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An intensification of surface Earth’s energy imbalance since the late 20th century 20 世纪末以来地球表面能量失衡加剧
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01802-z
Xuqian Li, Qingxiang Li, Martin Wild, Phil Jones
Tracking the energy balance of the Earth system is a key method for studying the contribution of human activities to climate change. However, accurately estimating the surface energy balance has long been a challenge, primarily due to uncertainties that dwarf the energy flux changes induced and a lack of precise observational data at the surface. We have employed the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method, integrating it with recent developments in surface solar radiation observational data, to refine the ensemble of CMIP6 model outputs. This has resulted in an enhanced estimation of Surface Earth System Energy Imbalance (EEI) changes since the late 19th century. Our findings show that CMIP6 model outputs, constrained by this observational data, reflect changes in energy imbalance consistent with observations in Ocean Heat Content (OHC), offering a narrower uncertainty range at the 95% confidence level than previous estimates. Observing the EEI series, dominated by changes due to external forcing, we note a relative stability (0.22 Wm−2) over the past half-century, but with a intensification (reaching 0.80 Wm−2) in the mid to late 1990s, indicating an escalation in the adverse impacts of global warming and climate change, which provides another independent confirmation of what recent studies have shown. Estimated changes in the energy balance at the Earth’s surface are consistent with observations of ocean heat content and have been relatively stable between about 1960 to 1995 with an intensification thereafter, suggest estimates of the surface energy imbalance with Bayesian model averaging and up-to-date observations.
跟踪地球系统的能量平衡是研究人类活动对气候变化影响的关键方法。然而,准确估算地表能量平衡长期以来一直是一个挑战,主要原因是不确定性使引起的能量通量变化相形见绌,而且地表缺乏精确的观测数据。我们采用了贝叶斯模型平均法(BMA),并将其与地表太阳辐射观测数据的最新发展相结合,以完善 CMIP6 模型的输出集合。这就加强了对 19 世纪末以来地表地球系统能量失衡(EEI)变化的估计。我们的研究结果表明,在观测数据的约束下,CMIP6 模式输出结果反映的能量失衡变化与海洋热含量(OHC)观测结果一致,与之前的估计结果相比,95% 置信度下的不确定性范围更小。通过观察以外部强迫变化为主的 EEI 序列,我们注意到在过去的半个世纪里,EEI 序列相对稳定(0.22 Wm-2),但在 20 世纪 90 年代中后期,EEI 序列有所加剧(达到 0.80 Wm-2),这表明全球变暖和气候变化的不利影响正在升级,这为近期的研究提供了另一个独立的证实。地球表面能量平衡的估计变化与海洋热含量的观测结果一致,在大约 1960 年至 1995 年期间相对稳定,此后有所加剧。
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引用次数: 0
Climate induced microbiome alterations increase cadmium bioavailability in agricultural soils with pH below 7 气候诱发的微生物群改变提高了 pH 值低于 7 的农用土壤中的镉生物利用率
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01794-w
Sören Drabesch, Oliver J. Lechtenfeld, Esmira Bibaj, José M. León Ninin, Juan Lezama Pachecco, Scott Fendorf, Britta Planer-Friedrich, Andreas Kappler, E. Marie Muehe
Climate change and metals independently stress soil microbiomes, but their combined effects remain unresolved. Here we show that future climate affects soil cadmium through altered soil microbiome and nutrient cycles, with soil pH as critical factor. In soils with pH<7 and during summer temperatures, future climate increased porewater cadmium, shifting total and potentially active taxonomic microbiome structures. Microbial ammonium oxidation released protons liberating cadmium through cation exchange from mineral surfaces. When porewater cadmium levels became toxic to non-cadmium-tolerant bacteria, microbial activity, and nutrient cycling decreased, reducing carbon and nitrogen emissions. In contrast, pH>7 soil show no climate impacts on cadmium mobilization, though imprints on microbiome structure were apparent. Subsequent nutrient cycling increased under future climate, stimulating soil respiration and nitrous oxide release. These findings underscore complex interactions between climate change and soil contaminants affecting the soil microbiome and its activity and highlights potential impacts on crop production, groundwater quality, and climate feedback. Complex interactions between future climate, soil microbiome, and soil cadmium negatively impact microbial activity and nutrient cycling in soil with pH below 7, which potentially affects crop production, groundwater quality, and climate feedback, according to a series of laboratory experiments conducted with sampled soil.
气候变化和金属分别对土壤微生物组造成压力,但它们的综合影响仍未得到解决。在这里,我们展示了未来气候通过改变土壤微生物组和养分循环对土壤镉的影响,其中土壤 pH 值是关键因素。在 pH<7 和夏季温度较高的土壤中,未来气候会增加孔隙水的镉含量,改变微生物群的总结构和潜在的活性分类结构。微生物的铵氧化作用释放出质子,通过矿物表面的阳离子交换释放出镉。当孔隙水的镉含量对不耐镉细菌产生毒性时,微生物活动和养分循环减少,碳和氮的排放量也随之减少。与此相反,pH>7 土壤显示气候对镉迁移没有影响,但对微生物群结构的影响却很明显。在未来气候条件下,随后的养分循环增加,刺激了土壤呼吸和氧化亚氮的释放。这些发现强调了气候变化与影响土壤微生物组及其活动的土壤污染物之间复杂的相互作用,并突出了对作物生产、地下水质量和气候反馈的潜在影响。根据对取样土壤进行的一系列实验室实验,未来气候、土壤微生物群和土壤镉之间的复杂相互作用对pH值低于7的土壤中的微生物活动和养分循环产生了负面影响,这可能会影响作物产量、地下水质量和气候反馈。
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引用次数: 0
Protection over restoration to ensure water sustainability 保护重于恢复,确保水资源的可持续性
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01798-6
Filomena Silva, Ramia Al Bakain, Gilles Pradeau, Mathieu Ben Braham, Jelena Prtorić, Nassim Ait-Mouheb, Elena Gomez, Patrick Allard
Plastics pollution, persistent chemical contamination and inadequately treated wastewater are three key aspects that hinder access to safe and affordable water for all. We argue that a strong priority on pollution avoidance, research for remediation, and tighter regulation and monitoring must be implemented to make progress. Plastics pollution, persistent chemical contamination and inadequately treated wastewater are three key aspects that hinder access to safe and affordable water for all. This Comment argues that a strong priority on pollution avoidance, research for remediation, and tighter regulation and monitoring must be implemented to make progress.
塑料污染、持久的化学污染和未经充分处理的废水是阻碍所有人获得安全和负担得起的水的三个关键方面。我们认为,要想取得进展,就必须优先考虑避免污染、研究补救措施、加强监管和监测。塑料污染、持久性化学污染和未经充分处理的废水是阻碍所有人获得安全和负担得起的水的三个关键方面。本评论认为,要想取得进展,必须优先考虑避免污染、研究补救措施以及加强监管和监测。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond blooms: the winter ecosystem reset determines microeukaryotic community dynamics in the Fram Strait 藻华之外:冬季生态系统重置决定弗拉姆海峡微真核细胞群落动态
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01782-0
Ellen Oldenburg, Raphael M. Kronberg, Katja Metfies, Matthias Wietz, Wilken-Jon von Appen, Christina Bienhold, Ovidiu Popa, Oliver Ebenhöh
The Arctic Ocean is undergoing a major transition as a result of global warming, with uncertain consequences for its ecosystems. Our study introduces an integrated analytical approach using co-occurrence networks, convergent cross-mapping, and energy landscape analysis. Applied to four years of amplicon data from Fram Strait, located at the boundary between Arctic and Atlantic waters, our method identifies keystone species in seasonal microbial communities, elucidates causal interactions, and predicts stable configurations across changing environments. We find strong evidence for a “winter reset”, implying that organisms representing the spring bloom are largely determined by prevailing environmental conditions during winter. In addition, our analysis suggests that winter communities may adapt more readily to expected Atlantification than summer communities. These results highlight the utility of innovative time-series analyses in disentangling ecosystem dynamics. This approach provides critical insights into Arctic ecological interactions, dynamics, and resilience and aids in understanding ecosystem responses to environmental change. Winter environmental conditions largely determine prevailing organisms of spring blooms in the Fram Strait, according to a combined framework of co-occurrence networks, convergent cross-mapping networks, and energy landscape analysis.
由于全球变暖,北冰洋正在经历重大转变,对其生态系统造成了不确定的后果。我们的研究采用共现网络、会聚交叉映射和能量景观分析等综合分析方法。我们的方法应用于位于北极和大西洋水域交界处的弗拉姆海峡四年的扩增子数据,识别了季节性微生物群落中的关键物种,阐明了因果互动关系,并预测了在不断变化的环境中的稳定配置。我们发现了 "冬季重置 "的有力证据,这意味着代表春季开花的生物在很大程度上取决于冬季的主要环境条件。此外,我们的分析表明,冬季群落可能比夏季群落更容易适应预期的亚特兰蒂斯化。这些结果凸显了创新性时间序列分析在厘清生态系统动态方面的作用。这种方法提供了对北极生态相互作用、动态和恢复力的重要见解,有助于理解生态系统对环境变化的反应。根据共现网络、聚合交叉映射网络和能量景观分析的组合框架,冬季环境条件在很大程度上决定了弗拉姆海峡春季开花的主要生物。
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引用次数: 0
Accelerated North Atlantic surface warming reshapes the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability 北大西洋表层加速变暖重塑大西洋十年多变性
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01804-x
Davide Zanchettin, Angelo Rubino
Observed North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures are modulated by a recurrent alternation of anomalously warm and cold interdecadal phases known as Atlantic Multidecadal Variability. Here we use observations and a multi-model ensemble of climate simulations to demonstrate an ongoing acceleration of North Atlantic surface warming, which implies a smaller contribution of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability to 21st century North Atlantic sea-surface temperature anomalies than previously thought. Future projections of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability from realistic climate simulations are poorly constrained, yet a relaxation to a neutral phase by the mid-21st century emerges as the most probable evolution of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability. In the simulations, the mitigating effects of a less likely upcoming cold phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability are overwhelmed by fast North Atlantic surface warming, which is robustly projected to persist in upcoming decades independent of emission scenarios. Sustained North Atlantic surface warming is therefore expected to continue in the near future. Warming of North Atlantic sea surface temperatures is accelerating, and projected to be stronger than natural variability associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, according to an analysis of climate model simulations.
观测到的北大西洋海面温度受被称为 "大西洋多年代变率 "的年代际异常冷暖交替现象的影响。在这里,我们利用观测数据和多模式气候模拟集合来证明北大西洋表面温度正在加速变暖,这意味着大西洋多年代变率对 21 世纪北大西洋海面温度异常的影响比以前认为的要小。现实气候模拟对大西洋多年代变率的未来预测限制较少,但大西洋多年代变率最有可能的演变是到 21 世纪中叶放松到中性阶段。在模拟中,北大西洋地表快速变暖压倒了大西洋多年变率不太可能出现的寒冷阶段的缓解效应,而北大西洋地表变暖预计将在未来几十年持续存在,与排放情景无关。因此,预计在不久的将来,北大西洋海面将继续持续变暖。根据对气候模型模拟的分析,北大西洋海面温度正在加速变暖,预计将强于与大西洋十年多变性相关的自然变率。
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引用次数: 0
Ditch emissions partially offset global reductions in methane emissions from peatland drainage 沟渠排放部分抵消了全球因泥炭地排水而减少的甲烷排放量
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01818-5
Dezhao Gan, Zelong Zhang, Huinan Li, Dongsheng Yu, Zheng Li, Ruijun Long, Shuli Niu, Hongchao Zuo, Xianhong Meng, Jinsong Wang, Lei Ma
Peatlands are globally important carbon sinks but are frequently drained. Drainage activities reduce overall methane emissions; however they are often accompanied by the construction of ditches, which are potential methane emission hotspots. Yet, the offsets of methane emissions from creating ditches in peatlands under different climate zones and land-use types remain unclear. Here we conducted a global meta-analysis by compiling annual methane emissions from paired near-pristine peatlands and terrestrial portion of drained peatlands and ditches to address this issue. Results showed that ditches occupy approximately 3.8 (95% confidence interval: 3.1~4.4)% of all drained peatlands. Ditches emit 695 (511~898) kg ha−1 yr−1 methane overall, with the highest emissions observed in (sub)tropics. Globally, ditch emissions offset approximately 12 (10~14)% for reductions in methane emissions from peatland drainage. Our findings demonstrate the importance of including ditch methane emissions to quantify emission factors for regional to global peatlands affected by drainage. Peatland ditches are methane emissions hotspots that offset around 12% of the emissions reductions that result from drainage, according to a global meta-analysis of peatland studies.
泥炭地是全球重要的碳汇,但经常被排水。排水活动可减少甲烷的总体排放量;但排水活动往往伴随着沟渠的修建,而沟渠是潜在的甲烷排放热点。然而,在不同气候带和土地利用类型下,在泥炭地修建沟渠对甲烷排放的抵消作用仍不明确。为了解决这个问题,我们在这里进行了一项全球荟萃分析,汇编了成对的近原始泥炭地以及排水泥炭地和沟渠的陆地部分的甲烷年排放量。结果显示,沟渠约占所有排水泥炭地的 3.8%(95% 置信区间:3.1~4.4)。沟渠的甲烷总排放量为 695 (511~898) kg ha-1 yr-1,(亚)热带地区的排放量最高。在全球范围内,沟渠排放抵消了泥炭地排水甲烷排放减少量的约 12 (10~14)%。我们的研究结果表明,将沟渠甲烷排放纳入量化受排水影响的区域乃至全球泥炭地排放因子非常重要。根据对泥炭地研究的全球荟萃分析,泥炭地沟渠是甲烷排放热点,可抵消因排水而减少的约 12% 的甲烷排放量。
{"title":"Ditch emissions partially offset global reductions in methane emissions from peatland drainage","authors":"Dezhao Gan,&nbsp;Zelong Zhang,&nbsp;Huinan Li,&nbsp;Dongsheng Yu,&nbsp;Zheng Li,&nbsp;Ruijun Long,&nbsp;Shuli Niu,&nbsp;Hongchao Zuo,&nbsp;Xianhong Meng,&nbsp;Jinsong Wang,&nbsp;Lei Ma","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01818-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01818-5","url":null,"abstract":"Peatlands are globally important carbon sinks but are frequently drained. Drainage activities reduce overall methane emissions; however they are often accompanied by the construction of ditches, which are potential methane emission hotspots. Yet, the offsets of methane emissions from creating ditches in peatlands under different climate zones and land-use types remain unclear. Here we conducted a global meta-analysis by compiling annual methane emissions from paired near-pristine peatlands and terrestrial portion of drained peatlands and ditches to address this issue. Results showed that ditches occupy approximately 3.8 (95% confidence interval: 3.1~4.4)% of all drained peatlands. Ditches emit 695 (511~898) kg ha−1 yr−1 methane overall, with the highest emissions observed in (sub)tropics. Globally, ditch emissions offset approximately 12 (10~14)% for reductions in methane emissions from peatland drainage. Our findings demonstrate the importance of including ditch methane emissions to quantify emission factors for regional to global peatlands affected by drainage. Peatland ditches are methane emissions hotspots that offset around 12% of the emissions reductions that result from drainage, according to a global meta-analysis of peatland studies.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01818-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Demographics shape public preferences for carbon dioxide removal and solar geoengineering interventions across 30 countries 人口结构决定了 30 个国家公众对二氧化碳清除和太阳能地球工程干预措施的偏好
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01800-1
Benjamin K. Sovacool, Darrick Evensen, Chad M. Baum, Livia Fritz, Sean Low
Climate intervention technologies such as carbon dioxide removal and solar geoengineering are becoming more actively considered as solutions to global warming. The demographic aspects of the public serve as a core determinant of social vulnerability and the ability for people to cope with, or fail to cope with, exposure to heat waves, air pollution, or disruptions in access to modern energy services. This study examines public preferences for 10 different climate interventions utilizing an original, large-scale, cross-country set of nationally representative surveys in 30 countries. It focuses intently on the demographic dimensions of gender, youth and age, poverty, and income as well as intersections and interactions between these categories. We find that support for the more engineered forms of carbon removal decreases with age. Gender has little effect overall. Those in poverty and the Global South are nearly universally more supportive of climate interventions of various types. Public support for solar geoengineering and carbon dioxide removal methods decreases with age, and gender has little effect overall, according to an analysis combining the survey of 30 844 participants from 30 countries and a statistical approach.
二氧化碳清除和太阳能地球工程等气候干预技术正被更积极地视为解决全球变暖问题的办法。公众的人口结构是决定社会脆弱性以及人们应对或无法应对热浪、空气污染或现代能源服务中断的能力的核心因素。本研究利用在 30 个国家进行的一套原创性、大规模、跨国的全国代表性调查,研究了公众对 10 种不同气候干预措施的偏好。研究重点关注性别、青年和年龄、贫困和收入等人口因素,以及这些因素之间的交叉和相互作用。我们发现,随着年龄的增长,人们对工程化程度较高的碳清除方式的支持度会降低。性别在总体上影响不大。贫困人口和全球南部人口几乎普遍更支持各种类型的气候干预措施。根据对来自 30 个国家的 30 844 名参与者的调查和统计方法的综合分析,公众对太阳能地球工程和二氧化碳清除方法的支持随着年龄的增长而减少,而性别在总体上影响不大。
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引用次数: 0
Iron transformation mediates phosphate retention across a permafrost thaw gradient 铁转化介导磷酸盐在永久冻土融化梯度上的保留
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01810-z
Maximilian Barczok, Chelsea Smith, Lauren Kinsman-Costello, Monique Patzner, Casey Bryce, Andreas Kappler, David Singer, Elizabeth Herndon
Phosphorus limits primary productivity in many (Sub-)Arctic ecosystems and may constrain biological carbon sequestration. Iron (III) oxides strongly bind phosphate in soils but can dissolve under flooded, reducing conditions induced by permafrost thaw and ground collapse. The ability for iron to regulate phosphate storage and solubility in thawing permafrost landscapes remains unclear. Here, iron-rich sediments containing iron oxides and organic-bound iron were incubated with or without added phosphate in soils along a permafrost thaw gradient to evaluate how iron-phosphate associations respond to thaw-induced redox shifts. Iron oxides partially dissolved and released sorbed phosphate when incubated in soils underlain by degraded permafrost. Iron complexed by organic matter remained stable but provided no phosphate binding capacity. Phosphate addition enhanced iron oxide dissolution and phosphorus concentrations in associated microbial biomass. Our study demonstrates that the capacity for iron oxides to immobilize and retain phosphate in permafrost peatlands decreases with permafrost thaw. Thawing of permafrost in peatlands decreases the immobilization and retention of phosphate with Fe oxides and releases initially sorbed phosphate, according to incubation experiments with Fe-rich sediments in soil along a permafrost thaw gradient.
磷限制了许多(亚)北极生态系统的初级生产力,并可能制约生物碳固存。铁(III)氧化物与土壤中的磷酸盐紧密结合,但在永久冻土融化和地面塌陷引起的淹没、还原条件下会溶解。目前还不清楚铁在解冻的永久冻土地貌中调节磷酸盐储存和溶解度的能力。在这里,将含有铁氧化物和有机结合铁的富铁沉积物与或不与添加磷酸盐的土壤沿永久冻土融化梯度培养,以评估铁与磷酸盐的结合如何对融化引起的氧化还原转变做出反应。在退化的永久冻土层下的土壤中培养时,氧化铁部分溶解并释放出吸附的磷酸盐。与有机物络合的铁保持稳定,但不提供磷酸盐结合能力。磷酸盐的添加增强了氧化铁的溶解和相关微生物生物量中磷的浓度。我们的研究表明,氧化铁固定和保留永久冻土泥炭地中磷酸盐的能力会随着永久冻土的解冻而降低。根据沿永久冻土融化梯度对土壤中富铁沉积物进行的培养实验,泥炭地永久冻土的融化会降低氧化铁对磷酸盐的固定和保留能力,并释放最初吸附的磷酸盐。
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引用次数: 0
Supraglacial and subglacial ecosystems contribute differently towards proglacial ecosystem communities in Kuoqionggangri Glacier, Tibetan Plateau 上冰川和亚冰川生态系统对青藏高原郭琼岗日冰川前冰川生态系统群落的不同贡献
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01809-6
Zhihao Zhang, Yongqin Liu, Keshao Liu, Yuying Chen, Xuezi Guo, Mukan Ji, Weishu Zhao
Glaciers are experiencing unprecedented global warming, resulting in significant changes to microbial communities and nutrient transport within glacial ecosystems. However, the influence of supraglacial and subglacial ecosystems on the proglacial ecosystem remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated microbial communities across seven habitats in three glacial ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau using 16S rRNA sequencing. Our results revealed that the proglacial ecosystem exhibited higher alpha diversity but lower network stability than other ecosystems. Moreover, supraglacial and subglacial ecosystems contributed differently to the community diversity and stability of the proglacial ecosystem. Supraglacial ecosystems provided more high-abundance species and had a greater impact on the proglacial ecosystem’s stability, while subglacial ecosystems released a broader range of diverse taxa. These findings highlight the distinct influences of supraglacial and subglacial ecosystems on microbial community dynamics in proglacial environments, offering insights into their interactions and potential impacts on downstream environments as glaciers retreat. Proglacial ecosystem community structure is driven both by high-abundance supraglacial ecosystems and high-diversity subglacial ecosystems, according to in-situ data from the Tibetan Plateau
冰川正经历着前所未有的全球变暖,导致冰川生态系统中的微生物群落和营养物质运输发生了重大变化。然而,人们对上冰川和亚冰川生态系统对前冰川生态系统的影响仍然知之甚少。在这里,我们利用 16S rRNA 测序技术研究了青藏高原三个冰川生态系统中七个生境的微生物群落。结果发现,与其他生态系统相比,前冰川生态系统表现出更高的α多样性,但网络稳定性较低。此外,超冰川生态系统和亚冰川生态系统对前冰川生态系统群落多样性和稳定性的贡献不同。超冰川生态系统提供了更多的高丰度物种,对原冰川生态系统的稳定性产生了更大的影响,而亚冰川生态系统则释放了更广泛的多样化类群。这些发现凸显了超冰川生态系统和亚冰川生态系统对冰川环境中微生物群落动力学的不同影响,为冰川退缩时它们之间的相互作用以及对下游环境的潜在影响提供了启示。根据青藏高原的原位数据,冰川生态系统群落结构是由高丰度的超冰川生态系统和高多样性的亚冰川生态系统共同驱动的
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引用次数: 0
Minimum velocity for impact ejecta to form secondaries on terrestrial bodies 撞击喷出物在陆地天体上形成次级的最小速度
IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01820-x
Rui Xu, Zhiyong Xiao, Yichen Wang, Fanglu Luo, Yizhen Ma
The minimum velocity (v) for impact ejecta to form secondary craters (secondaries) remains enigmatic, but it is a crucial parameter in untangling the fate of impact ejecta on planetary surfaces. By cataloging the distances (L) of the nearest secondaries from centers of various-sized (D) primary craters (primaries) on the Moon, Mars and Mercury, we find that v can be as small as ~25 m/s, and an unified power-law relationship of L = 1.86D0.93 (both in meters) works for both simple and complex craters, regardless of different surface gravity and target properties. This relationship also successfully predicts occurrences of secondaries formed by craters on Venus. The constraint on v explains the common concurrences of structural disturbances in crater walls and continuous ejecta deposits caused by landing of cogenetic ejecta, suggesting that ejecta forming self-secondaries do not need near-vertical ejection angles and tertiary craters should be abundant on terrestrial bodies. Mapping of the distances of secondary craters from their primary crater on the Moon, Mars, and Mercury indicates a unified power law relationship, regardless of gravity and target properties and suggests the minimum impact velocity is lower than expected.
撞击喷出物形成次级陨石坑(次级)的最小速度(v)仍然是个谜,但它是解开行星表面撞击喷出物命运的一个关键参数。通过对月球、火星和水星上不同大小(D)的主陨石坑(原陨石坑)中心到最近的次级陨石坑的距离(L)进行编目,我们发现 v 可以小到 ~25 m/s,而统一的幂律关系 L = 1.86D0.93(单位均为米)适用于简单和复杂的陨石坑,与不同的表面重力和目标特性无关。这一关系也成功地预测了金星上陨石坑所形成的次级陨石坑的出现。对 v 的限制解释了陨石坑壁结构扰动和同源喷出物着陆造成的连续喷出物沉积的常见现象,表明形成自次级的喷出物不需要接近垂直的喷射角,三级陨石坑在陆地天体上应该非常多。对月球、火星和水星上次级陨石坑与其初级陨石坑距离的测绘表明,无论重力和目标特性如何,都存在统一的幂律关系,并表明最小撞击速度比预期的要低。
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引用次数: 0
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