Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01750-8
Mika Rantanen, Matti Kämäräinen, Miska Luoto, Juha Aalto
It is widely acknowledged that the intensity, frequency and duration of heatwaves are increasing worldwide, including the Arctic. However, less attention has been paid to the land area affected by heatwaves. Here, using atmospheric reanalysis and global climate models, we show that the area covered by heatwaves is substantially expanding in the terrestrial Arctic. Compared to the mid-20th century, the total land area affected by severe heatwaves in the Arctic has doubled, the area of extreme heatwaves has tripled, and the area of very extreme heatwaves has quadrupled. Furthermore, climate model projections suggest that the extent of heatwaves will continue to increase in the 21st century, but with large regional differences in heatwave magnitudes due to summer intraseasonal temperature variability. Our findings underscore the growing vulnerability of the Arctic region to extreme heat, potentially leading to severe impacts on both ecosystems and societies. The Arctic is experiencing a significant increase in the area covered by heatwaves, with climate models predicting further heatwave severity in the 21st century, according to results from observed and projected changes in heatwaves over the terrestrial Arctic using advanced atmospheric reanalysis and global climate models.
{"title":"Manifold increase in the spatial extent of heatwaves in the terrestrial Arctic","authors":"Mika Rantanen, Matti Kämäräinen, Miska Luoto, Juha Aalto","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01750-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01750-8","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely acknowledged that the intensity, frequency and duration of heatwaves are increasing worldwide, including the Arctic. However, less attention has been paid to the land area affected by heatwaves. Here, using atmospheric reanalysis and global climate models, we show that the area covered by heatwaves is substantially expanding in the terrestrial Arctic. Compared to the mid-20th century, the total land area affected by severe heatwaves in the Arctic has doubled, the area of extreme heatwaves has tripled, and the area of very extreme heatwaves has quadrupled. Furthermore, climate model projections suggest that the extent of heatwaves will continue to increase in the 21st century, but with large regional differences in heatwave magnitudes due to summer intraseasonal temperature variability. Our findings underscore the growing vulnerability of the Arctic region to extreme heat, potentially leading to severe impacts on both ecosystems and societies. The Arctic is experiencing a significant increase in the area covered by heatwaves, with climate models predicting further heatwave severity in the 21st century, according to results from observed and projected changes in heatwaves over the terrestrial Arctic using advanced atmospheric reanalysis and global climate models.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01750-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142415417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01739-3
Moein Shamoushaki, S. C. Lenny Koh
This research investigates the environmental sustainability of three integrated power cycles: combined geothermal-wind, combined solar-geothermal, and combined solar-wind. Here, a promising solar technology, the perovskite solar cell, is considered and analysed in conjunction with another renewable-based cycle, evaluating 17 scenarios focusing on improving the efficiency and lifespan. Among the base cases, combined solar-wind had the lowest ozone depletion impact, while combined geothermal-wind had the lowest freshwater ecotoxicity and marine ecotoxicity impacts. The study shows that extending the perovskite solar cell lifespan from 3 to 15 years reduces CO2 emissions by 28% for the combined solar-geothermal and 56% for the combined solar-wind scenario. The most sustainable cases in ozone depletion, marine ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, and climate change impacts are combined solar-wind, combined solar-geothermal, and combined geothermal-wind, respectively, among all evaluated scenarios. This research suggests investing in the best mix of integrated power cycles using established and emerging renewable technologies for maximum environmental sustainability. Extending the lifetime and efficiency of solar energy systems can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental impact when combined with wind and geothermal power cycles, according to an analysis that uses life cycle assessment and scenario analysis.
{"title":"Solar cells combined with geothermal or wind power systems reduces climate and environmental impact","authors":"Moein Shamoushaki, S. C. Lenny Koh","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01739-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01739-3","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates the environmental sustainability of three integrated power cycles: combined geothermal-wind, combined solar-geothermal, and combined solar-wind. Here, a promising solar technology, the perovskite solar cell, is considered and analysed in conjunction with another renewable-based cycle, evaluating 17 scenarios focusing on improving the efficiency and lifespan. Among the base cases, combined solar-wind had the lowest ozone depletion impact, while combined geothermal-wind had the lowest freshwater ecotoxicity and marine ecotoxicity impacts. The study shows that extending the perovskite solar cell lifespan from 3 to 15 years reduces CO2 emissions by 28% for the combined solar-geothermal and 56% for the combined solar-wind scenario. The most sustainable cases in ozone depletion, marine ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, and climate change impacts are combined solar-wind, combined solar-geothermal, and combined geothermal-wind, respectively, among all evaluated scenarios. This research suggests investing in the best mix of integrated power cycles using established and emerging renewable technologies for maximum environmental sustainability. Extending the lifetime and efficiency of solar energy systems can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental impact when combined with wind and geothermal power cycles, according to an analysis that uses life cycle assessment and scenario analysis.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01739-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142415394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01744-6
Sergi Pla-Rabes, Miguel G. Matias, Vítor Gonçalves, David Vázquez Loureiro, Helena Marques, Roberto Bao, Teresa Buchaca, Armand Hernández, Santiago Giralt, Alberto Sáez, Gavin L. Simpson, Sandra Nogué, Pedro M. Raposeiro
Global warming significantly alters lake ecosystems worldwide. However, the effects of warming at a regional scale are often overlooked due to the scarcity of multidecadal to centennial regional studies. Here, we examined diatom sedimentary records from five lakes on São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago) over the last 170 years. Our analysis using hierarchical generalised additive models revealed an abrupt shift in the island-wide diatom community around 1982 CE, when the Northern Hemisphere temperature exceeded 0.35 °C above the 20th-century mean. This community regime shift resulted in a 27% loss in regional diatom diversity across the Island. Furthermore, previous anthropogenic impacts may have enhanced lakes’ rapid response to warming. These findings highlight the vulnerability of freshwater island ecosystems to climate warming and emphasise the importance of transitioning from local to regional assessments to preserve regional resilience and prevent irreversible damage to these essential freshwater resources and their biodiversity. Analyses of five sedimentary records show that regional diatom diversity in São Miguel Island (Azores) decreased by nearly 30% around 1982, coinciding with a shift in communities and consistently above-average Northern Hemispheric temperatures.
{"title":"Global warming triggers abrupt regime shifts in island lake ecosystems in the Azores Archipelago","authors":"Sergi Pla-Rabes, Miguel G. Matias, Vítor Gonçalves, David Vázquez Loureiro, Helena Marques, Roberto Bao, Teresa Buchaca, Armand Hernández, Santiago Giralt, Alberto Sáez, Gavin L. Simpson, Sandra Nogué, Pedro M. Raposeiro","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01744-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01744-6","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming significantly alters lake ecosystems worldwide. However, the effects of warming at a regional scale are often overlooked due to the scarcity of multidecadal to centennial regional studies. Here, we examined diatom sedimentary records from five lakes on São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago) over the last 170 years. Our analysis using hierarchical generalised additive models revealed an abrupt shift in the island-wide diatom community around 1982 CE, when the Northern Hemisphere temperature exceeded 0.35 °C above the 20th-century mean. This community regime shift resulted in a 27% loss in regional diatom diversity across the Island. Furthermore, previous anthropogenic impacts may have enhanced lakes’ rapid response to warming. These findings highlight the vulnerability of freshwater island ecosystems to climate warming and emphasise the importance of transitioning from local to regional assessments to preserve regional resilience and prevent irreversible damage to these essential freshwater resources and their biodiversity. Analyses of five sedimentary records show that regional diatom diversity in São Miguel Island (Azores) decreased by nearly 30% around 1982, coinciding with a shift in communities and consistently above-average Northern Hemispheric temperatures.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01744-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142415403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01703-1
Zara Franceschini, Raffaello Cioni, Stéphane Scaillet, Gaëlle Prouteau, Giacomo Corti, Federico Sani, Alessandro Mondanaro, Diletta Frascerra, Abate A. Melaku, Bruno Scaillet, Clive Oppenheimer, Florian Duval
The East African Rift is one of Earth’s largest continental landforms. It is recognized as a critical region for understanding hominin evolution yet has also undergone important transformation through ongoing tectonic and volcanic activity. An understanding of the interplay of rift kinematics, magma genesis and geomorphic evolution requires firm geochronology but this has been lacking for much of the East African Rift. Here we present detailed stratigraphic observations and high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages for major volcanic units in the Central Main Ethiopian Rift. Our new data identify a volumetrically major episode of explosive volcanism between circa 3.85–3.42 million years ago, after aproximately 5-million years-long quiescence. Four other pulses followed but with intensity and magnitude declining over time. We suggest that the observed temporal clustering and the pulsatory volcanic activity may have influenced environmental conditions in the area, with possible implications for hominin evolution. Five major explosive volcanic pulses in the Main Ethiopian Rift took place in the last four million years with intensity and magnitude declining over time, based on stratigraphic and geochronology data of volcanic units.
{"title":"Pulsatory volcanism in the Main Ethiopian Rift and its environmental consequences","authors":"Zara Franceschini, Raffaello Cioni, Stéphane Scaillet, Gaëlle Prouteau, Giacomo Corti, Federico Sani, Alessandro Mondanaro, Diletta Frascerra, Abate A. Melaku, Bruno Scaillet, Clive Oppenheimer, Florian Duval","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01703-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01703-1","url":null,"abstract":"The East African Rift is one of Earth’s largest continental landforms. It is recognized as a critical region for understanding hominin evolution yet has also undergone important transformation through ongoing tectonic and volcanic activity. An understanding of the interplay of rift kinematics, magma genesis and geomorphic evolution requires firm geochronology but this has been lacking for much of the East African Rift. Here we present detailed stratigraphic observations and high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages for major volcanic units in the Central Main Ethiopian Rift. Our new data identify a volumetrically major episode of explosive volcanism between circa 3.85–3.42 million years ago, after aproximately 5-million years-long quiescence. Four other pulses followed but with intensity and magnitude declining over time. We suggest that the observed temporal clustering and the pulsatory volcanic activity may have influenced environmental conditions in the area, with possible implications for hominin evolution. Five major explosive volcanic pulses in the Main Ethiopian Rift took place in the last four million years with intensity and magnitude declining over time, based on stratigraphic and geochronology data of volcanic units.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01703-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142415402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01728-6
Elton Chan, Felix Vogel, Steve Smyth, Owen Barrigar, Misa Ishizawa, Jinwoong Kim, Michael Neish, Douglas Chan, Douglas E. J. Worthy
Estimating accurate oil and gas methane emissions has been a global challenge, highlighted by a twofold discrepancy between atmospheric measurement-based estimates and emission inventories. The principle of continuous improvement in Canada’s National Inventory Report has led to an unstable baseline in recent years for tracking emission reduction progress. The gaps between previous inventory estimates and inversions exceeded 60%. Here we show that incorporating new source-resolved information derived from low-altitude aerial survey data has narrowed this gap by 80%, reducing the discrepancy to 10% for the 2010–2014 baseline. This study proposes a hybrid emission reporting framework, complemented by an ensemble inversion top-down method using continuous tower-based atmospheric measurements, to establish a stable baseline and provide independent verification. As the 2030 target year for emission reduction approaches, we report a significant 27% decline (19%–34%) in inverse oil and gas methane emissions from 2010 to 2022 in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and a 41% decline (26%–56%) as calculated using the 2024 official inventory. Oil and gas methane emissions in Alberta and Saskatchewan from 2010–2022 fell by 27% and 41% respectively, according to inversions and the new official inventory incorporating aerial survey data. Both estimates show consistent, statistically significant trends.
{"title":"Hybrid bottom-up and top-down framework resolves discrepancies in Canada’s oil and gas methane inventories","authors":"Elton Chan, Felix Vogel, Steve Smyth, Owen Barrigar, Misa Ishizawa, Jinwoong Kim, Michael Neish, Douglas Chan, Douglas E. J. Worthy","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01728-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01728-6","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating accurate oil and gas methane emissions has been a global challenge, highlighted by a twofold discrepancy between atmospheric measurement-based estimates and emission inventories. The principle of continuous improvement in Canada’s National Inventory Report has led to an unstable baseline in recent years for tracking emission reduction progress. The gaps between previous inventory estimates and inversions exceeded 60%. Here we show that incorporating new source-resolved information derived from low-altitude aerial survey data has narrowed this gap by 80%, reducing the discrepancy to 10% for the 2010–2014 baseline. This study proposes a hybrid emission reporting framework, complemented by an ensemble inversion top-down method using continuous tower-based atmospheric measurements, to establish a stable baseline and provide independent verification. As the 2030 target year for emission reduction approaches, we report a significant 27% decline (19%–34%) in inverse oil and gas methane emissions from 2010 to 2022 in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and a 41% decline (26%–56%) as calculated using the 2024 official inventory. Oil and gas methane emissions in Alberta and Saskatchewan from 2010–2022 fell by 27% and 41% respectively, according to inversions and the new official inventory incorporating aerial survey data. Both estimates show consistent, statistically significant trends.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01728-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01734-8
Hao Liu, Pengfeng Xiao, Xueliang Zhang, Yongxiao Liang, Bo Tang, Siyong Chen, Yantao Liu
Ongoing warming intensifies snowpack extremes, posing significant hydroclimatic risks to socio-ecological systems. However, the relation between snowpack extremes and subsequent compound hydroclimatic extremes remains unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of snowpack extremes on warm-season compound hydroclimatic extremes in the Northern Hemisphere using multisource datasets from 1980 to 2022. We found widespread increases in deficient, short, and deficient-short snowpack extremes, triggering more compound hot-dry extremes within a month after snowpack disappearance (mean coincidence rate over 0.6, p < 0.05). The impact of compound snowpack extremes exceeded that of individual snowpack extremes in both areas (over 10%) and coincidence rates (over 0.2). Meanwhile, increased intensity, rather than frequency, of snowpack extremes drove mainly the occurrence of compound hydroclimatic extremes. Furthermore, background climate factors, followed by vegetation, topography, and soil, affected relations between snowpack and compound hydroclimatic extremes. These findings will deepen our understanding of the emerging consecutive extremes and improve their predictability. The Northern Hemisphere experiences a significant correlation between snowpack extremes and compound hydroclimatic extremes, with increased snowpack extremes triggering more hot-dry extremes, influenced by background climate, vegetation, topography, and soil, according to results from multisource remote sensing data analysis from 1980 to 2022.
{"title":"Winter snowpack loss increases warm-season compound hot-dry extremes","authors":"Hao Liu, Pengfeng Xiao, Xueliang Zhang, Yongxiao Liang, Bo Tang, Siyong Chen, Yantao Liu","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01734-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01734-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ongoing warming intensifies snowpack extremes, posing significant hydroclimatic risks to socio-ecological systems. However, the relation between snowpack extremes and subsequent compound hydroclimatic extremes remains unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of snowpack extremes on warm-season compound hydroclimatic extremes in the Northern Hemisphere using multisource datasets from 1980 to 2022. We found widespread increases in deficient, short, and deficient-short snowpack extremes, triggering more compound hot-dry extremes within a month after snowpack disappearance (mean coincidence rate over 0.6, p < 0.05). The impact of compound snowpack extremes exceeded that of individual snowpack extremes in both areas (over 10%) and coincidence rates (over 0.2). Meanwhile, increased intensity, rather than frequency, of snowpack extremes drove mainly the occurrence of compound hydroclimatic extremes. Furthermore, background climate factors, followed by vegetation, topography, and soil, affected relations between snowpack and compound hydroclimatic extremes. These findings will deepen our understanding of the emerging consecutive extremes and improve their predictability. The Northern Hemisphere experiences a significant correlation between snowpack extremes and compound hydroclimatic extremes, with increased snowpack extremes triggering more hot-dry extremes, influenced by background climate, vegetation, topography, and soil, according to results from multisource remote sensing data analysis from 1980 to 2022.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01734-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142415422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01652-9
Jana Alabdullatif, Cornel Olariu, Ronald J. Steel
Recognition of compound delta clinoforms has led to a new understanding of delta progradation and architecture. Limited study has been dedicated to spatially delineate three dimensional morphologies of subaqueous deltas and their migration away from active sediment sources. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of 38 Holocene deltas lead to the observation of two main gradient breaks at tens-of-meters water depth and variable subaqueous geometries. Geometric variability was captured relative to riverine-sediment sources and basinal energies and presents steeper shoreline and subaqueous delta clinoforms, reaching 1°, separated by a gently-dipping 0.11° platform with widths from few kilometers (Ebro Delta) to 200 kilometers (Amazon Delta). In wave-dominated systems, the platform is absent ahead of the sediment source but widens laterally away as a smooth arcuate surface, whereas in tide-dominated systems the platform widens ahead of active sources and narrows ahead of starved ones while hosting erosional features and tidal channel/bar couplets. The presence of compound clinoforms and their distinguished morphologic variability relative to sedimentological processes is revealed through qualitative and quantitative geospatial analyses of Holocene deltas.
{"title":"Spatial analysis of Holocene delta compound clinoforms","authors":"Jana Alabdullatif, Cornel Olariu, Ronald J. Steel","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01652-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01652-9","url":null,"abstract":"Recognition of compound delta clinoforms has led to a new understanding of delta progradation and architecture. Limited study has been dedicated to spatially delineate three dimensional morphologies of subaqueous deltas and their migration away from active sediment sources. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of 38 Holocene deltas lead to the observation of two main gradient breaks at tens-of-meters water depth and variable subaqueous geometries. Geometric variability was captured relative to riverine-sediment sources and basinal energies and presents steeper shoreline and subaqueous delta clinoforms, reaching 1°, separated by a gently-dipping 0.11° platform with widths from few kilometers (Ebro Delta) to 200 kilometers (Amazon Delta). In wave-dominated systems, the platform is absent ahead of the sediment source but widens laterally away as a smooth arcuate surface, whereas in tide-dominated systems the platform widens ahead of active sources and narrows ahead of starved ones while hosting erosional features and tidal channel/bar couplets. The presence of compound clinoforms and their distinguished morphologic variability relative to sedimentological processes is revealed through qualitative and quantitative geospatial analyses of Holocene deltas.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01652-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyethylene (PE) plastic waste poses an environmental challenge. To explore degradation processes over an extended period, a 60-year study was conducted at an operational landfill in Poland. This landfill, in use since 1960, offers a unique chronological representation of degradation potential due to distinct layering of waste without mixing. Employing analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy, plastic waste samples were examined over decades. FTIR identified and characterized the samples, revealing traces of degradation. DSC indicated reduced crystallinity, implying diminished chemical stability. SEM showcased plastic fragment liberation, confirming degradation. Fluorescence microscopy and SEM confirmed microorganisms’ involvement, forming colonies around areas of strong delamination. The study provides insights into plastic waste dynamics, emphasizing microorganisms and hydrolytic processes in landfills. This contributes to understanding over 60 years period and underscores the need for waste management to handle plastic pollution effectively. Polyethylene waste progressively decomposed over the past 60 years in a process involving microbial as well as physical and chemical degradation, with a total term of degradation of 670 years, according to analyses of a layered landfill site in Poland.
{"title":"Alteration and progressive degradation of plastic waste in a polish operational landfill analysed over 60 years","authors":"Vladyslav Redko, Lidia Wolska, Agnieszka Cieślak-Piotrowicz","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01695-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01695-y","url":null,"abstract":"Polyethylene (PE) plastic waste poses an environmental challenge. To explore degradation processes over an extended period, a 60-year study was conducted at an operational landfill in Poland. This landfill, in use since 1960, offers a unique chronological representation of degradation potential due to distinct layering of waste without mixing. Employing analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy, plastic waste samples were examined over decades. FTIR identified and characterized the samples, revealing traces of degradation. DSC indicated reduced crystallinity, implying diminished chemical stability. SEM showcased plastic fragment liberation, confirming degradation. Fluorescence microscopy and SEM confirmed microorganisms’ involvement, forming colonies around areas of strong delamination. The study provides insights into plastic waste dynamics, emphasizing microorganisms and hydrolytic processes in landfills. This contributes to understanding over 60 years period and underscores the need for waste management to handle plastic pollution effectively. Polyethylene waste progressively decomposed over the past 60 years in a process involving microbial as well as physical and chemical degradation, with a total term of degradation of 670 years, according to analyses of a layered landfill site in Poland.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01695-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01725-9
Kévin Juhel, Quentin Bletery, Andrea Licciardi, Martin Vallée, Céline Hourcade, Théodore Michel
Prompt ElastoGravity Signals are light-speed gravity-induced signals recorded before the arrival of seismic waves. They have raised interest for early warning applications but their weak amplitudes close to the background seismic noise have questioned their actual potential for operational use. A deep-learning model has recently demonstrated its ability to mitigate this noise limitation and to provide in near real-time the earthquake magnitude (Mw). However, this approach was efficient only for large earthquakes (Mw ≥ 8.3) of known focal mechanism. Here we show unprecedented performance in full earthquake characterization using the dense broadband seismic network deployed in Alaska and Western Canada. Our deep-learning model provides accurate magnitude and focal mechanism estimates of Mw ≥ 7.8 earthquakes, 2 minutes after origin time (hence the tsunamigenic potential). Our results represent a major step towards the routine use of prompt elastogravity signals in operational warning systems, and demonstrate its potential for tsunami warning in densely-instrumented areas. A deep-learning model can estimate the magnitude and focal mechanism of large earthquakes in near-real time using light-speed gravity-induced signals recorded by seismometers before the arrival of seismic waves, advancing tsunami warning systems.
即时重力信号（Prompt ElastoGravity Signals）是在地震波到来之前记录的光速重力感应信号。它们在预警方面的应用引起了人们的兴趣，但其接近地震背景噪声的微弱振幅使人们对其实际应用潜力产生了质疑。最近，一个深度学习模型证明了它有能力减轻这种噪声限制，并近乎实时地提供地震震级（M w）。然而，这种方法仅对已知焦点机制的大地震（M w ≥ 8.3）有效。在这里，我们利用部署在阿拉斯加和加拿大西部的密集宽带地震网络，展示了前所未有的全面地震特征描述性能。我们的深度学习模型可在发震时间 2 分钟后对 M w ≥ 7.8 的地震提供准确的震级和震源机制估计（因此具有海啸潜力）。我们的研究结果标志着向在业务预警系统中常规使用即时弹性重力信号迈出了重要一步，并证明了其在仪器密集地区进行海啸预警的潜力。
{"title":"Fast and full characterization of large earthquakes from prompt elastogravity signals","authors":"Kévin Juhel, Quentin Bletery, Andrea Licciardi, Martin Vallée, Céline Hourcade, Théodore Michel","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01725-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01725-9","url":null,"abstract":"Prompt ElastoGravity Signals are light-speed gravity-induced signals recorded before the arrival of seismic waves. They have raised interest for early warning applications but their weak amplitudes close to the background seismic noise have questioned their actual potential for operational use. A deep-learning model has recently demonstrated its ability to mitigate this noise limitation and to provide in near real-time the earthquake magnitude (Mw). However, this approach was efficient only for large earthquakes (Mw ≥ 8.3) of known focal mechanism. Here we show unprecedented performance in full earthquake characterization using the dense broadband seismic network deployed in Alaska and Western Canada. Our deep-learning model provides accurate magnitude and focal mechanism estimates of Mw ≥ 7.8 earthquakes, 2 minutes after origin time (hence the tsunamigenic potential). Our results represent a major step towards the routine use of prompt elastogravity signals in operational warning systems, and demonstrate its potential for tsunami warning in densely-instrumented areas. A deep-learning model can estimate the magnitude and focal mechanism of large earthquakes in near-real time using light-speed gravity-induced signals recorded by seismometers before the arrival of seismic waves, advancing tsunami warning systems.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11452338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142380219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01715-x
Ualisson Donardelli Bellon, Wyn Williams, Ricardo Ivan Ferreira Trindade, Ana Diaz, Douglas Galante
The recording of planetary magnetic fields is often attributed to uniformly-magnetised nanoscopic iron oxides, called single-domain. Yet, the main magnetic constituents of rocks are more complex, non-uniformly magnetised grains in single or multi-vortex states. We know little about their behaviour due to limitations in defining their precise shape and internal magnetic structure. Here we combine non-destructive Ptychographic X-ray Computed Nano-tomography with micromagnetic modelling to explore the magnetic stability of remanence-bearing minerals. Applied to a microscopic rock sample, we identified hundreds of nanoscopic grains of magnetite/maghemite with diverse morphologies. Energy barrier calculations were performed for these irregularly shaped grains. For some grains, these morphological irregularities near the transition from single-domain to the single-vortex state allow for multiple domain states, some unstable and unable to record the field for significant periods. Additionally, some other grains exhibit temperature-dependent occupancy probabilities, potentially hampering experiments to recover the intensity of past magnetic fields. The combination of non-destructive nanotomography with micromagnetic simulations enables the characterization of the chemical composition and magnetic stability of remanence-bearing ferromagnetic minerals, including magnetite and maghemite.
行星磁场的记录通常归功于均匀磁化的纳米氧化铁（称为单域）。然而，岩石的主要磁性成分更为复杂，是处于单涡旋或多涡旋状态的非均匀磁化晶粒。由于在确定其精确形状和内部磁性结构方面的限制，我们对它们的行为知之甚少。在这里，我们将非破坏性的 X 射线计算机纳米层析成像技术与微磁建模相结合，探索含剩磁矿物的磁稳定性。通过对微观岩石样本的应用，我们发现了数百个形态各异的磁铁矿/闪长岩纳米晶粒。我们对这些形状不规则的晶粒进行了能障计算。对于某些晶粒来说，这些形态不规则的晶粒靠近从单域到单涡旋状态的过渡，从而形成了多域状态，其中一些不稳定，无法在相当长的时间内记录磁场。此外，还有一些晶粒表现出与温度相关的占据概率，可能会妨碍恢复过去磁场强度的实验。将非破坏性纳米层析技术与微磁模拟相结合，可以确定含剩磁铁磁性矿物（包括磁铁矿和磁铁矿）的化学成分和磁稳定性。
{"title":"Coupling nanoscopic tomography and micromagnetic modelling to assess the stability of geomagnetic recorders","authors":"Ualisson Donardelli Bellon, Wyn Williams, Ricardo Ivan Ferreira Trindade, Ana Diaz, Douglas Galante","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01715-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01715-x","url":null,"abstract":"The recording of planetary magnetic fields is often attributed to uniformly-magnetised nanoscopic iron oxides, called single-domain. Yet, the main magnetic constituents of rocks are more complex, non-uniformly magnetised grains in single or multi-vortex states. We know little about their behaviour due to limitations in defining their precise shape and internal magnetic structure. Here we combine non-destructive Ptychographic X-ray Computed Nano-tomography with micromagnetic modelling to explore the magnetic stability of remanence-bearing minerals. Applied to a microscopic rock sample, we identified hundreds of nanoscopic grains of magnetite/maghemite with diverse morphologies. Energy barrier calculations were performed for these irregularly shaped grains. For some grains, these morphological irregularities near the transition from single-domain to the single-vortex state allow for multiple domain states, some unstable and unable to record the field for significant periods. Additionally, some other grains exhibit temperature-dependent occupancy probabilities, potentially hampering experiments to recover the intensity of past magnetic fields. The combination of non-destructive nanotomography with micromagnetic simulations enables the characterization of the chemical composition and magnetic stability of remanence-bearing ferromagnetic minerals, including magnetite and maghemite.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01715-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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