Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01917-3
Hector S. Torres, Ernesto Rodriguez, Alexander Wineteer, Patrice Klein, Andrew F. Thompson, Jörn Callies, Eric D’Asaro, Dragana Perkovic-Martin, J. Thomas Farrar, Federica Polverari, Ruzbeh Akbar
Ocean images collected by astronauts onboard the Apollo spacecraft more than 50 years ago revealed a large number of ocean eddies, with a size between 1 and 20 km. Since then, satellite infrared, ocean color, sun glitter and synthetic aperture radar images, with high spatial resolution, have confirmed the ubiquitous presence of these small eddies in all oceans. However, observing the dynamical characteristics and evolution of these eddies has remained challenging. An experiment was recently carried out in the California Current system using the new airborne Doppler Scatterometer (National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Jet Propulsion Laboratory DopplerScatt) instrument that observes surface velocities. Here, with DopplerScatt, we mapped a 30 × 100 km domain over multiple days to unveil numerous 1–20 km ocean eddies, called submesoscale eddies, that evolve over a period of a few hours. The strong interactions between eddies generate horizontal velocity divergence, implying vertical velocities reaching 250 m day−1 at 40 m depth. The velocity field also produces horizontal dispersion of particles over a distance of 50 km within 12 h, which rapidly fills the turbulent eddy field. These observations suggest that submesoscale ocean turbulence may profoundly affect the vertical transport of heat, carbon, and important climatic gases between the atmosphere and the ocean interior, as well as the horizontal dispersion of tracers and particles. As such, submesoscale ocean eddies are a critical element of Earth’s climate system. Submesoscale eddies in the upper ocean play a critical role in the vertical transport and dispersion of ocean properties, including heat, nutrients, and carbon, making them essential for regulating the Earth’s climate system, according to results from the new airborne Doppler Scatterometer.
{"title":"Airborne observations of fast-evolving ocean submesoscale turbulence","authors":"Hector S. Torres, Ernesto Rodriguez, Alexander Wineteer, Patrice Klein, Andrew F. Thompson, Jörn Callies, Eric D’Asaro, Dragana Perkovic-Martin, J. Thomas Farrar, Federica Polverari, Ruzbeh Akbar","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01917-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01917-3","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean images collected by astronauts onboard the Apollo spacecraft more than 50 years ago revealed a large number of ocean eddies, with a size between 1 and 20 km. Since then, satellite infrared, ocean color, sun glitter and synthetic aperture radar images, with high spatial resolution, have confirmed the ubiquitous presence of these small eddies in all oceans. However, observing the dynamical characteristics and evolution of these eddies has remained challenging. An experiment was recently carried out in the California Current system using the new airborne Doppler Scatterometer (National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Jet Propulsion Laboratory DopplerScatt) instrument that observes surface velocities. Here, with DopplerScatt, we mapped a 30 × 100 km domain over multiple days to unveil numerous 1–20 km ocean eddies, called submesoscale eddies, that evolve over a period of a few hours. The strong interactions between eddies generate horizontal velocity divergence, implying vertical velocities reaching 250 m day−1 at 40 m depth. The velocity field also produces horizontal dispersion of particles over a distance of 50 km within 12 h, which rapidly fills the turbulent eddy field. These observations suggest that submesoscale ocean turbulence may profoundly affect the vertical transport of heat, carbon, and important climatic gases between the atmosphere and the ocean interior, as well as the horizontal dispersion of tracers and particles. As such, submesoscale ocean eddies are a critical element of Earth’s climate system. Submesoscale eddies in the upper ocean play a critical role in the vertical transport and dispersion of ocean properties, including heat, nutrients, and carbon, making them essential for regulating the Earth’s climate system, according to results from the new airborne Doppler Scatterometer.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01917-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01916-4
Humphrey Adun, Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Olusola Bamisile, Yihua Hu, Iain Staffell, Haris R. Gilani
Deep decarbonization is essential for achieving the Paris Agreement goals, and carbon dioxide removal is required to address residual emissions and achieve net-zero targets. However, the implications of delaying the deployment of removal technologies remain unclear. We quantify how different carbon removal methods and their deployment timing affect achieving net zero emissions by 2050 in the United States. Our findings show that postponing novel technologies until mid-century forces accelerated decarbonization of energy-intensive sectors, reducing residual emissions by at least 12% compared with near-term deployment of carbon dioxide removal. This delay increases transition costs, requiring carbon prices 59–79% higher than with near-term deployment. It also heightens the risk of premature fossil fuel retirement in the electricity sector, leading to 128–220 billion USD losses compared to gradual scale up starting now. A balanced, near-term co-deployment of novel removal methods mitigates risks associated with relying on a single approach and addresses sustainability and scalability concerns. In the US, the delay in novel carbon dioxide removal until mid-century and focus on other mitigation actions reduces 2050 residual emissions to 17 percent of 2020 levels but at a high economic cost, according to an analysis that uses a market equilibrium model with a scenario approach.
{"title":"Near-term carbon dioxide removal deployment can minimize disruptive pace of decarbonization and economic risks towards United States’ net-zero goal","authors":"Humphrey Adun, Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Olusola Bamisile, Yihua Hu, Iain Staffell, Haris R. Gilani","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01916-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01916-4","url":null,"abstract":"Deep decarbonization is essential for achieving the Paris Agreement goals, and carbon dioxide removal is required to address residual emissions and achieve net-zero targets. However, the implications of delaying the deployment of removal technologies remain unclear. We quantify how different carbon removal methods and their deployment timing affect achieving net zero emissions by 2050 in the United States. Our findings show that postponing novel technologies until mid-century forces accelerated decarbonization of energy-intensive sectors, reducing residual emissions by at least 12% compared with near-term deployment of carbon dioxide removal. This delay increases transition costs, requiring carbon prices 59–79% higher than with near-term deployment. It also heightens the risk of premature fossil fuel retirement in the electricity sector, leading to 128–220 billion USD losses compared to gradual scale up starting now. A balanced, near-term co-deployment of novel removal methods mitigates risks associated with relying on a single approach and addresses sustainability and scalability concerns. In the US, the delay in novel carbon dioxide removal until mid-century and focus on other mitigation actions reduces 2050 residual emissions to 17 percent of 2020 levels but at a high economic cost, according to an analysis that uses a market equilibrium model with a scenario approach.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01916-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01958-8
Chao Liu, Soon-Il An, Zixiang Yan, Soong-Ki Kim, Seungmok Paik
El Niño-Southern Oscillation-induced tropical Pacific precipitation anomalies have global impacts and will intensify under greenhouse warming, but the potential for mitigating these changes is less understood. Here, we identify distinct hysteresis features in the precipitation-sea surface temperature sensitivity between strong El Niño and La Niña phases using a large ensemble carbon removal numerical simulation. The strong El Niño precipitation sensitivity exhibits a century-scale hysteretic enhancement and eastward shift, mainly due to modulated deep convection anomalies by the Intertropical Convergence Zone via cloud-longwave feedback. Instead, the strong La Niña counterpart is concentrated toward the equator, mostly in the central-western Pacific, with a shorter hysteresis period of a few decades. This primarily involves changes in shallow convection and surface thermal structures during La Niña, shaped by global warming-induced upper-ocean circulation changes. The distinct climate change regimes of strong El Niño and La Niña precipitation sensitivity hold important implications for assessing mitigation consequences. The hysteresis in precipitation-sea surface temperature sensitivity differs between strong El Niño and La Niña phases, with El Niño intensifying and shifting eastward due to deep convection, while La Niña is more equator-centered with a shorter hysteresis period, according to a large ensemble simulation of symmetric CO2 ramp-up and ramp-down pathways.
{"title":"Strong El Niño and La Niña precipitation—sea surface temperature sensitivity under a carbon removal scenario","authors":"Chao Liu, Soon-Il An, Zixiang Yan, Soong-Ki Kim, Seungmok Paik","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01958-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01958-8","url":null,"abstract":"El Niño-Southern Oscillation-induced tropical Pacific precipitation anomalies have global impacts and will intensify under greenhouse warming, but the potential for mitigating these changes is less understood. Here, we identify distinct hysteresis features in the precipitation-sea surface temperature sensitivity between strong El Niño and La Niña phases using a large ensemble carbon removal numerical simulation. The strong El Niño precipitation sensitivity exhibits a century-scale hysteretic enhancement and eastward shift, mainly due to modulated deep convection anomalies by the Intertropical Convergence Zone via cloud-longwave feedback. Instead, the strong La Niña counterpart is concentrated toward the equator, mostly in the central-western Pacific, with a shorter hysteresis period of a few decades. This primarily involves changes in shallow convection and surface thermal structures during La Niña, shaped by global warming-induced upper-ocean circulation changes. The distinct climate change regimes of strong El Niño and La Niña precipitation sensitivity hold important implications for assessing mitigation consequences. The hysteresis in precipitation-sea surface temperature sensitivity differs between strong El Niño and La Niña phases, with El Niño intensifying and shifting eastward due to deep convection, while La Niña is more equator-centered with a shorter hysteresis period, according to a large ensemble simulation of symmetric CO2 ramp-up and ramp-down pathways.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01958-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01929-z
Zhaoling Li, Lu Sun, Runsen Zhang, Tatsuya Hanaoka
The cement industry plays a key role in emission reduction efforts, but cement quality is rarely considered in low-carbon development analyses. Here we design three cement quality transformation routes in response to China’s cement quality improvement program and analyse the corresponding low-carbon development pathways via a bottom-up integrated assessment model. Results show that cement quality improvements trigger a 14.6% increase in energy consumption and emissions in business-as-usual scenarios in 2060. Compared with the base year, raising the environmental taxes to 46.8 Chinese Yuan per equivalent unit saves up to 75.1% of carbon dioxide emissions and 25.0% of fuel consumption from the high-quality-cement scenario by 2060. Carbon capture and storage contributes up to 77% of the emission reduction. The reduction in cement demand conserves 17.3% more energy than the high-cement-demand scenario does in 2060. Collaborative waste treatment is expected to replace 22.4% of fuel consumption in the cement industry in 2060. In China, under the high cement quality scenario, the increase of environmental taxes is projected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption in the cement industry by 2060, according to an analysis that uses an integrated assessment model with the flow of energy and materials.
{"title":"Decarbonization pathways promote improvements in cement quality and reduce the environmental impact of China’s cement industry","authors":"Zhaoling Li, Lu Sun, Runsen Zhang, Tatsuya Hanaoka","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01929-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01929-z","url":null,"abstract":"The cement industry plays a key role in emission reduction efforts, but cement quality is rarely considered in low-carbon development analyses. Here we design three cement quality transformation routes in response to China’s cement quality improvement program and analyse the corresponding low-carbon development pathways via a bottom-up integrated assessment model. Results show that cement quality improvements trigger a 14.6% increase in energy consumption and emissions in business-as-usual scenarios in 2060. Compared with the base year, raising the environmental taxes to 46.8 Chinese Yuan per equivalent unit saves up to 75.1% of carbon dioxide emissions and 25.0% of fuel consumption from the high-quality-cement scenario by 2060. Carbon capture and storage contributes up to 77% of the emission reduction. The reduction in cement demand conserves 17.3% more energy than the high-cement-demand scenario does in 2060. Collaborative waste treatment is expected to replace 22.4% of fuel consumption in the cement industry in 2060. In China, under the high cement quality scenario, the increase of environmental taxes is projected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption in the cement industry by 2060, according to an analysis that uses an integrated assessment model with the flow of energy and materials.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01929-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01935-1
Jordi Sardans, Albert Miralles, Akash Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, Rong Wang, Josep Peñuelas
Global warming has impacted water cycle, but not exist a global study of the changes at global scale of the impacts on water available for plants. Here, cloud-optimized monthly aggregated climate reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts dataset indicates that from 1960 to 2023, 27.9% of the global land surface became significantly more arid, while 20.5% became significantly less arid. This indicates a shift towards drier climates, with humid, semi-humid, and semi-arid areas decreasing by 8.51, 1.45, and 0.53 million-km², respectively, and arid and hyper-arid areas increasing by 6.34 and 4.18 million-km², respectively. This total increase of 9.99 million km² in arid areas represents 5.9% of the global land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica. Accelerated aridification has occurred in already dry regions, such as South-west North-America, North-Brazil, the European-Basin, North-Africa, the Middle-East, the Sahel, and central-Asia, with central-Africa as a new hotspot. The main driver is the disproportionate increase in potential evapotranspiration relative to rainfall, attributed to rising atmospheric temperatures, which also reduces the land’s carbon sink capacity, potentially exacerbating climate warming. From 1960 to 2023, 27.9% of the global land surface became more arid, while 20.5% became less arid, resulting in a 5.9% increase in arid regions, linked to reduction of land’s carbon sink capacity and climate warming, according to analysis of the ERA5-land monthly aggregated climate reanalysis dataset.
{"title":"Growing aridity poses threats to global land surface","authors":"Jordi Sardans, Albert Miralles, Akash Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, Rong Wang, Josep Peñuelas","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01935-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01935-1","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming has impacted water cycle, but not exist a global study of the changes at global scale of the impacts on water available for plants. Here, cloud-optimized monthly aggregated climate reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts dataset indicates that from 1960 to 2023, 27.9% of the global land surface became significantly more arid, while 20.5% became significantly less arid. This indicates a shift towards drier climates, with humid, semi-humid, and semi-arid areas decreasing by 8.51, 1.45, and 0.53 million-km², respectively, and arid and hyper-arid areas increasing by 6.34 and 4.18 million-km², respectively. This total increase of 9.99 million km² in arid areas represents 5.9% of the global land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica. Accelerated aridification has occurred in already dry regions, such as South-west North-America, North-Brazil, the European-Basin, North-Africa, the Middle-East, the Sahel, and central-Asia, with central-Africa as a new hotspot. The main driver is the disproportionate increase in potential evapotranspiration relative to rainfall, attributed to rising atmospheric temperatures, which also reduces the land’s carbon sink capacity, potentially exacerbating climate warming. From 1960 to 2023, 27.9% of the global land surface became more arid, while 20.5% became less arid, resulting in a 5.9% increase in arid regions, linked to reduction of land’s carbon sink capacity and climate warming, according to analysis of the ERA5-land monthly aggregated climate reanalysis dataset.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01935-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01923-5
Xia Zhang, Bo Huang, Nariê Rinke Dias de Souza, Xiangping Hu, Francesco Cherubini
Perennial grasses are an option to mitigate global warming, increase energy security, and alleviate environmental pressures within agricultural landscapes. Their cultivation alters near-surface temperature in ways that are still largely unclear. Here, a regional climate model with an enhanced representation of perennial grasses shows that converting today’s cropland areas in Europe induces annual mean temperature reductions in summer and autumn (up to –1 °C), which are primarily driven by a later harvest of perennial grasses relative to annual crops. Cultivation of perennial grasses where they deliver stronger biogeophysical cooling can achieve a similar annual mean temperature reduction on half of the land. This cooling can counteract up to 50% of the projected future warming and it is three times larger than what is achieved via carbon emission reductions. A sustainable deployment of perennial grasses has the potential to link global mitigation objectives with co-benefits for the local climate and environment. In Europe, converting today’s cropland areas into perennial grasses, such as switchgrass, reduces annual mean temperatures in summer and autumn, according to an analysis that uses a regional climate model and life cycle assessment.
{"title":"Regional cooling potential from expansion of perennial grasses in Europe","authors":"Xia Zhang, Bo Huang, Nariê Rinke Dias de Souza, Xiangping Hu, Francesco Cherubini","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01923-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01923-5","url":null,"abstract":"Perennial grasses are an option to mitigate global warming, increase energy security, and alleviate environmental pressures within agricultural landscapes. Their cultivation alters near-surface temperature in ways that are still largely unclear. Here, a regional climate model with an enhanced representation of perennial grasses shows that converting today’s cropland areas in Europe induces annual mean temperature reductions in summer and autumn (up to –1 °C), which are primarily driven by a later harvest of perennial grasses relative to annual crops. Cultivation of perennial grasses where they deliver stronger biogeophysical cooling can achieve a similar annual mean temperature reduction on half of the land. This cooling can counteract up to 50% of the projected future warming and it is three times larger than what is achieved via carbon emission reductions. A sustainable deployment of perennial grasses has the potential to link global mitigation objectives with co-benefits for the local climate and environment. In Europe, converting today’s cropland areas into perennial grasses, such as switchgrass, reduces annual mean temperatures in summer and autumn, according to an analysis that uses a regional climate model and life cycle assessment.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01923-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01944-0
Mahelet G. Fikru, Sreeja Koppera
Critical minerals are essential for advancing the energy transition. However, the public’s perception of these minerals and their application is still not well understood. Here, we investigate public awareness and perceptions of critical minerals in the United States, based on a nationally representative survey of 1200 online respondents. While only 38% of respondents stated familiarity with critical minerals, over 80% recognized the importance of minerals in the energy transition. Participants were most supportive of strategies focused on mineral research and improving the environmental impacts of mining, while domestic mining received less support. Regression analysis shows that individuals who perceive mineral criticality based on their importance to clean energy support multiple mineral policies, whereas those concerned about import dependency or shortages prefer domestic mining. Individuals who believe environmental impacts should govern criticality designation oppose domestic mining and support mineral recycling and improving mining’s environmental impacts. These findings highlight the role of differing perceptions of mineral criticality in shaping policy preferences, emphasizing the need for public awareness to foster sustainable mineral strategies for the energy transition. In the United States, the different perceptions about critical minerals influence preferences for mineral use in energy transition strategies, according to a survey-based assessment of the public awareness of critical minerals with 1,200 respondents.
{"title":"Public perceptions of mineral criticality and preferences for energy transition strategies in the United States","authors":"Mahelet G. Fikru, Sreeja Koppera","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01944-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01944-0","url":null,"abstract":"Critical minerals are essential for advancing the energy transition. However, the public’s perception of these minerals and their application is still not well understood. Here, we investigate public awareness and perceptions of critical minerals in the United States, based on a nationally representative survey of 1200 online respondents. While only 38% of respondents stated familiarity with critical minerals, over 80% recognized the importance of minerals in the energy transition. Participants were most supportive of strategies focused on mineral research and improving the environmental impacts of mining, while domestic mining received less support. Regression analysis shows that individuals who perceive mineral criticality based on their importance to clean energy support multiple mineral policies, whereas those concerned about import dependency or shortages prefer domestic mining. Individuals who believe environmental impacts should govern criticality designation oppose domestic mining and support mineral recycling and improving mining’s environmental impacts. These findings highlight the role of differing perceptions of mineral criticality in shaping policy preferences, emphasizing the need for public awareness to foster sustainable mineral strategies for the energy transition. In the United States, the different perceptions about critical minerals influence preferences for mineral use in energy transition strategies, according to a survey-based assessment of the public awareness of critical minerals with 1,200 respondents.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01944-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01952-0
Antonietta Capotondi, Regina R. Rodrigues, Alex Sen Gupta, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Clara Deser, Thomas L. Frölicher, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Dillon J. Amaya, Natacha Le Grix, Tongtong Xu, Juliet Hermes, Neil J. Holbrook, Cristian Martinez-Villalobos, Simona Masina, Mathew Koll Roxy, Amandine Schaeffer, Robert W. Schlegel, Kathryn E. Smith, Chunzai Wang
{"title":"Publisher Correction: A global overview of marine heatwaves in a changing climate","authors":"Antonietta Capotondi, Regina R. Rodrigues, Alex Sen Gupta, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Clara Deser, Thomas L. Frölicher, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Dillon J. Amaya, Natacha Le Grix, Tongtong Xu, Juliet Hermes, Neil J. Holbrook, Cristian Martinez-Villalobos, Simona Masina, Mathew Koll Roxy, Amandine Schaeffer, Robert W. Schlegel, Kathryn E. Smith, Chunzai Wang","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01952-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01952-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01952-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01962-y
Runxin Yu, Shiping Ma, Da Zhang, Xiliang Zhang
As forest-based carbon offset programs gain increasing attention, quantifying their impacts beyond project boundaries remains an open issue, particularly in subtropical and temperate regions. Here we focus on the local spillover effects of 36 forest offset projects in China’s voluntary carbon market. Using matching and difference-in-difference analysis, we compare the forest status of the project areas and buffer zones to their reference areas. Results show overall positive forest gains of 2.25% to 4.25% in project sites, with neighboring areas seeing spillover gains of 0.91% to 1.60%, exhibiting heterogeneity in individual projects. Further analysis finds limited evidence of leakage, possibly due to China’s land policies and project features; instead, positive spillovers are facilitated by knowledge diffusion and information flow, supported by reduced wildfire activities and project application patterns. This study demonstrates that well-designed forest offset programs can yield benefits beyond their boundaries, providing insights for offset policy design and project implementation. Across 36 forest offset projects in China, the vegetation increased from 2000 to 2022, and the forest gain is also evident in buffer zones, according to an analysis that uses biophysical and land-use variables and a difference-in-difference model.
{"title":"Forest vegetation increased across China’s carbon offset projects and positively impacted neighboring areas","authors":"Runxin Yu, Shiping Ma, Da Zhang, Xiliang Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01962-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01962-y","url":null,"abstract":"As forest-based carbon offset programs gain increasing attention, quantifying their impacts beyond project boundaries remains an open issue, particularly in subtropical and temperate regions. Here we focus on the local spillover effects of 36 forest offset projects in China’s voluntary carbon market. Using matching and difference-in-difference analysis, we compare the forest status of the project areas and buffer zones to their reference areas. Results show overall positive forest gains of 2.25% to 4.25% in project sites, with neighboring areas seeing spillover gains of 0.91% to 1.60%, exhibiting heterogeneity in individual projects. Further analysis finds limited evidence of leakage, possibly due to China’s land policies and project features; instead, positive spillovers are facilitated by knowledge diffusion and information flow, supported by reduced wildfire activities and project application patterns. This study demonstrates that well-designed forest offset programs can yield benefits beyond their boundaries, providing insights for offset policy design and project implementation. Across 36 forest offset projects in China, the vegetation increased from 2000 to 2022, and the forest gain is also evident in buffer zones, according to an analysis that uses biophysical and land-use variables and a difference-in-difference model.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01962-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One mechanism by which the ocean uptakes carbon dioxide is through the biological carbon fixation and its subsequent transport to the deep ocean, a process known as the biological carbon pump. Although the importance of the biological pump in the global carbon cycle has long been recognized, its actual contribution remains uncertain. Here, we quantify the carbon export from the upper ocean via the biological carbon pump by revealing the upper ocean dissolved oxygen balance. Calculations of dissolved oxygen budget quantified net oxygen removals from the upper ocean by physical processes (air–sea exchange, advection, and diffusion) and indicated net biological oxygen production that compensated for those removals. The derived oxygen production is converted to carbon units using the photosynthetic ratio, and inferred an estimated global annual carbon export through the biological pump of 7.36 ± 2.12 Pg C year−1 with providing insights into the overall ocean carbon cycle. The biological carbon pump exports about 7.36 Pg of carbon globally per year from the upper ocean, according to an estimation of the dissolved oxygen budget that accounts for air–sea exchange, advection, and diffusion.
海洋吸收二氧化碳的机制之一是通过生物固碳，然后将其输送到深海，这一过程被称为生物碳泵。虽然生物碳泵在全球碳循环中的重要性早已得到认可，但其实际贡献仍不确定。在这里，我们通过揭示上层海洋溶解氧平衡来量化通过生物碳泵从上层海洋输出的碳。溶解氧预算计算量化了物理过程（海气交换、平流和扩散）造成的上层海洋净氧清除量，并显示了补偿这些清除量的净生物产氧量。利用光合作用比率将得出的氧气产量转换为碳单位，推断出通过生物泵输出的全球年度碳排放量估计为 7.36 ± 2.12 Pg C year-1，为了解整个海洋碳循环提供了依据。根据考虑到海气交换、平流和扩散的溶解氧预算估算，生物碳泵每年从上层海洋向全球输出约 7.36 Pg 碳。
{"title":"Global upper ocean dissolved oxygen budget for constraining the biological carbon pump","authors":"Ryohei Yamaguchi, Shinya Kouketsu, Naohiro Kosugi, Masao Ishii","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01886-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01886-7","url":null,"abstract":"One mechanism by which the ocean uptakes carbon dioxide is through the biological carbon fixation and its subsequent transport to the deep ocean, a process known as the biological carbon pump. Although the importance of the biological pump in the global carbon cycle has long been recognized, its actual contribution remains uncertain. Here, we quantify the carbon export from the upper ocean via the biological carbon pump by revealing the upper ocean dissolved oxygen balance. Calculations of dissolved oxygen budget quantified net oxygen removals from the upper ocean by physical processes (air–sea exchange, advection, and diffusion) and indicated net biological oxygen production that compensated for those removals. The derived oxygen production is converted to carbon units using the photosynthetic ratio, and inferred an estimated global annual carbon export through the biological pump of 7.36 ± 2.12 Pg C year−1 with providing insights into the overall ocean carbon cycle. The biological carbon pump exports about 7.36 Pg of carbon globally per year from the upper ocean, according to an estimation of the dissolved oxygen budget that accounts for air–sea exchange, advection, and diffusion.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01886-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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