Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献_第4页

Experimental study on shear behavior of geotextile encased lime energy column - soil interface in degraded permafrost environment

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104431

Guanfu Wang, Lei Zhou, Chuang Lin, Zhichao Liang, Decheng Feng, Feng Zhang

The differential settlement of warm permafrost foundations significantly impacts the safe operation of highway and railway embankments. The use of geotextile encased lime energy columns (GELECs) has been proven to be effective in pre-thawing shallow layers of warm permafrost as a novel method to reduce the post-construction settlement of embankments. Understanding the interaction between the GELECs and the soil is crucial in illustrating the load transfer mechanism. This study conducted a series of large-scale direct shear tests on GELEC-soil in degraded permafrost environments using an improved temperature-controlled direct shear test apparatus with assembled large shear boxes. The effects of different shear rates, water contents, and types of geotextiles on the mechanical behavior of the interface were analyzed. The strength development of the interface under various curing times was studied in detail. The experimental results indicate that the interface strength increases significantly during the initial stage of curing while the rate of strength increase diminishes over time. The improvement in peak shear strength is primarily attributed to the increase in interfacial cohesion, and the increasing trend of the cohesion follows an exponential decay function. And the microscopic strengthening mechanism of the interface was analyzed through SEM tests. Finally, a nonlinear elastic model incorporating a parameter to represent the variation of cohesion was developed to describe the shear stress-strain relationship at the GELEC-soil interface under different curing times.

{"title":"Experimental study on shear behavior of geotextile encased lime energy column - soil interface in degraded permafrost environment","authors":"Guanfu Wang, Lei Zhou, Chuang Lin, Zhichao Liang, Decheng Feng, Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The differential settlement of warm permafrost foundations significantly impacts the safe operation of highway and railway embankments. The use of geotextile encased lime energy columns (GELECs) has been proven to be effective in pre-thawing shallow layers of warm permafrost as a novel method to reduce the post-construction settlement of embankments. Understanding the interaction between the GELECs and the soil is crucial in illustrating the load transfer mechanism. This study conducted a series of large-scale direct shear tests on GELEC-soil in degraded permafrost environments using an improved temperature-controlled direct shear test apparatus with assembled large shear boxes. The effects of different shear rates, water contents, and types of geotextiles on the mechanical behavior of the interface were analyzed. The strength development of the interface under various curing times was studied in detail. The experimental results indicate that the interface strength increases significantly during the initial stage of curing while the rate of strength increase diminishes over time. The improvement in peak shear strength is primarily attributed to the increase in interfacial cohesion, and the increasing trend of the cohesion follows an exponential decay function. And the microscopic strengthening mechanism of the interface was analyzed through SEM tests. Finally, a nonlinear elastic model incorporating a parameter to represent the variation of cohesion was developed to describe the shear stress-strain relationship at the GELEC-soil interface under different curing times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seismic ground motion study of layered site of saturated frozen soil under P-wave incidence

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104426

Qiang Ma , Hao Jiao , Xusheng Wan

A two-dimensional model of layered saturated frozen soil over bedrock is developed based on porous media theory, focusing on the seismic response to P-wave incidence. The governing equations for saturated frozen soil are formulated and decoupled using the Helmholtz vector decomposition theorem, yielding a general solution for the potential function. Through the application of the transfer matrix method and interface boundary conditions, an analytical solution for surface displacement in saturated frozen soil is derived. This solution is validated against existing literature. The study comprehensively examines the effects of incident frequency, angle, the surface layer's porosity, medium temperature, cementation parameter, contact parameter, soil stiffness, and surface layer thickness on the seismic response. The key findings are as follows: A layered foundation model demonstrates the seismic effects of stratification on ground motion. Compared to uniform foundations, layered models better represent real-world conditions and reveal the amplification and frequency-dependent characteristics of soil stratification under the idealized analytical framework of this study. For constant incident frequency or medium temperature, the peak horizontal displacement amplification factor is higher in an upper-soft and lower-hard foundation compared to an upper-hard and lower-soft foundation. Horizontal and vertical displacement amplification coefficients exhibit periodic fluctuations with variations in soil thickness. High-frequency seismic waves induce pronounced fluctuations in the horizontal displacement amplification coefficient. Under the idealized analytical framework, the vertical displacement amplification coefficient tends to exceed the horizontal one across all frequencies. These findings provide theoretical insights but require validation through field measurements and numerical simulations to assess their applicability to real-world conditions.

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引用次数: 0

Physical test and numerical simulation study of ice-bridge piers interaction

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104428

Kuan Li , Wenliang Qiu , Xin Zhao , Lianmin Tian

In cold regions, the formation and movement of ice sheets around bridge piers over reservoirs can pose a significant threat to the safety of the structure by imposing a considerable static ice load. This paper takes the bridge pier frozen in the ice sheet as the research object, carried out the static ice load physical test of the interaction between the ice sheet and the bridge pier, and investigates the structural response under different ice sheet thicknesses, different bridge pier cross-section form, and different displacement rate. Additionally, a numerical simulation method, including cracking, was proposed for comparative verification of the test results. The conclusions of the study are as follows: As the ice sheet thickness increased in the test, the extrusion crushing area of the ice sheet became more extensive, with more cracks and longer extensions, accompanied by the intersection of ring cracks and vertical cracks. In square bridge pier tests, initial cracks in the ice appeared at the corner of the bridge pier on the tension side. In circular bridge pier tests, initial cracks appeared on both sides perpendicular to the forward direction of the pier. The peak loads of the numerical model considering the adfreeze were in good agreement with the physical test results, and the peak loads without considering the adfreeze were in good agreement with the current codes. The model considering the adfreeze had a broader range of cracks, and the cracks extended longer. The peak loads considering the adfreeze are proportional to those without considering the adfreeze, and the proportions differ for circular and square piers. Both the test results and the numerical modelling results show that the ice forces are greater with adfreeze present. Load values calculated from the current code (China 2016) are lower than the measured loads and from the numerical model with adfreeze present. Suggestion factors of 1.64 and 1.48 for circular and square piers respectively are proposed when adfreeze is present.

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引用次数: 0

Comparison of the applicability of Eulerian methods for snow protection engineering and evaluation of the protective performance of typical collector fences

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104429

Yang Chen , Zhixiang Yu , Xiaoxiao Chen , Zhixiang Liu

This study conducts the numerical implementation and solver development of four sub-models based on the Eulerian method with OpenFOAM software, which have been used in prior numerical simulations of wind-induced snow drifting. Verification studies are conducted on the sub-models to assess their applicability and limitations in the field of snow protection engineering. Wind tunnel experiments conducted on a snow fence in Hokkaido serve as a benchmark for these evaluations. A comparative analysis indicates that the mixture multiphase flow model, incorporating two-way coupling between phases, adeptly reproduces snow distribution around snow fences. In contrast, scalar transport models, which consider one-way coupling, are suitable only for studying snowdrifts in the early stage of protection engineering with relatively low snow concentrations. Efforts to integrate phase coupling effects by introducing source terms into the turbulence model are found to be unsatisfactory. By employing a mixture multiphase flow model, this study explores the effects of six typical collector fences on wind-induced snow drifting in road cuttings. Comparative analyses are performed on several aspects, including the morphology of the cutting flow field, snow distribution, snow concentration, and the protective efficacy of the fences, with the aim to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of snow fences. The results show that collector fences exhibit effective snow protection capabilities for road cuttings. The snow fence in Hokkaido, wind fence, and the snow fence in Wyoming demonstrate the highest protection efficiency among the analyzed collector fences, indicating superior snowdrift control effectiveness within the cuttings. The protective mechanism of collector fences is to decrease the snow transport rate within the saltation layer at the entrance of the protected area, leading to a notable decrease in snow concentration within the saltation layer in the cuttings. This study offers valuable insights and suggestions for snow protection engineering in road cuttings.

{"title":"Comparison of the applicability of Eulerian methods for snow protection engineering and evaluation of the protective performance of typical collector fences","authors":"Yang Chen , Zhixiang Yu , Xiaoxiao Chen , Zhixiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducts the numerical implementation and solver development of four sub-models based on the Eulerian method with OpenFOAM software, which have been used in prior numerical simulations of wind-induced snow drifting. Verification studies are conducted on the sub-models to assess their applicability and limitations in the field of snow protection engineering. Wind tunnel experiments conducted on a snow fence in Hokkaido serve as a benchmark for these evaluations. A comparative analysis indicates that the mixture multiphase flow model, incorporating two-way coupling between phases, adeptly reproduces snow distribution around snow fences. In contrast, scalar transport models, which consider one-way coupling, are suitable only for studying snowdrifts in the early stage of protection engineering with relatively low snow concentrations. Efforts to integrate phase coupling effects by introducing source terms into the turbulence model are found to be unsatisfactory. By employing a mixture multiphase flow model, this study explores the effects of six typical collector fences on wind-induced snow drifting in road cuttings. Comparative analyses are performed on several aspects, including the morphology of the cutting flow field, snow distribution, snow concentration, and the protective efficacy of the fences, with the aim to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of snow fences. The results show that collector fences exhibit effective snow protection capabilities for road cuttings. The snow fence in Hokkaido, wind fence, and the snow fence in Wyoming demonstrate the highest protection efficiency among the analyzed collector fences, indicating superior snowdrift control effectiveness within the cuttings. The protective mechanism of collector fences is to decrease the snow transport rate within the saltation layer at the entrance of the protected area, leading to a notable decrease in snow concentration within the saltation layer in the cuttings. This study offers valuable insights and suggestions for snow protection engineering in road cuttings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Estimating changes in extreme snow load in Europe as a function of global warming levels

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104424

G. Evin , E. Le Roux , E. Kamir , S. Morin

Most European regions regularly experience large snow loads due to large snow accumulations and/or intense snowfalls. In the future, the magnitude of extreme snow loads is generally expected to decrease due to global warming. However, this decrease depends strongly on the latitude and the elevation. This study aims to provide a flexible statistical framework to estimate changes in extreme snow load (50-year return levels) in Europe as a function of global warming levels, using a multi-model ensemble of snow cover projections. Different sets of nonstationary models are introduced to accommodate the nonzero probability of experiencing years without snow. In particular, parsimonious distributions (exponential, Gamma, Inverse-Gamma) are considered when zero SWE maxima are present. This approach is illustrated by an application to European regions. In a + 3 °C world, extreme snow loads are projected to decrease strongly in all of Europe compared to a warming level of +1 °C, which corresponds roughly to the current climate.

引用次数: 0

Establishing a Relationship between Particle size distribution & Thaw weakening Susceptibility in Soils

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104423

James Leak , Vasiliki Dimitriadi , Daniel Barreto , Juan Bernal-Sanchez , Emöke Imre

Susceptibility to frost action in soils is an important consideration in cold and seasonably cold regions. Whilst the particle size distribution (PSD) is commonly used to measure susceptibility to frost action, this method is typically seen as unreliable. Moreover, susceptibility criteria are generally specific to frost heave despite heave and thaw weakening both being described by the term frost action. Therefore, the effect of PSD on thaw weakening has not been fully explored. This study sets out to establish a relationship between PSD and thaw weakening susceptibility considering a better set of PSD descriptors than those traditionally used (e.g. d₅₀, C_u and C_c) towards the entire PSD. By examining available experimental data in the literature, in particular studies used to establish existing thaw weakening susceptibility criteria and testing set out in ASTM D5918–13, it was found that PSD influences thaw weakening susceptibility. PSDs located to the right of the stability line in the normalised entropy diagram (used to characterise PSDs) were found to be largely non-susceptible, whereas finer PSDs to the left the stability line were found to be highly susceptible to thaw weakening. It was also found that PSD greatly affects changes in bearing capacity after thawing. The analyses presented here demonstrate that the grading entropy stability criteria has significant potential as a method of predicting thaw weakening susceptibility.

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical investigations on the multi-stage creep behavior of frozen sand under stepwise loading and unloading

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104419

Ulrich Schindler , Stylianos Chrisopoulos , Roberto Cudmani , Stefan Vogt

As temporary support in geotechnical and tunneling scenarios, frozen soil bodies are often subjected to varying stress states during different construction stages and techniques and, thus, exhibit stepwise loading and unloading, leading to multi-stage creep. However, experimental and numerical investigations on frozen soil creep behavior have focused primarily on monotonic loading, i.e., single-stage creep. This study expands an existing experimental database on stepwise loaded creep and introduces a unique test series focusing on the uniaxial creep behavior of frozen sand under stepwise unloading and load-unload cycles. Here, similar to stepwise loaded creep, the minimum creep rate is found to remain mostly independent of the loading history, while the corresponding frozen soil lifetime depends on the latter. In contrast to equivalent single-stage creep scenarios, the lifetime becomes longer for stepwise loaded creep and shorter for stepwise unloaded creep. To consider multi-stage creep in the geotechnical design of frozen soil bodies, based on our experimental database and literature data, we test the ability of two versions of an advanced constitutive model to capture the frozen soil creep behavior under varying stress states. Comparison of the extended version, called EVPFROZEN, with the original highlights the advantages of EVPFROZEN in consistently capturing the creep rate evolution and the practically important frozen soil lifetime under complex loading histories. Combining the insights from the novel experimental database with testing and validation of the advanced constitutive model EVPFROZEN advances the efficient and sustainable design of frozen soil bodies in geotechnical applications under multi-stage loading conditions.

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigations on the multi-stage creep behavior of frozen sand under stepwise loading and unloading","authors":"Ulrich Schindler , Stylianos Chrisopoulos , Roberto Cudmani , Stefan Vogt","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As temporary support in geotechnical and tunneling scenarios, frozen soil bodies are often subjected to varying stress states during different construction stages and techniques and, thus, exhibit stepwise loading and unloading, leading to multi-stage creep. However, experimental and numerical investigations on frozen soil creep behavior have focused primarily on monotonic loading, i.e., single-stage creep. This study expands an existing experimental database on stepwise loaded creep and introduces a unique test series focusing on the uniaxial creep behavior of frozen sand under stepwise unloading and load-unload cycles. Here, similar to stepwise loaded creep, the minimum creep rate is found to remain mostly independent of the loading history, while the corresponding frozen soil lifetime depends on the latter. In contrast to equivalent single-stage creep scenarios, the lifetime becomes longer for stepwise loaded creep and shorter for stepwise unloaded creep. To consider multi-stage creep in the geotechnical design of frozen soil bodies, based on our experimental database and literature data, we test the ability of two versions of an advanced constitutive model to capture the frozen soil creep behavior under varying stress states. Comparison of the extended version, called EVPFROZEN, with the original highlights the advantages of EVPFROZEN in consistently capturing the creep rate evolution and the practically important frozen soil lifetime under complex loading histories. Combining the insights from the novel experimental database with testing and validation of the advanced constitutive model EVPFROZEN advances the efficient and sustainable design of frozen soil bodies in geotechnical applications under multi-stage loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104419"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Long-term deformation rules of railway embankments in permafrost regions: Classification and prediction

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104425

Saize Zhang , Yuanguo Wang , Ling Zeng , Jing Luo , Jinchang Wang , Tianchun Dong , Fujun Niu

The long-term deformation rule of the embankment can reflect the impact of environmental factors on the embankment during different periods, and the deformation rule of the embankment is also the ultimate expression of embankment structure change under the interaction of various environmental factors. This study presents two classification methods for such deformation rules, which are based on long-term deformation monitoring data spanning 2006–2020, and obtained from 39 embankment sections along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway (QTR). The deformation rules of railway embankments in permafrost regions can be classified into five categories based on the accumulated deformation: slight heave, slight settlement, slow settlement, rapid settlement, and damage type. In addition, the curve trend of the embankment deformation can be used to categorize the deformation rules into five types: linear, step, fluctuating, U-shaped, and heave. The formation mechanism and characteristics of each type are summarized and analyzed. The results indicate that the linear type is the most unstable type, and the embankment experiences continuous and significant settlement deformation. Finally, two prediction models are established for the long-term deformation rules of embankments in permafrost regions. These models are used to establish the relationship between the early deformation rates and long-term deformation rules of the embankment, and can be used to predict whether the deformation rule of an embankment after 10 years of completion is linear. This study aims to provide early decision support for embankment stability evaluation, deformation prediction, reinforcement, and other studies in permafrost regions.

{"title":"Long-term deformation rules of railway embankments in permafrost regions: Classification and prediction","authors":"Saize Zhang , Yuanguo Wang , Ling Zeng , Jing Luo , Jinchang Wang , Tianchun Dong , Fujun Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The long-term deformation rule of the embankment can reflect the impact of environmental factors on the embankment during different periods, and the deformation rule of the embankment is also the ultimate expression of embankment structure change under the interaction of various environmental factors. This study presents two classification methods for such deformation rules, which are based on long-term deformation monitoring data spanning 2006–2020, and obtained from 39 embankment sections along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway (QTR). The deformation rules of railway embankments in permafrost regions can be classified into five categories based on the accumulated deformation: slight heave, slight settlement, slow settlement, rapid settlement, and damage type. In addition, the curve trend of the embankment deformation can be used to categorize the deformation rules into five types: linear, step, fluctuating, U-shaped, and heave. The formation mechanism and characteristics of each type are summarized and analyzed. The results indicate that the linear type is the most unstable type, and the embankment experiences continuous and significant settlement deformation. Finally, two prediction models are established for the long-term deformation rules of embankments in permafrost regions. These models are used to establish the relationship between the early deformation rates and long-term deformation rules of the embankment, and can be used to predict whether the deformation rule of an embankment after 10 years of completion is linear. This study aims to provide early decision support for embankment stability evaluation, deformation prediction, reinforcement, and other studies in permafrost regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104425"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the cooling effect of crushed rock-based embankment of high-grade highway in permafrost region under the influence of crushed-rock fragmentation and weathering

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104427

Wenshu Yang , Qingzhi Wang , Qihang Mei , Jianhong Fang , Ji Chen , Kui Zhang , Jiankun Liu

In road construction within permafrost regions, the crushed rock-based embankments(CRBEs) are commonly used as active cooling measures, particularly on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The unique climatic conditions in this region can lead to fragmentation and weathering of the crushed-rock within these embankments, subsequently diminishing their cooling effectiveness. This study, drawing on field observations from the Gonghe-Yushu high-grade highway(GYHH) and supplemented by numerical simulations, investigates how such degradation affects the embankment's cooling performance. Results indicate that fragmentation and weathering increase soil temperatures underneath the CRBE, accelerate the degradation rate of the permafrost table, and significantly reduce the radius and area of the frozen zone. Additionally, the permafrost table descends more slowly on shady slopes compared to sunny ones. Consequently, the altered pore structure and reduced ventilation due to rock degradation impede internal heat dissipation within the CRBE, thus undermining its cooling capacity.

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引用次数: 0

Experiments on ice particle impact: a review

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Pub Date : 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104422

Giovanni Davi , Tiziano Fabbri , Stefan Holzknecht , Alberto Muscio

The behavior of ice particles impacting against a rigid surface is a topic that has gained more and more relevance in the field of transportation safety, particularly in the automotive and aerospace sectors. The present review outlines the various controlled experimental approaches used to study artificial ice particle collisions, describing the setup configurations, particle release mechanisms, and the selection of materials for impact surfaces. It also assesses fundamental studies that measure the coefficient of restitution (CoR or

e_{n}

) and the fragmentation regime of ice upon impact, clarifying how ice particles react when they strike a surface. The review also includes analytical and empirical formulas that describe the critical impact velocity, which determines the different impact outcomes, like bouncing, sticking, or fragmentation and fragmentation distribution of the ice particles. Lastly, it summarizes how particle size, temperature, and material properties affect the impact responses.

In addition, the review proposes a visual representation of the different models and how they compare. The visual representation highlights the differences between each model and the transition from elastic to plastic impact responses, and it is instrumental in understanding the conditions under which ice particles leave a residual mass on the impact surface. The insights gained from this review are vital for better understanding the impact of the ice particle phenomenon and mapping the state of the art in this branch of research.

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引用次数: 0