclusion, I recommend a competing mechanisms framework along the lines of Edelman’s Neural Darwinism which concurs with recent approaches to parallelism in action preparation and selection in psychology.
{"title":"Dualities in Behavioural Economics and Psychology: A Critical Assessment in the Light of the Mechanistic Approach in the Philosophy of the Neurosciences","authors":"Carsten Herrmann-Pillath","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3065749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3065749","url":null,"abstract":"Building on an overview of various kinds of dual systems/process theories in psychology and economics, the paper proceeds with a methodological assessment in terms of the mechanistic or constitutive explanations framework that has gained prominence in philosophy of science recently, especially in the context of the neurosciences. I conclude that the existing dualist theories fail to meet the standards of proper causal explanations as established in this research. I suggest an alternative ‘dual functions’ view based on Marr’s celebrated methodology of computational neuroscience, and show that recent results in psychological and neuroscience research on dualities undermine the case for a simple categorization of processes in terms of properties such as relative speed and computational load, and point to alternative models available in the literature that highlight the role of higher-order levels of cognitive organisation in selecting specific mechanisms of choice and behaviour. In conclusion, I recommend a competing mechanisms framework along the lines of Edelman’s Neural Darwinism which concurs with recent approaches to parallelism in action preparation and selection in psychology.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91176895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizations aiming for a social goal often report on their work performed and not on actual results. However, results provide better information, because it contains information concerning the changes that occur within the target groups’ environment (outcome) and/or the whole community (impact) as a result of the work performed (output). This study empirically investigates, whether an increasing level of results-based information affects the donor’s willingness to donate and the amount of donations. The authors deploy an online experiment to test the effect in a within-subjects design and a between-subjects design. It is found that the willingness to donate and the amount significantly increase with the level of results for the within-subjects design. Surprisingly, in the between-subjects design this is not the case. It is concluded that donors change their willingness to donate and appreciate higher results levels, only if they got to see and to compare all three levels.
{"title":"An Experimental Study on Effects of Results-Based Reporting on Individual Giving Behavior – Does It Pay Off?","authors":"Lena Wörrlein, Marius Mews","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3061026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3061026","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations aiming for a social goal often report on their work performed and not on actual results. However, results provide better information, because it contains information concerning the changes that occur within the target groups’ environment (outcome) and/or the whole community (impact) as a result of the work performed (output). This study empirically investigates, whether an increasing level of results-based information affects the donor’s willingness to donate and the amount of donations. The authors deploy an online experiment to test the effect in a within-subjects design and a between-subjects design. It is found that the willingness to donate and the amount significantly increase with the level of results for the within-subjects design. Surprisingly, in the between-subjects design this is not the case. It is concluded that donors change their willingness to donate and appreciate higher results levels, only if they got to see and to compare all three levels.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83695773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In multi-round elimination tournaments, players experience "psychological momentum". We re-consider the design of elimination tournament plan, by taking into account of various types of psychological momentum. The results show that if there is negative psychological momentum, either persistent or not, a double-elimination tournament elicits a higher total effort than a single-elimination tournament if and only if the negative psychological shocks from a player's failures in preceding rounds do not affect this player's mental status significantly in the following rounds. Similarly, if positive momentum is non-persistent, a double-elimination tournament elicits a higher total effort if and only if psychological shocks are not significant. However, if positive psychological momentum is persistent, then a double-elimination tournament always dominates a single-elimination tournament.
{"title":"Elimination Tournament Design under Psychological Momentum","authors":"Bo Chen, Xiandeng Jiang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3056658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3056658","url":null,"abstract":"In multi-round elimination tournaments, players experience \"psychological momentum\". We re-consider the design of elimination tournament plan, by taking into account of various types of psychological momentum. The results show that if there is negative psychological momentum, either persistent or not, a double-elimination tournament elicits a higher total effort than a single-elimination tournament if and only if the negative psychological shocks from a player's failures in preceding rounds do not affect this player's mental status significantly in the following rounds. Similarly, if positive momentum is non-persistent, a double-elimination tournament elicits a higher total effort if and only if psychological shocks are not significant. However, if positive psychological momentum is persistent, then a double-elimination tournament always dominates a single-elimination tournament.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76492543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Fairley, Jacob M. Parelman, Matt Jones, R. M. Carter
Abstract We describe a risk protocol that combines the rigor of economic studies of risk with the ecological validity of tasks from psychology. Despite a wealth of experimental contributions on risk preferences, stemming from a variety of elicitation tasks, the external validity of standard measures of risk is questionable. In this study we focus on a risk task – the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) – which is highly successful in predicting health-related risk behaviors such as alcohol use, drug use, smoking, unprotected sex, driving without a seatbelt, and stealing. The BART is not commonly used by economic scholars because of concerns that participants may not adequately comprehend uncertainty associated with the task and because of the resulting difficulty in relating participants’ choices to standard risk models. To answer these concerns and build on associations with real world risk, we designed a modified BART, which we will refer to as the Balloon Economic Risk Protocol (BERP). In this protocol, participants observe the distribution of pop points prior to the task to create a more consistent knowledge base. We then use a belief elicitation technique to produce a user-generated prior distribution of balloon pops. Using these measures, we compare participants’ behavior to the expected-value optimum to provide a link to standard models of risk. In accordance with past economic literature, we found that participants’ BERP-generated risk preferences revealed mild risk aversion on average, and correlated with a self-report questionnaire on drinking, drug use, and smoking behavior.
{"title":"Risky Health Choices and the Balloon Economic Risk Protocol","authors":"K. Fairley, Jacob M. Parelman, Matt Jones, R. M. Carter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3056512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3056512","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We describe a risk protocol that combines the rigor of economic studies of risk with the ecological validity of tasks from psychology. Despite a wealth of experimental contributions on risk preferences, stemming from a variety of elicitation tasks, the external validity of standard measures of risk is questionable. In this study we focus on a risk task – the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) – which is highly successful in predicting health-related risk behaviors such as alcohol use, drug use, smoking, unprotected sex, driving without a seatbelt, and stealing. The BART is not commonly used by economic scholars because of concerns that participants may not adequately comprehend uncertainty associated with the task and because of the resulting difficulty in relating participants’ choices to standard risk models. To answer these concerns and build on associations with real world risk, we designed a modified BART, which we will refer to as the Balloon Economic Risk Protocol (BERP). In this protocol, participants observe the distribution of pop points prior to the task to create a more consistent knowledge base. We then use a belief elicitation technique to produce a user-generated prior distribution of balloon pops. Using these measures, we compare participants’ behavior to the expected-value optimum to provide a link to standard models of risk. In accordance with past economic literature, we found that participants’ BERP-generated risk preferences revealed mild risk aversion on average, and correlated with a self-report questionnaire on drinking, drug use, and smoking behavior.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88021118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia Zhozhikashvili, Yulia M. Nurislamova, N. Novikov, V. Medvedev, E. Chernysheva, I. Lazarev, B. Chernyshev
Outcome of a behavioral response can be detected either internally at the time of the response commission, or externally through a feedback signal. In both cases, a number of brain networks that subserve cognitive control are recruited, all networks having certain distinctive signatures in electroencephalographic oscillations. Yet most studies in the field have several limitations. First, typical behavioral tasks depend heavily upon inhibition of prepotent responses – thus they mostly exploit control of the motor threshold rather than the full range of processes related to cognitive control. Second, these studies were conducted in the visual modality, leaving it unclear whether the oscillatory phenomena found in these studies truly relate to cognitive control or they reflect effects specific to the tasks used. Here, we studied outcome-related adjustments by analyzing response-related and feedback-related modulations of theta, alpha, and beta band activity in the auditory version of the condensation task, which bears no inherent dependence upon inhibition of prepotent responses and which is administered in the auditory modality. Frontal midline theta (FMT) activity was enhanced after errors compared with correct trials, and after negative feedback compared with positive feedback. Alpha band suppression in the parieto-occipital region was enhanced in the late post-error interval. Frontal beta oscillatory activity was increased on correct trials during positive feedback onset. These findings indicate that several separate neuronal networks are involved in post-error and post-feedback adjustments: the midfrontal performance monitoring network, the parietal attentional network, and the frontal reward-processing network. Our findings extend the current knowledge concerning the functional role of theta, alpha, and beta band oscillations in cognitive control beyond a limited range of tasks and beyond the visual modality.
{"title":"Theta, Alpha and Beta Band Modulations During Auditory Condensation Task Performance","authors":"Natalia Zhozhikashvili, Yulia M. Nurislamova, N. Novikov, V. Medvedev, E. Chernysheva, I. Lazarev, B. Chernyshev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3055647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3055647","url":null,"abstract":"Outcome of a behavioral response can be detected either internally at the time of the response commission, or externally through a feedback signal. In both cases, a number of brain networks that subserve cognitive control are recruited, all networks having certain distinctive signatures in electroencephalographic oscillations. Yet most studies in the field have several limitations. First, typical behavioral tasks depend heavily upon inhibition of prepotent responses – thus they mostly exploit control of the motor threshold rather than the full range of processes related to cognitive control. Second, these studies were conducted in the visual modality, leaving it unclear whether the oscillatory phenomena found in these studies truly relate to cognitive control or they reflect effects specific to the tasks used. Here, we studied outcome-related adjustments by analyzing response-related and feedback-related modulations of theta, alpha, and beta band activity in the auditory version of the condensation task, which bears no inherent dependence upon inhibition of prepotent responses and which is administered in the auditory modality. Frontal midline theta (FMT) activity was enhanced after errors compared with correct trials, and after negative feedback compared with positive feedback. Alpha band suppression in the parieto-occipital region was enhanced in the late post-error interval. Frontal beta oscillatory activity was increased on correct trials during positive feedback onset. These findings indicate that several separate neuronal networks are involved in post-error and post-feedback adjustments: the midfrontal performance monitoring network, the parietal attentional network, and the frontal reward-processing network. Our findings extend the current knowledge concerning the functional role of theta, alpha, and beta band oscillations in cognitive control beyond a limited range of tasks and beyond the visual modality.","PeriodicalId":10477,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Social Science eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87032901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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