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Study on strain localization of frozen sand based on uniaxial compression test and discrete element simulation 基于单轴压缩试验和离散元模拟的冻砂应变定位研究
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104221
Dongyong Wang, Bo Shao, Jilin Qi, Wenyu Cui, Shengbin Jiang, Liyun Peng

Strain localization has always been an important subject in frozen soil mechanics and engineering. To evaluate the development of local strain and the formation of shear bands in frozen soil, uniaxial compression tests have been conducted on frozen sand at various temperatures and particle grades. The strain localization evolution law of the frozen soil is analyzed utilizing the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The test results reveal that the entire process of shear band generation, development, and formation in frozen soil can be well captured. Within the testing temperature and particle grade range in this study, in comparison to particle grade, temperature exerts a more pronounced influence on the shear band angle which increases as temperature decreases. It is discovered that the width of the shear band increases with the decrease in temperature and the increase in mean particle diameter d50. Subsequently, a discrete element method (DEM) model is developed to examine the microscopic mechanical characteristics of frozen sand in uniaxial compression tests. The reliability of the DEM model is verified through comparative analysis with test results. Besides, the development law of the strain localization of the frozen soil obtained by the numerical simulation is revealed based on the quantitative analysis of the rotational angle, bonding state, and displacement of the soil particle during the shearing process.

应变局部化一直是冻土力学和工程学的一个重要课题。为了评估冻土中局部应变的发展和剪切带的形成,对不同温度和颗粒等级的冻砂进行了单轴压缩试验。利用数字图像相关(DIC)方法分析了冻土的应变局部演变规律。试验结果表明,可以很好地捕捉到冻土中剪切带产生、发展和形成的全过程。在本研究的测试温度和颗粒等级范围内,与颗粒等级相比,温度对剪切带角度的影响更为明显,温度越低,剪切带角度越大。研究发现,剪切带的宽度随着温度的降低和平均颗粒直径 d50 的增加而增加。随后,建立了离散元素法(DEM)模型,以研究单轴压缩试验中冻砂的微观力学特性。通过与试验结果的对比分析,验证了 DEM 模型的可靠性。此外,基于对剪切过程中土粒的旋转角、粘结状态和位移的定量分析,揭示了数值模拟得到的冻土应变局部化发展规律。
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引用次数: 0
Sea ice and waves in the Sea of Okhotsk from 1989 to 2012 1989 年至 2012 年鄂霍次克海的海冰和海浪
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104219
Yukinobu Sato , Keisuke Nakayama , Kazutaka Tateyama , Katsuaki Komai

Coastlines along the Sea of Okhotsk in Hokkaido are the southernmost regions in the northern Pacific Ocean where sea ice reaches the coast. It has been demonstrated that global warming affects and decreases the ice cover area in the Sea of Okhotsk. This study thus aims to investigate the relationship between sea ice and waves in the Sea of Okhotsk by analyzing ice cover area, sea ice volume, significant wave height and significant wave period. Additionally, we made an attempt to clarify trends in ice cover area and sea ice volume from 1989 to 2012 using satellite images. Sea ice volumes in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk correlate with significant wave height and significant wave period. Furthermore, ice cover area and sea ice volume have decreased since 2001 or 2002, which may enhance wave action during winter.

北海道鄂霍次克海沿岸是北太平洋海冰到达海岸的最南端地区。事实证明,全球变暖会影响并减少鄂霍次克海的冰覆盖面积。因此,本研究旨在通过分析冰盖面积、海冰体积、显著波高和显著波周期,研究鄂霍次克海海冰与海浪之间的关系。此外,我们还尝试利用卫星图像阐明 1989 年至 2012 年期间冰盖面积和海冰体积的变化趋势。鄂霍次克海北部的海冰量与显波高度和显波周期相关。此外,自 2001 年或 2002 年以来,冰盖面积和海冰体积有所减少,这可能会增强冬季的波浪作用。
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引用次数: 0
Shear behavior of cement-stabilized silty clay exposed to low-temperature curing 水泥稳定的淤泥质粘土在低温固化条件下的剪切行为
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104215
Jianguo Lu , Liling Tan , Wansheng Pei , Jiajia Gao , Fei Deng , Xiaoxun Zhou , Zhexi Zhang

Cement-stabilized soils are widely used in civil engineering applications. However, they inevitably encounter low-temperature curing conditions, particularly in cold regions. In this study, shear experiments were conducted on cement-stabilized silty clays with different dry densities, cement contents, curing ages and temperatures. The factors influencing the shear performance of cement-stabilized soils were analyzed. The results showed that the peak value of the shear stress-displacement curve of the cement-stabilized silty clay increased with the vertical pressure, and the failure patterns for soils with and without cement significantly differed. Generally, the soils without cement underwent ductile failure, whereas the cement-stabilized soils experienced brittle failure. The shear strength and cohesion of the cement-stabilized soils increased with cement content, dry density, curing age and temperature. In addition, the ice and hydration products significantly influenced the internal friction angle of the cement-stabilized soils. An optimal cement content for silty clay was determined to obtain the largest internal friction angle, which ranged from 12% to 15%. Furthermore, at the curing temperature of −2 °C, the edge-face contact form accounted for the majority with a relatively high porosity, but the morphology of C-S-H changed from a sheet-like form to reticulate structure when the curing temperature increased to 22 °C. However, the contribution of the ice crystals to the shear strength was less significant than that of the hydration products. This study provides insights into the mechanical and microstructural properties of cement-stabilized soils in cold-region geotechnical construction.

水泥稳定土被广泛应用于土木工程领域。然而,它们不可避免地会遇到低温固化条件,尤其是在寒冷地区。本研究对不同干密度、水泥含量、固化龄期和温度的水泥稳定淤泥进行了剪切实验。分析了影响水泥稳定土剪切性能的因素。结果表明,水泥稳定淤泥质粘土的剪应力-位移曲线峰值随垂直压力的增加而增大,有水泥和无水泥土壤的破坏模式存在显著差异。一般来说,不含水泥的土壤会发生韧性破坏,而水泥稳定的土壤则会发生脆性破坏。水泥稳定土的剪切强度和内聚力随水泥含量、干密度、固化龄期和温度的增加而增加。此外,冰和水化产物对水泥稳定土的内摩擦角也有很大影响。为获得最大内摩擦角,确定了淤泥质粘土的最佳水泥含量,其范围为 12% 至 15%。此外,在固化温度为-2 °C时,边-面接触形式占大多数,孔隙率相对较高,但当固化温度升至22 °C时,C-S-H的形态从片状变为网状结构。不过,冰晶对剪切强度的贡献不如水合产物显著。这项研究为寒冷地区岩土工程建设中水泥稳定土的力学和微观结构特性提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Weather event characterization: a catalyst for improved spatial mapping and benefit quantification in winter road maintenance 天气事件特征描述:改进冬季道路养护空间绘图和效益量化的催化剂
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104208
Mingjian Wu, Tae J. Kwon

Monitoring winter road surface conditions (RSC) is essential for optimizing winter road maintenance operations and ensuring public traffic safety and mobility. However, many existing RSC estimation methods focus primarily on local or site-specific conditions, thus lacking effectiveness in comprehensive spatial mapping under varying winter weather events. Additionally, the potential financial benefits these methods could provide to maintenance authorities remain largely unexplored. This study addresses these gaps by introducing a refined methodology that harnesses the K-Means algorithm to characterize various weather events – a significant stride towards improving the generalizability and accuracy of road surface temperature (RST) estimations. The study also incorporates regression kriging (RK), a renowned geostatistical technique, as an integral component of a system for constructing an extensive spatial map of RSC across large highway networks. This strategy maximizes the use of data from existing road weather information systems (RWIS) to bridge their large spatial gaps. This study further quantifies the potential savings derived from optimally placing RWIS stations and reducing traffic collisions. The efficacy of these methods is validated through a real-world case study on two major interstate highways in Iowa, US, with RST estimation discrepancies as low as 0.619 °C. The findings also indicate potential cost savings by conserving up to 10 RWIS stations, which can be further translated into monetary savings of RWIS capital costs, traffic collisions prevention, enhanced traffic mobility and savings in maintenance material usage.

监测冬季路面状况(RSC)对于优化冬季道路维护作业、确保公共交通安全和流动性至关重要。然而,许多现有的路面状况估算方法主要侧重于局部或特定地点的路面状况,因此在不同冬季天气事件下的综合空间绘图中缺乏有效性。此外,这些方法可为维护部门带来的潜在经济效益在很大程度上仍未得到开发。为了弥补这些不足,本研究引入了一种改进的方法,利用 K-Means 算法来描述各种天气事件,在提高路面温度(RST)估算的通用性和准确性方面迈出了一大步。该研究还采用了著名的地质统计技术回归克里金法(RK),将其作为构建大型公路网广泛的 RSC 空间图系统的组成部分。这一策略最大限度地利用了现有道路气象信息系统 (RWIS) 的数据,弥补了其巨大的空间差距。这项研究进一步量化了通过优化 RWIS 站点的位置和减少交通碰撞所节约的潜在成本。通过对美国爱荷华州两条主要州际高速公路的实际案例研究,验证了这些方法的有效性,其 RST 估计差异低至 0.619 °C。研究结果还表明,最多可保留 10 个 RWIS 站点,从而节省成本,这可进一步转化为 RWIS 资本成本的节省、交通碰撞的预防、交通流动性的提高以及维护材料使用的节省。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical simulation of frost heaving damage of earth-rock dam berms in cold regions with thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling 利用热-水-机械耦合对寒冷地区土石坝护堤的冻胀破坏进行数值模拟
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104207
Zhuo Li , Xinyi Liu , Yi Sun , Xin Jiang

In order to investigate the freezing damage problem of berms of earth-rock dams in cold regions, an earth-rock dam in a cold region was selected as the research object in this study. A finite element model, considering the effect of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling, has been developed to solve the problem by combining the characteristics of the earth-rock dam. The whole process of freezing damage of berms under the influence of the reservoir level and the water migration of the dam filling was investigated, and the laws in temperature, humidity and displacement of earth-rock dams were analyzed. The calculated displacement field was then compared with the measured frozen deformation data to validate the results of the finite element simulation. The results showed that the freezing influence range of the dam slope was about 2 m, the range of temperature influence on the dam slope mainly depended on the depth of freezing, and the temperature change in the shallow range (0–2 m) of the dam slope was influenced by the outside air temperature. Also, the internal temperature of the dam body was small relative to the shallow dam slope, and there was a certain hysteresis. In addition, the effect of negative temperature was such that the shallow pore water phase of the dam slope turned into ice, manifesting macroscopically as a reduction in unfrozen water content. Water phase change, water migration from the dam filling to the dam slope, and the movement of the ice peak towards the dam body were found to be the main causes of berm freezing and expansion damage. The calculated amount expansion (due to freezing) of the dam slope was found to be in the range of 20–30 cm with a maximum value of 36 cm, which was consistent with the measured results. It was also found that the freezing and expansion damage of the berm is mainly caused by the joint action of freezing and expansion of the soil and rock mixture such as gravel bedding and dam filling, as well as the ice thrust force. It is expected that the results of this research can provide a basis for the design of berms of earth-rock dams in cold regions.

为了研究寒冷地区土石坝护堤的冻害问题,本研究选择了寒冷地区的土石坝作为研究对象。结合土石坝的特点,建立了考虑热-水-机械耦合效应的有限元模型,以解决该问题。研究了水库水位和坝体填筑水量迁移影响下护坡冻害的全过程,分析了土石坝的温度、湿度和位移规律。然后将计算的位移场与实测的冻结变形数据进行比较,以验证有限元模拟的结果。结果表明,坝坡的冻结影响范围约为 2 米,温度对坝坡的影响范围主要取决于冻结深度,坝坡浅层(0-2 米)的温度变化受外界气温的影响。同时,相对于浅层坝坡,坝体内部温度较小,存在一定的滞后性。此外,在负温度的影响下,坝坡的浅层孔隙水相变成了冰,宏观上表现为不冻水含量减少。水相变化、水从坝体填料向坝坡迁移以及冰峰向坝体移动是护堤冻胀破坏的主要原因。计算得出的坝坡膨胀量(由于冻结)在 20-30 厘米之间,最大值为 36 厘米,这与测量结果一致。研究还发现,护堤的冻胀破坏主要是由砾石垫层和坝体填料等土石混合物的冻胀共同作用以及冰推力造成的。该研究成果有望为寒冷地区土石坝护堤的设计提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
A nonlinear elastic-strain hardening model for frozen improved sandy soil under uniaxial compression loading condition 单轴压缩加载条件下冰冻改良砂土的非线性弹性应变硬化模型
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104205
Bo Liu , Yanqing He , Yanhui Han , Guoxuan Wang , Rong Gao , Dongyang Li

Artificial freezing is one of the most effective methods in the excavation of water-rich soils. This work aims at investigating the influence of cement‑sodium silicate grout (C-S grout) and organic polymer stabilizer (OPS) on the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), stress-strain curve, and unfrozen water content of frozen sandy soil. A series of uniaxial compression tests and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests were conducted on the saturated frozen sandy soils improved by C-S grout and OPS (“C-S grout-improved soil” and “OPS-improved soil”) under different negative temperatures (i.e., −5 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C, and −20 °C). Based upon the experiment results and existing stress-strain models, including improved Duncan-Chang model and elastic-strain hardening model, a nonlinear elastic-strain hardening constitutive model for improved soils was proposed, in which each parameter has well-defined physical meaning. The results showed that, as the temperature decreases, the strengths of frozen improved soils gradually increase. The strength of OPS-improved soil first increases and then decreases with the increase of OPS dosage. Contrary to the UCS, the unfrozen water content of two improved soils was observed to gradually decrease with the decrease of temperature. As the OPS dosage increases, the unfrozen water content of improved soils decreases first and then increases. When the strain is <0.2, the stress-strain curves of frozen C-S grout-improved soil exhibits a behavior of yielding first and then hardening after the nonlinear elastic stage, while OPS-improved soil exhibits continuous strain hardening behavior. With temperature and unfrozen water content given, the new nonlinear elastic-strain hardening model can accurately predict the stress-strain behavior of frozen improved soils. This study is helpful to the stability analysis of artificial frozen walls and pre-control of environmental deformation during the excavation of water-rich sandy soils.

人工冻结是挖掘富水土壤最有效的方法之一。本研究旨在探讨水泥-硅酸钠灌浆料(C-S)和有机聚合物稳定剂(OPS)对冻结砂土的单轴抗压强度(UCS)、应力-应变曲线和解冻含水量的影响。在不同的负温度下(即 -5 °C、-10 °C、-15 °C和-20 °C),对经 C-S 灌浆料和有机聚合物稳定剂改良的饱和冰冻砂土("C-S 灌浆料改良土 "和 "有机聚合物稳定剂改良土")进行了一系列单轴压缩试验和核磁共振(NMR)试验。根据实验结果和现有的应力-应变模型,包括改进的 Duncan-Chang 模型和弹性-应变硬化模型,提出了改良土壤的非线性弹性-应变硬化构成模型,其中每个参数都有明确的物理意义。结果表明,随着温度的降低,冻土改良土的强度逐渐增加。随着 OPS 用量的增加,OPS 改良土壤的强度先增加后降低。与 UCS 相反,两种改良土壤的解冻含水量随着温度的降低而逐渐降低。随着 OPS 用量的增加,改良土壤的解冻水含量先减少后增加。当应变为<0.2时,冷冻C-S灌浆改良土的应力-应变曲线表现为先屈服后硬化的非线性弹性阶段,而OPS改良土则表现为连续的应变硬化行为。在给定温度和未冻含水量的条件下,新的非线性弹性-应变硬化模型可以准确预测冻土改良土的应力-应变行为。该研究有助于人工冻土墙的稳定性分析和富水砂土开挖过程中的环境变形预控。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial heterogeneity and temporal tendency of channeled snow avalanche activity retrieved from Landsat images in the maritime snow climate of the Parlung Tsangpo catchment, southeastern Tibet 西藏东南部帕隆藏布流域海洋性积雪气候下大地遥感卫星图像获取的渠道雪崩活动的空间异质性和时间趋势
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104206
Hong Wen , Xiyong Wu , Xiaoyan Shu , Dong Wang , Siyuan Zhao , Guiyu Zhou , Xiaoning Li

The spatial heterogeneity and temporal tendency of snow avalanche (hereafter called avalanche) activities are responses to variations in the inducing environment under climate warming and epitomize the repercussions of the global cryosphere on climate warming. This paper focuses on channeled avalanches in the marine snow climate region of the Parlung Tsangpo catchment in southeast Tibet as an example. Through field investigations, we identify the spatial extents of avalanche paths, while historical avalanche flow paths from the past 35 years (1986/1987–2021/2022) within these paths are interpreted using Landsat optical images. Statistical analysis is then employed to derive spatial heterogeneity and temporal tendencies within and between years. The results indicate that the runout altitudes of historical avalanches primarily range from 3468 m to 4051 m, with average flow directions predominantly following the northwest, north and northeast directions. Avalanche activity peaks between February and April, with longer runout distances observed during this period. Regarding interannual regularity, the evolution of the runout distance, runout altitude, and height difference of avalanche flow paths over the past 35 years demonstrates a cyclic evolution akin to a sine function. Additionally, a moderate correlation between the interannual variation in historical avalanche activity intensity and the Southern Oscillation Index was observed. These findings strengthen the understanding of the temporal evolutionary pattern of avalanches in response to climate warming, providing valuable insights into the channeled avalanche occurrences in the maritime snow climate of southeastern Tibet.

雪崩(以下简称雪崩)活动的空间异质性和时间趋势是气候变暖条件下诱发环境变化的反应,也是全球冰冻圈对气候变暖影响的缩影。本文主要以藏东南帕隆藏布流域海洋性雪气候区的沟道雪崩为例进行研究。通过实地调查,我们确定了雪崩路径的空间范围,同时利用大地遥感卫星光学图像解释了这些路径内过去 35 年(1986/1987-2021/2022)的历史雪崩流路径。然后采用统计分析法得出年度内和年度间的空间异质性和时间趋势。结果表明,历史雪崩的冲出高度主要在 3468 米至 4051 米之间,平均流向主要沿西北、北和东北方向。雪崩活动的高峰期在二月至四月之间,在此期间观测到的雪崩冲出距离较长。在年际规律性方面,过去 35 年中雪崩流道的冲出距离、冲出高度和高差的演变呈现出类似正弦函数的周期性演变。此外,还观察到历史上雪崩活动强度的年际变化与南方涛动指数之间存在适度的相关性。这些发现加强了人们对雪崩随气候变暖而发生的时间演变模式的理解,为了解西藏东南部海洋性积雪气候中的雪崩发生提供了宝贵的资料。
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引用次数: 0
Simplified dynamic calculation model and shaking table test verification of thermal anchor pipe-permafrost system 热锚管-冻土系统的简化动态计算模型和振动台试验验证
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104203
Xiaolei Wu , Jianhua Dong , Pengfei He , Shilin Su , Lu Wang

To study the seismic response of permafrost slopes supported by the thermal anchor pipe during different freeze-thaw periods, the simplified dynamic calculation model of the thermal anchor pipe permafrost system is established, considering the characteristics of freeze-thaw stratification of permafrost, the additional mass effect of the thawed soil layer, the fluid-solid interaction between the cooling liquid and pipe wall, as well as the interaction between the anchorage section and the frozen soil. The results indicate that seasonal differences in both the amplitude and waveform of the axial force response of the thermal anchor pipe during different freeze-thaw periods. The dynamic axial force increment in thawing period is greater than that in freezing period, but the total axial force is greater in freezing period, and it should be designed to prevent it from generating excessive anchor tension and breaking under the combined action of frost heaven and earthquake. Additionally, the axial force response of the adiabatic section and evaporator section is greater than that of the anchoring section. The proposed theoretical model for thermal anchor pipe is reasonable and the results can provide useful guidance for the seismic design of the new structure.

为研究不同冻融期热力锚杆管支护冻土边坡的地震响应,考虑冻土冻融分层特征、解冻土层的附加质量效应、冷却液与管壁之间的流固相互作用以及锚固段与冻土之间的相互作用,建立了热力锚杆管冻土系统的简化动力计算模型。结果表明,在不同的冻融期,热锚管轴向力响应的振幅和波形都存在季节性差异。解冻期的动态轴力增量大于冻结期的动态轴力增量,但冻结期的总轴力更大,设计时应防止其在霜天和地震的共同作用下产生过大的锚固拉力而断裂。此外,绝热段和蒸发器段的轴力响应大于锚固段。所提出的热力锚固管理论模型是合理的,其结果可为新结构的抗震设计提供有益的指导。
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引用次数: 0
Damage characteristics of sandstone subjected to freeze–thaw cycles under different stress paths 不同应力路径下冻融循环砂岩的损伤特征
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104201
Sizhe Zhou , Zhandong Su , Yao Niu , Mengyuan Li , Yangnong Zeng

The damage characteristics and failure modes of rock specimens subjected to different freeze–thaw (FT) cycles are vital to rock engineering in cold regions. Hence, in this study, the physical and mechanical parameters of sandstone specimens under different FT cycles were measured, and their deterioration laws were analyzed. The damage features of the rocks in different FT states under loading along various stress paths, including the main-frequency variation and crack propagation path evolution, were statistically analyzed. Two damage variables, one related to the acoustic emission (AE) and the other related to the rock strength, were combined to reveal the AE characteristics and damage evolution laws in the different damage states. The results showed that FT cycling led to a decrease in the peak stress, an increase in the number of microcracks, an increase in the AE activity, a shift in the main-frequency distribution toward the low-frequency range, and a shift in the damage mode from shear damage to a mixed damage dominated by tensile damage. The degree of strength deterioration in the rock specimens was affected by FT cycling under the different stress paths in the following influence order: conventional uniaxial loading > equal-amplitude cyclic loading> multistage cyclic loading; cyclic loading was more likely to induce tensile rupture than conventional uniaxial loading. The AE characteristic parameters were consistent with the stress–strain curve variations, which could reflect the damage evolution process of the rock specimens. The main frequencies showed a band-like evolution trend with the loading process and could be divided into three bands: a low-frequency interval (0–50 kHz), a medium-frequency interval (50–150 kHz), and a high-frequency interval (150–300 kHz); the main frequencies were concentrated in the low-frequency interval. With the increase in the number of FT cycles, the main frequency in the high-frequency interval and the number of corresponding microcracks gradually decreased.

岩石试样在不同冻融循环(FT)条件下的破坏特征和破坏模式对寒冷地区的岩石工程至关重要。因此,本研究测量了不同冻融循环下砂岩试样的物理力学参数,并分析了其劣化规律。统计分析了不同应力路径加载下不同 FT 状态下岩石的损伤特征,包括主频变化和裂纹扩展路径演变。结合声发射(AE)和岩石强度两个损伤变量,揭示了不同损伤状态下的 AE 特性和损伤演变规律。结果表明,FT 循环导致峰值应力下降、微裂缝数量增加、AE 活动增加、主频分布向低频范围转移,以及破坏模式从剪切破坏转变为以拉伸破坏为主的混合破坏。不同应力路径下的 FT 循环对岩石试样强度劣化程度的影响顺序如下:常规单轴加载;等幅循环加载;多级循环加载;与常规单轴加载相比,循环加载更容易诱发拉伸断裂。AE 特性参数与应力应变曲线变化一致,可反映岩石试样的损伤演化过程。主要频率随加载过程呈带状演变趋势,可分为三个频段:低频段(0-50 kHz)、中频段(50-150 kHz)和高频段(150-300 kHz);主要频率集中在低频段。随着工频循环次数的增加,高频区间的主频和相应的微裂纹数量逐渐减少。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of debris cover on the glacier melting in the Himalaya 碎屑覆盖对喜马拉雅冰川融化的影响
IF 4.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104204
Shakil Ahmad Romshoo , Basharat Nabi , Reyaz Ahmad Dar

Debris cover either enhances or reduces glacier melting, thereby modulating glacier response to increasing temperatures. Debris cover variation and glacier recession were investigated on five glaciers; Pensilungpa (PG), Drung Drung (DD), Haskira (HK), Kange (KG) and Hagshu (HG), situated in the topographically and climatically similar zone in the Zanskar Himalaya using satellite data between 2000 and 2020. Analyses reveals that the HK, KG, and HG had a debris-covered area of ∼24% in 2020, while PG and DD had a debris cover of <10%. Comparing PG to the other four glaciers, it had the highest shrinkage (5.7 ± 0.3%) and maximum thinning (1.6 ± 0.6 m a−1). Accordingly, detailed measurements of PG's debris cover thickness, temperature and ablation were conducted for eleven days in August 2020. The results indicated a significant variation of temperature and the highest melting was observed near dirty and thin debris-covered ice surface. Thermal conductivity of 0.9 ± 0.1 Wm−1 K−1 and 1.1 ± 0.1 Wm−1 K−1 was observed at 15 cm and 20 cm debris-depth, respectively. The ablation measurements indicated an average cumulative melting of 21.5 cm during eleven days only. Degree-day factor showed a decreasing trend towards debris cover depth with the highest value (4.8 mm w.e.°C−1 d−1) found for the dirty ice near the glacier surface and the lowest value (0.4 mm w.e.°C−1 d−1) found at 30 cm depth. The study highlights the importance of in-situ debris cover, temperature and ablation measurements for better understanding the impact of debris cover on glacier melting.

碎屑覆盖会促进或减少冰川融化,从而调节冰川对温度升高的反应。利用 2000 年至 2020 年期间的卫星数据,研究了位于赞斯喀尔喜马拉雅山地形和气候相似地区的五条冰川:彭西隆巴(PG)、德隆德隆(DD)、哈斯基拉(HK)、康热(KG)和哈格舒(HG)的碎屑覆盖变化和冰川退缩情况。分析显示,2020 年 HK、KG 和 HG 的碎屑覆盖面积为 24%,而 PG 和 DD 的碎屑覆盖面积为 10%。与其他四条冰川相比,PG的收缩率最高(5.7 ± 0.3%),稀疏度最大(1.6 ± 0.6 m a-1)。因此,在 2020 年 8 月的 11 天里,对 PG 的碎屑覆盖厚度、温度和消融情况进行了详细测量。结果表明,温度变化很大,在肮脏和薄碎片覆盖的冰面附近观察到的融化程度最高。在碎屑深度为 15 厘米和 20 厘米处观察到的导热率分别为 0.9 ± 0.1 Wm-1 K-1 和 1.1 ± 0.1 Wm-1 K-1。消融测量结果表明,仅在 11 天内平均累计消融了 21.5 厘米。度日因子随着碎屑覆盖深度的增加呈下降趋势,冰川表面附近的脏冰的度日因子值最高(4.8 mm w.e.°C-1 d-1),而在 30 厘米深度处的度日因子值最低(0.4 mm w.e.°C-1 d-1)。该研究强调了现场碎屑覆盖、温度和烧蚀测量对于更好地了解碎屑覆盖对冰川融化的影响的重要性。
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Cold Regions Science and Technology
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