Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01829-2
Loreta Cornacchia, Roeland C. van de Vijsel, Daphne van der Wal, Tom Ysebaert, Jianwei Sun, Bram van Prooijen, Paul Lodewijk Maria de Vet, Quan-Xing Liu, Johan van de Koppel
The adaptive capacity of ecosystems, or their ability to function despite altered environmental conditions, is crucial for resilience to climate change. However, the role of landscape complexity or species traits on adaptive capacity remains unclear. Here, we combine field experiments and morphodynamic modelling to investigate how ecosystem complexity shapes the adaptive capacity of intertidal salt marshes. We focus on the importance of tidal channel network complexity for sediment accumulation, allowing vertical accretion to keep pace with sea-level rise. The model showed that landscape-scale ecosystem complexity, more than species traits, explained higher sediment accumulation rates, despite complexity arising from these traits. Landscape complexity, reflected in creek network morphology, also improved resilience to rising water levels. Comparing model outcomes with real-world tidal networks confirmed that flow concentration, sediment transport and deposition increase with drainage complexity. These findings emphasize that natural pattern development and persistence are crucial to preserve resilience to climate change. Landscape-scale complexity and vegetation traits control the adaptive capacity of salt marsh ecosystems in multiple sea-level rise scenarios, as shown by numerical models of salt marsh development and field experiments in natural creek systems.
{"title":"Vegetation traits and biogeomorphic complexity shape the resilience of salt marshes to sea-level rise","authors":"Loreta Cornacchia, Roeland C. van de Vijsel, Daphne van der Wal, Tom Ysebaert, Jianwei Sun, Bram van Prooijen, Paul Lodewijk Maria de Vet, Quan-Xing Liu, Johan van de Koppel","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01829-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01829-2","url":null,"abstract":"The adaptive capacity of ecosystems, or their ability to function despite altered environmental conditions, is crucial for resilience to climate change. However, the role of landscape complexity or species traits on adaptive capacity remains unclear. Here, we combine field experiments and morphodynamic modelling to investigate how ecosystem complexity shapes the adaptive capacity of intertidal salt marshes. We focus on the importance of tidal channel network complexity for sediment accumulation, allowing vertical accretion to keep pace with sea-level rise. The model showed that landscape-scale ecosystem complexity, more than species traits, explained higher sediment accumulation rates, despite complexity arising from these traits. Landscape complexity, reflected in creek network morphology, also improved resilience to rising water levels. Comparing model outcomes with real-world tidal networks confirmed that flow concentration, sediment transport and deposition increase with drainage complexity. These findings emphasize that natural pattern development and persistence are crucial to preserve resilience to climate change. Landscape-scale complexity and vegetation traits control the adaptive capacity of salt marsh ecosystems in multiple sea-level rise scenarios, as shown by numerical models of salt marsh development and field experiments in natural creek systems.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01829-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01843-4
Juan Camilo Meza-Cala, Alexander Minakov, Jan Inge Faleide, Mansour M. Abdelmalak, Grace E. Shephard, Rune Mattingsdal, Wolfram H. Geissler, Carmen Gaina
Intraplate volcanism has occurred for the last 35 million years within Northeast Atlantic and Arctic margins, including the western Barents Sea, Svalbard, and northern Greenland. Earlier studies have suggested that some of this volcanism might be sourced from nearby mid-ocean ridges. However, legacy data does not reveal correlations between the sporadic volcanism, despite comparable setting, ages, and compositions of basalts across the area. Here, we utilize a compilation of geophysical data to document late Cenozoic intraplate volcanism affecting the northeastern Yermak Plateau and southwestern Eurasia Basin located north of Svalbard. The identified seabed and subsurface features include volcanic (Mound-A) and hydrothermal vent systems (Tayrona Vent) formed approximately 10 and 2.6 million years ago, respectively. These intraplate volcanic products are coincident in age and origin with observed hydrothermal systems on Svalbard and Northeast Atlantic. We propose that these magmatic features are the result of intraplate volcanism associated with seismic and thermal anomalies in the mantle beneath northern Svalbard. Interpretation of seismic reflection profiles in the southwestern Eurasia Basin and north of Svalbard support a regional mantle thermal anomaly as the source of intraplate Cenozoic magmatism and associated hydrothermal features in the Arctic
{"title":"Late Cenozoic intraplate volcanism as a trigger for hydrothermal venting in the Arctic southwestern Eurasia Basin","authors":"Juan Camilo Meza-Cala, Alexander Minakov, Jan Inge Faleide, Mansour M. Abdelmalak, Grace E. Shephard, Rune Mattingsdal, Wolfram H. Geissler, Carmen Gaina","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01843-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01843-4","url":null,"abstract":"Intraplate volcanism has occurred for the last 35 million years within Northeast Atlantic and Arctic margins, including the western Barents Sea, Svalbard, and northern Greenland. Earlier studies have suggested that some of this volcanism might be sourced from nearby mid-ocean ridges. However, legacy data does not reveal correlations between the sporadic volcanism, despite comparable setting, ages, and compositions of basalts across the area. Here, we utilize a compilation of geophysical data to document late Cenozoic intraplate volcanism affecting the northeastern Yermak Plateau and southwestern Eurasia Basin located north of Svalbard. The identified seabed and subsurface features include volcanic (Mound-A) and hydrothermal vent systems (Tayrona Vent) formed approximately 10 and 2.6 million years ago, respectively. These intraplate volcanic products are coincident in age and origin with observed hydrothermal systems on Svalbard and Northeast Atlantic. We propose that these magmatic features are the result of intraplate volcanism associated with seismic and thermal anomalies in the mantle beneath northern Svalbard. Interpretation of seismic reflection profiles in the southwestern Eurasia Basin and north of Svalbard support a regional mantle thermal anomaly as the source of intraplate Cenozoic magmatism and associated hydrothermal features in the Arctic","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01843-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sea level rise due to anthropogenic warming threatens coastal environments and human societies, but its regional reversibility under successful climate mitigation efforts remains unclear. Here, we investigate sea level fluctuations in the Subpolar North Atlantic using idealized atmospheric carbon dioxide ramp-up and -down experiments. During the ramp-up period, the Subpolar North Atlantic experiences a faster sea level rise than the global mean, followed by a more rapid sea level decline over several dacades with decreasing carbon dioxide. These rapid sea level fluctuations are mainly driven by the response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to carbon dioxide forcing. The enhanced meridional salinity transport triggered by the rapid recovery of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation plays a crucial role in the regional sea level decline. Our study highlights the potential for pronounced sea level changes in the Subpolar North Atlantic and surrounding coastal areas under climate mitigation scenarios. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation’s response to carbon dioxide forcing is crucial for rapid sea level fluctuations in the Subpolar North Atlantic, indicating potential for fast changes under climate mitigation scenarios, according to results from carbon dioxide ramp-up and -down experiments to investigate sea level variation.
{"title":"Fast recovery of North Atlantic sea level in response to atmospheric carbon dioxide removal","authors":"Sunhee Wang, Yechul Shin, Ji-Hoon Oh, Jong-Seong Kug","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01835-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01835-4","url":null,"abstract":"Sea level rise due to anthropogenic warming threatens coastal environments and human societies, but its regional reversibility under successful climate mitigation efforts remains unclear. Here, we investigate sea level fluctuations in the Subpolar North Atlantic using idealized atmospheric carbon dioxide ramp-up and -down experiments. During the ramp-up period, the Subpolar North Atlantic experiences a faster sea level rise than the global mean, followed by a more rapid sea level decline over several dacades with decreasing carbon dioxide. These rapid sea level fluctuations are mainly driven by the response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to carbon dioxide forcing. The enhanced meridional salinity transport triggered by the rapid recovery of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation plays a crucial role in the regional sea level decline. Our study highlights the potential for pronounced sea level changes in the Subpolar North Atlantic and surrounding coastal areas under climate mitigation scenarios. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation’s response to carbon dioxide forcing is crucial for rapid sea level fluctuations in the Subpolar North Atlantic, indicating potential for fast changes under climate mitigation scenarios, according to results from carbon dioxide ramp-up and -down experiments to investigate sea level variation.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01835-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01819-4
Tiffany A. Shaw, Osamu Miyawaki, Hsing-Hung Chou, Russell Blackport
Earth’s upper-level jet streams primarily flow in the eastward direction. They often exhibit a north-south component or waviness connected to extreme weather at the surface. Recently the upper-level eastward jet stream was found to exhibit a fast-get-faster response under climate change explained by the impact of the nonlinear Clausius-Clapeyron relation on the latitudinal density contrast. Here we show the fast-get-faster mechanism also applies to the upper-level north-south jet stream wind and the longitudinal density contrast, implying increased waviness under climate change. Arctic Sea ice loss, which has been proposed as a driver of increased waviness, cannot explain the response. It leads to a fast-get-slower waviness response at all vertical levels. We demonstrate the fast-get-faster waviness signal has emerged in reanalysis data in the Southern Hemisphere but not yet in the Northern Hemisphere. The results show the fast-get-faster mechanism explains upper-level waviness changes and highlights a tug of war between upper- and mid-level waviness under climate change. Climate change causes upper-level jet stream waviness to increase in both hemispheres, with extreme southward and northward excursions increasing faster than the mean, according to results from a fast-get-faster mechanism connecting waviness to density contrast changes.
{"title":"Fast-get-faster explains wavier upper-level jet stream under climate change","authors":"Tiffany A. Shaw, Osamu Miyawaki, Hsing-Hung Chou, Russell Blackport","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01819-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01819-4","url":null,"abstract":"Earth’s upper-level jet streams primarily flow in the eastward direction. They often exhibit a north-south component or waviness connected to extreme weather at the surface. Recently the upper-level eastward jet stream was found to exhibit a fast-get-faster response under climate change explained by the impact of the nonlinear Clausius-Clapeyron relation on the latitudinal density contrast. Here we show the fast-get-faster mechanism also applies to the upper-level north-south jet stream wind and the longitudinal density contrast, implying increased waviness under climate change. Arctic Sea ice loss, which has been proposed as a driver of increased waviness, cannot explain the response. It leads to a fast-get-slower waviness response at all vertical levels. We demonstrate the fast-get-faster waviness signal has emerged in reanalysis data in the Southern Hemisphere but not yet in the Northern Hemisphere. The results show the fast-get-faster mechanism explains upper-level waviness changes and highlights a tug of war between upper- and mid-level waviness under climate change. Climate change causes upper-level jet stream waviness to increase in both hemispheres, with extreme southward and northward excursions increasing faster than the mean, according to results from a fast-get-faster mechanism connecting waviness to density contrast changes.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01819-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01803-y
Michael D. Garber, Tarik Benmarhnia, Weiqi Zhou, Pierpaolo Mudu, David Rojas-Rueda
Urban green space and urban compactness are each important principles for designing healthy, climate-resilient cities. The principles can co-exist, but greening may come at density’s expense if not considered deliberately. Existing studies estimating health impacts of greening scenarios have not considered what level of greenness is attainable for different population densities. Here, using the square kilometer as the unit of analysis, we estimate non-accidental mortality that could be prevented among adults older than 30 by greening that small area to a level of greenness assumed to be attainable based on its broader urban area (N = 15,917 globally), population density, and ecological zone. Results suggest a large potential for urban greening even in the most population-dense parts of cities such that on average 54 deaths per 100,000 could be prevented per year in those areas. That estimate may be about 25% higher or lower due to uncertainty in the underlying model. Greening urban areas to attainable levels for their population density and ecological zone could decrease nonaccidental mortality by about 50 deaths per year per 100,000 adults older than 30, according to epidemiologic analyses from 15,917 urban areas.
{"title":"Greening urban areas in line with population density and ecological zone can reduce premature mortality","authors":"Michael D. Garber, Tarik Benmarhnia, Weiqi Zhou, Pierpaolo Mudu, David Rojas-Rueda","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01803-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01803-y","url":null,"abstract":"Urban green space and urban compactness are each important principles for designing healthy, climate-resilient cities. The principles can co-exist, but greening may come at density’s expense if not considered deliberately. Existing studies estimating health impacts of greening scenarios have not considered what level of greenness is attainable for different population densities. Here, using the square kilometer as the unit of analysis, we estimate non-accidental mortality that could be prevented among adults older than 30 by greening that small area to a level of greenness assumed to be attainable based on its broader urban area (N = 15,917 globally), population density, and ecological zone. Results suggest a large potential for urban greening even in the most population-dense parts of cities such that on average 54 deaths per 100,000 could be prevented per year in those areas. That estimate may be about 25% higher or lower due to uncertainty in the underlying model. Greening urban areas to attainable levels for their population density and ecological zone could decrease nonaccidental mortality by about 50 deaths per year per 100,000 adults older than 30, according to epidemiologic analyses from 15,917 urban areas.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01803-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01849-y
Shouwei Li, Liping Zhang, Thomas L. Delworth, William F. Cooke, Se-Yong Song, Qinxue Gu
While the changes in ocean heat uptake in a warming climate have been well explored, the changes in response to climate mitigation efforts remain unclear. Using coupled climate model simulations, here we find that in response to a hypothesized reduction of greenhouse gases in the late 21st century, ocean heat uptake would significantly decline in all ocean basins except the North Atlantic, where a persistently weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation results in sustained heat uptake. These prolonged circulation anomalies further lead to interbasin heat exchanges, characterized by a sustained heat export from the Atlantic to the Southern Ocean and a portion of heat transfer from the Southern Ocean to the Indo-Pacific. Due to ocean heat uptake decline and interbasin heat export, the Southern Ocean experiences the strongest decline in ocean heat storage therefore emerging as the primary heat exchanger, while heat changes in the Indo-Pacific basin are relatively limited. Climate mitigation efforts will decrease ocean heat uptake in all ocean basins, except the North Atlantic, where weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation leads to sustained heat uptake, according to results from climate simulations to analyze changes in global ocean heat due to a projected greenhouse gas reduction.
{"title":"Mitigation-driven global heat imbalance in the late 21st century","authors":"Shouwei Li, Liping Zhang, Thomas L. Delworth, William F. Cooke, Se-Yong Song, Qinxue Gu","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01849-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01849-y","url":null,"abstract":"While the changes in ocean heat uptake in a warming climate have been well explored, the changes in response to climate mitigation efforts remain unclear. Using coupled climate model simulations, here we find that in response to a hypothesized reduction of greenhouse gases in the late 21st century, ocean heat uptake would significantly decline in all ocean basins except the North Atlantic, where a persistently weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation results in sustained heat uptake. These prolonged circulation anomalies further lead to interbasin heat exchanges, characterized by a sustained heat export from the Atlantic to the Southern Ocean and a portion of heat transfer from the Southern Ocean to the Indo-Pacific. Due to ocean heat uptake decline and interbasin heat export, the Southern Ocean experiences the strongest decline in ocean heat storage therefore emerging as the primary heat exchanger, while heat changes in the Indo-Pacific basin are relatively limited. Climate mitigation efforts will decrease ocean heat uptake in all ocean basins, except the North Atlantic, where weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation leads to sustained heat uptake, according to results from climate simulations to analyze changes in global ocean heat due to a projected greenhouse gas reduction.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01849-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01828-3
E. Bollinger, P. Schwilden, F. Y. Lai, R. Schulz, M. Bundschuh, S. Filker
Methane (CH4) emissions from natural systems are rising in a concerning manner with an incomplete understanding of its drivers. Recently, chemical stressors such as antibiotics have been suggested as a thus far overlooked factor increasing methanogenesis in freshwaters. Since usage and toxicological impact of antibiotics could increase in a warming climate, we assessed the temperature-dependence of antibiotic effects on methanogenesis. In this light, we conducted anaerobic incubations with freshwater sediment at 10, 15, and 20 °C in presence of a mixture of five antibiotics at field-relevant concentrations. Weekly measurements of CH4 showed a strong temperature dependence of antibiotic effects by changing effect sizes, directions and dynamics. While antibiotics reduced CH4 production at 10 °C, methanogenesis was elevated at 15 °C with the most pronounced increase occurring at 20 °C. Furthermore, antibiotics changed the prokaryotic assemblage at all temperatures and effect patterns of CH4 producing Methanomicrobia strongly followed the patterns observed for methanogenesis. While analyses of compound-specific stable isotopes and the metatranscriptome suggest the acetoclastic pathway as most relevant, linking prokaryotic structure to function remains one of the most significant research challenges. Nevertheless, the evidence provided by this study suggests a positive relationship between temperature and the stimulating effects of antibiotics on CH4 production. Temperature increases the potential harmful effects of antibiotics on the concentration of greenhouse gases through increased methanogenesis, according to anaerobic incubation experiments with freshwater sediments.
{"title":"Higher temperatures exacerbate effects of antibiotics on methanogenesis in freshwater sediment","authors":"E. Bollinger, P. Schwilden, F. Y. Lai, R. Schulz, M. Bundschuh, S. Filker","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01828-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01828-3","url":null,"abstract":"Methane (CH4) emissions from natural systems are rising in a concerning manner with an incomplete understanding of its drivers. Recently, chemical stressors such as antibiotics have been suggested as a thus far overlooked factor increasing methanogenesis in freshwaters. Since usage and toxicological impact of antibiotics could increase in a warming climate, we assessed the temperature-dependence of antibiotic effects on methanogenesis. In this light, we conducted anaerobic incubations with freshwater sediment at 10, 15, and 20 °C in presence of a mixture of five antibiotics at field-relevant concentrations. Weekly measurements of CH4 showed a strong temperature dependence of antibiotic effects by changing effect sizes, directions and dynamics. While antibiotics reduced CH4 production at 10 °C, methanogenesis was elevated at 15 °C with the most pronounced increase occurring at 20 °C. Furthermore, antibiotics changed the prokaryotic assemblage at all temperatures and effect patterns of CH4 producing Methanomicrobia strongly followed the patterns observed for methanogenesis. While analyses of compound-specific stable isotopes and the metatranscriptome suggest the acetoclastic pathway as most relevant, linking prokaryotic structure to function remains one of the most significant research challenges. Nevertheless, the evidence provided by this study suggests a positive relationship between temperature and the stimulating effects of antibiotics on CH4 production. Temperature increases the potential harmful effects of antibiotics on the concentration of greenhouse gases through increased methanogenesis, according to anaerobic incubation experiments with freshwater sediments.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01828-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01813-w
Mark J. Grosvenor, Vissia Ardiyani, Martin J. Wooster, Stefan Gillott, David C. Green, Puji Lestari, Wiranda Suri
Tropical peatland fires generate substantial quantities of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and in Indonesia are intensified during El Niño-related drought leading to severe air quality impacts affecting local and distant populations. Limited in-situ data often necessitates reliance on air quality models, like that of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, whose accuracy in extreme conditions is not fully understood. Here we demonstrate how a network of low-cost sensors around Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan during the 2019 fire season, quantified extreme air quality and city-scale variability. The data indicates relatively strong model performance. Health impacts are substantial with estimates of over 1200 excess deaths in the Palangka Raya region, over 3200 across Central Kalimantan and more than 87,000 nationwide in 2019 due to fire-induced PM2.5 exposure. These findings highlight the need for urgent action to mitigate extreme fire events, including reducing fire use and landscape remediation to prevent peat fire ignition. Networks of low-cost sensors can be used with atmospheric models to understand variability of air quality on a fine scale and show that emissions from peatland fires contribute to many excess deaths, suggests an analysis from the 2019 fire season in Kalimantan
{"title":"Catastrophic impact of extreme 2019 Indonesian peatland fires on urban air quality and health","authors":"Mark J. Grosvenor, Vissia Ardiyani, Martin J. Wooster, Stefan Gillott, David C. Green, Puji Lestari, Wiranda Suri","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01813-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01813-w","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical peatland fires generate substantial quantities of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and in Indonesia are intensified during El Niño-related drought leading to severe air quality impacts affecting local and distant populations. Limited in-situ data often necessitates reliance on air quality models, like that of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, whose accuracy in extreme conditions is not fully understood. Here we demonstrate how a network of low-cost sensors around Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan during the 2019 fire season, quantified extreme air quality and city-scale variability. The data indicates relatively strong model performance. Health impacts are substantial with estimates of over 1200 excess deaths in the Palangka Raya region, over 3200 across Central Kalimantan and more than 87,000 nationwide in 2019 due to fire-induced PM2.5 exposure. These findings highlight the need for urgent action to mitigate extreme fire events, including reducing fire use and landscape remediation to prevent peat fire ignition. Networks of low-cost sensors can be used with atmospheric models to understand variability of air quality on a fine scale and show that emissions from peatland fires contribute to many excess deaths, suggests an analysis from the 2019 fire season in Kalimantan","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01813-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01823-8
Michael Schindler, Jie Xu, Michael F. Hochella Jr
Nanomaterials have unique properties and play critical roles in the budget, cycling, and chemical processing of elements on Earth. An understanding of the cycling of nanomaterials can be greatly improved if the pathways of their formation are clearly recognized and understood. Here, we show that nanomaterial formation pathways mediated by aqueous fluids can be grouped into four major categories, abiotic and biotic processes coupled and decoupled from weathering processes. These can be subdivided in 18 subcategories relevant to the critical zone, and environments such as ocean hydrothermal vents and the upper mantle. Similarly, pathways in the gas phase such as volcanic fumaroles, wildfires and particle formation in the stratosphere and troposphere can be grouped into two major groups and five subcategories. In the most fundamental sense, both aqueous-fluid and gaseous pathways provide an understanding of the formation of all minerals which are inherently based on nanoscale precursors and reactions. The formation of nanomaterials in aqueous fluids can be explained by four different pathways: formation by biotic and abiotic processes, coupled and decoupled with weathering processes. In the Earth’s critical zone, these pathways can be classified into 18 subcategories based on the surrounding environment.
{"title":"Abiotic and biotic-controlled nanomaterial formation pathways within the Earth’s nanomaterial cycle","authors":"Michael Schindler, Jie Xu, Michael F. Hochella Jr","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01823-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01823-8","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomaterials have unique properties and play critical roles in the budget, cycling, and chemical processing of elements on Earth. An understanding of the cycling of nanomaterials can be greatly improved if the pathways of their formation are clearly recognized and understood. Here, we show that nanomaterial formation pathways mediated by aqueous fluids can be grouped into four major categories, abiotic and biotic processes coupled and decoupled from weathering processes. These can be subdivided in 18 subcategories relevant to the critical zone, and environments such as ocean hydrothermal vents and the upper mantle. Similarly, pathways in the gas phase such as volcanic fumaroles, wildfires and particle formation in the stratosphere and troposphere can be grouped into two major groups and five subcategories. In the most fundamental sense, both aqueous-fluid and gaseous pathways provide an understanding of the formation of all minerals which are inherently based on nanoscale precursors and reactions. The formation of nanomaterials in aqueous fluids can be explained by four different pathways: formation by biotic and abiotic processes, coupled and decoupled with weathering processes. In the Earth’s critical zone, these pathways can be classified into 18 subcategories based on the surrounding environment.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11530374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The observed global mean surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012 was slower than that since 1951. The relative contributions of all relevant factors including climate forcers, however, have not been comprehensively analyzed. Using a reduced-complexity climate model and an observationally constrained statistical model, here we find that La Niña cooling and a descending solar cycle contributed approximately 50% and 26% of the total warming slowdown during 1998-2012 compared to 1951-2012. Furthermore, reduced ozone-depleting substances and methane accounted for roughly a quarter of the total warming slowdown, which can be explained by changes in atmospheric concentrations. We identify that non-CO2 greenhouse gases played an important role in slowing global warming during 1998-2012. Together, La Niña cooling and a descending solar cycle can explain about three quarters of the warming slowdown between 1998 and 2012, whereas changes in the atmospheric levels of methane and ozone depleting substances explain the remaining quarter, according to analyses with a reduced-complexity climate model.
{"title":"Reductions in atmospheric levels of non-CO2 greenhouse gases explain about a quarter of the 1998-2012 warming slowdown","authors":"Xuanming Su, Hideo Shiogama, Katsumasa Tanaka, Kaoru Tachiiri, Tomohiro Hajima, Michio Watanabe, Michio Kawamiya, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Tokuta Yokohata","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01723-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01723-x","url":null,"abstract":"The observed global mean surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012 was slower than that since 1951. The relative contributions of all relevant factors including climate forcers, however, have not been comprehensively analyzed. Using a reduced-complexity climate model and an observationally constrained statistical model, here we find that La Niña cooling and a descending solar cycle contributed approximately 50% and 26% of the total warming slowdown during 1998-2012 compared to 1951-2012. Furthermore, reduced ozone-depleting substances and methane accounted for roughly a quarter of the total warming slowdown, which can be explained by changes in atmospheric concentrations. We identify that non-CO2 greenhouse gases played an important role in slowing global warming during 1998-2012. Together, La Niña cooling and a descending solar cycle can explain about three quarters of the warming slowdown between 1998 and 2012, whereas changes in the atmospheric levels of methane and ozone depleting substances explain the remaining quarter, according to analyses with a reduced-complexity climate model.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01723-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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