Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01832-7
Mary A. Zeller, Bryce R. Van Dam, Christian Lopes, Amy M. McKenna, Christopher L. Osburn, James W. Fourqurean, John S. Kominoski, Michael Ernst Böttcher
The particulate organic matter buried in carbonate-rich seagrass ecosystems is an important blue carbon reservoir. While carbonate sediments are affected by alkalinity produced or consumed in seagrass-mediated biogeochemical processes, little is known about the corresponding impact on organic matter. A portion of particulate organic matter is carbonate-associated organic matter. Here, we explore its biogeochemistry in a carbonate seagrass meadow in central Florida Bay, USA. We couple inorganic stable isotope analyses (δ34S, δ18O) with a molecular characterization of dissolved and carbonate associated organic matter (21 tesla Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry). We find that carbonate-associated molecular formulas are highly sulfurized compared to surface water dissolved organic matter, with multiple sulfurization pathways at play. Furthermore, 97% of the formula abundance of surface water dissolved organic matter is shared with carbonate-associated organic matter, indicating connectivity between these two pools. We estimate that 9.2% of the particulate organic matter is carbonate-associated, and readily exchangeable with the broader aquatic system as the sediment dissolves and reprecipitates. Seagrass-mediated dissolution and reprecipitation of carbonate sediments have consequences for sedimentary organic matter cycling in terms of sulfur content and coupling to dissolved pools, according to an analysis using inorganic stable isotopes combined with molecular characterization.
{"title":"The unique biogeochemical role of carbonate-associated organic matter in a subtropical seagrass meadow","authors":"Mary A. Zeller, Bryce R. Van Dam, Christian Lopes, Amy M. McKenna, Christopher L. Osburn, James W. Fourqurean, John S. Kominoski, Michael Ernst Böttcher","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01832-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01832-7","url":null,"abstract":"The particulate organic matter buried in carbonate-rich seagrass ecosystems is an important blue carbon reservoir. While carbonate sediments are affected by alkalinity produced or consumed in seagrass-mediated biogeochemical processes, little is known about the corresponding impact on organic matter. A portion of particulate organic matter is carbonate-associated organic matter. Here, we explore its biogeochemistry in a carbonate seagrass meadow in central Florida Bay, USA. We couple inorganic stable isotope analyses (δ34S, δ18O) with a molecular characterization of dissolved and carbonate associated organic matter (21 tesla Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry). We find that carbonate-associated molecular formulas are highly sulfurized compared to surface water dissolved organic matter, with multiple sulfurization pathways at play. Furthermore, 97% of the formula abundance of surface water dissolved organic matter is shared with carbonate-associated organic matter, indicating connectivity between these two pools. We estimate that 9.2% of the particulate organic matter is carbonate-associated, and readily exchangeable with the broader aquatic system as the sediment dissolves and reprecipitates. Seagrass-mediated dissolution and reprecipitation of carbonate sediments have consequences for sedimentary organic matter cycling in terms of sulfur content and coupling to dissolved pools, according to an analysis using inorganic stable isotopes combined with molecular characterization.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01832-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01853-2
Colette J. Feehan, Karen Filbee-Dexter, Mads Solgaard Thomsen, Thomas Wernberg, Travis Miles
Climate change is driving an ongoing increase in tropical cyclone (TC) activity. While global economic losses are projected to double by 2100, there are no comparable predictions for TC impacts to coastal ecosystems that protect and sustain human lives and livelihoods. Here, rising North Atlantic TC (NATC) activity from 1970 to 2019, influenced by anthropogenic and natural climate forcing, is used to study the ecosystem impacts of intensifying TCs, potentially indicative of broader future climate change scenarios. Analysis of 97 NATC landfalls revealed 891 immediate post-storm impacts on ecosystems, with particularly detrimental effects on mangrove forests. Specifically, NATCs reduced the performance of individual species. Additionally, they altered community structure and processes through impacts on foundation species and their associated organisms. The severity of impacts was directly correlated with NATC landfall intensity (wind speed) for mangroves, whereas changes to waves, surge, sediments, and salinity caused most impacts on coral reefs, salt marshes, seagrass meadows, and oyster reefs (respectively), indicating complex intensity-damage interactions for many ecosystems. The analyses also revealed a positive correlation between very intense NATC activity and ecosystem damages. The research highlights a concerning trend of escalating impacts on coastal ecosystems under rising storm intensities, with the potential to challenge ecosystem resilience. Damage to ecosystem community structure and processes as well as to individual species performance as a result of North Atlantic tropical cyclones show an increasing trend from 1970 to 2019, according to an analysis of post-landfall ecosystem impacts.
{"title":"Ecosystem damage by increasing tropical cyclones","authors":"Colette J. Feehan, Karen Filbee-Dexter, Mads Solgaard Thomsen, Thomas Wernberg, Travis Miles","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01853-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01853-2","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is driving an ongoing increase in tropical cyclone (TC) activity. While global economic losses are projected to double by 2100, there are no comparable predictions for TC impacts to coastal ecosystems that protect and sustain human lives and livelihoods. Here, rising North Atlantic TC (NATC) activity from 1970 to 2019, influenced by anthropogenic and natural climate forcing, is used to study the ecosystem impacts of intensifying TCs, potentially indicative of broader future climate change scenarios. Analysis of 97 NATC landfalls revealed 891 immediate post-storm impacts on ecosystems, with particularly detrimental effects on mangrove forests. Specifically, NATCs reduced the performance of individual species. Additionally, they altered community structure and processes through impacts on foundation species and their associated organisms. The severity of impacts was directly correlated with NATC landfall intensity (wind speed) for mangroves, whereas changes to waves, surge, sediments, and salinity caused most impacts on coral reefs, salt marshes, seagrass meadows, and oyster reefs (respectively), indicating complex intensity-damage interactions for many ecosystems. The analyses also revealed a positive correlation between very intense NATC activity and ecosystem damages. The research highlights a concerning trend of escalating impacts on coastal ecosystems under rising storm intensities, with the potential to challenge ecosystem resilience. Damage to ecosystem community structure and processes as well as to individual species performance as a result of North Atlantic tropical cyclones show an increasing trend from 1970 to 2019, according to an analysis of post-landfall ecosystem impacts.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01853-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01847-0
Marylou Athanase, Antonio Sánchez-Benítez, Eva Monfort, Thomas Jung, Helge F. Goessling
Disentangling the impact of climate change on environmental extremes is of key importance for mitigation and adaptation. Here we present an automated system that unveils the climate change signal of the day in near-real-time, employing a set of innovative storyline simulations based on a coupled climate model. Its potential to complement probabilistic assessments is showcased for storm Boris, which brought record-breaking rainfall over Central and Eastern Europe in September 2024, leading to devastating floods. Our near-real-time storylines suggest that storm Boris deposited about 9% more rain due to human-induced warming. The area impacted by the same storm’s extreme rainfall (>100 mm) was 18% larger and would continue expanding in a future warmer climate. Results from our prototype storyline system are disseminated publicly via an online tool. The case of Storm Boris demonstrates the potential of near-real-time storylines for rapid evidence-based climate change communication. Rapid and relatable climate change information for the attribution and projection of extreme events such as the devastating rainfall in Europe in September 2024 can be provided with an automated storyline approach within days of the event.
{"title":"How climate change intensified storm Boris’ extreme rainfall, revealed by near-real-time storylines","authors":"Marylou Athanase, Antonio Sánchez-Benítez, Eva Monfort, Thomas Jung, Helge F. Goessling","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01847-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01847-0","url":null,"abstract":"Disentangling the impact of climate change on environmental extremes is of key importance for mitigation and adaptation. Here we present an automated system that unveils the climate change signal of the day in near-real-time, employing a set of innovative storyline simulations based on a coupled climate model. Its potential to complement probabilistic assessments is showcased for storm Boris, which brought record-breaking rainfall over Central and Eastern Europe in September 2024, leading to devastating floods. Our near-real-time storylines suggest that storm Boris deposited about 9% more rain due to human-induced warming. The area impacted by the same storm’s extreme rainfall (>100 mm) was 18% larger and would continue expanding in a future warmer climate. Results from our prototype storyline system are disseminated publicly via an online tool. The case of Storm Boris demonstrates the potential of near-real-time storylines for rapid evidence-based climate change communication. Rapid and relatable climate change information for the attribution and projection of extreme events such as the devastating rainfall in Europe in September 2024 can be provided with an automated storyline approach within days of the event.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01847-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01783-z
Yushi Morioka, Syukuro Manabe, Liping Zhang, Thomas L. Delworth, William Cooke, Masami Nonaka, Swadhin K. Behera
Antarctic sea ice exerts great influence on Earth’s climate by controlling the exchange of heat, momentum, freshwater, and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. Antarctic sea ice extent has undergone a multidecadal slight increase followed by a substantial decline since 2016. Here we utilize a 300-yr sea ice data assimilation reconstruction and two NOAA/GFDL and five CMIP6 model simulations to demonstrate a multidecadal variability of Antarctic sea ice extent. Stronger westerlies associated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) enhance the upwelling of warm and saline water from the subsurface ocean. The consequent salinity increase weakens the upper-ocean stratification, induces deep convection, and in turn brings more subsurface warm and saline water to the surface. This salinity-convection feedback triggered by the SAM provides favorable conditions for multidecadal sea ice decrease. Processes acting in reverse are found to cause sea ice increase, although it evolves slower than sea ice decrease. Multidecadal Antarctic sea ice anomalies are preceded by wind anomalies associated with the Southern Annular Mode which may induce upwelling and melting, according to a combined approach using prolonged sea ice reconstructions and coupled model simulations
{"title":"Antarctic sea ice multidecadal variability triggered by Southern Annular Mode and deep convection","authors":"Yushi Morioka, Syukuro Manabe, Liping Zhang, Thomas L. Delworth, William Cooke, Masami Nonaka, Swadhin K. Behera","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01783-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01783-z","url":null,"abstract":"Antarctic sea ice exerts great influence on Earth’s climate by controlling the exchange of heat, momentum, freshwater, and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. Antarctic sea ice extent has undergone a multidecadal slight increase followed by a substantial decline since 2016. Here we utilize a 300-yr sea ice data assimilation reconstruction and two NOAA/GFDL and five CMIP6 model simulations to demonstrate a multidecadal variability of Antarctic sea ice extent. Stronger westerlies associated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) enhance the upwelling of warm and saline water from the subsurface ocean. The consequent salinity increase weakens the upper-ocean stratification, induces deep convection, and in turn brings more subsurface warm and saline water to the surface. This salinity-convection feedback triggered by the SAM provides favorable conditions for multidecadal sea ice decrease. Processes acting in reverse are found to cause sea ice increase, although it evolves slower than sea ice decrease. Multidecadal Antarctic sea ice anomalies are preceded by wind anomalies associated with the Southern Annular Mode which may induce upwelling and melting, according to a combined approach using prolonged sea ice reconstructions and coupled model simulations","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01783-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) event, one of the largest carbon cycle perturbations in the Cambrian, coincides with shallow-shelf-fauna extinction and plankton revolution (critical transition of plankton). The event is globally documented, but biogeochemical responses of these biotic evolutions in varying facies environments are not well understood. Here high-resolution paired δ18Ocarb, δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg datasets from varied paleodepth environments in the Tarim Basin, NW China reveal facies-dependent signatures of the event, with globally synchronous patterns but notable intra-basinal variability. Shallow marine facies record the end-Marjuman extinction with a distinct negative δ13Corg excursion prior to the event, while the transitional facies region marks twice positive δ13C excursions corresponding to an asynchronous plankton revolution from shallow and deep areas during the event. The varying isotope responses are interpreted in the context of primary productivity and redox conditions, with deeper basins recording more 13C enriched signals (i.e., higher δ13C) due to greater organic matter preservation under anoxic conditions, compared to the platform area. The biotic extinction, the planktonic revolution and the interaction of organisms along the shallow to deep marine depth gradient were reflected by the significant isotopic shifts recorded during the event, suggesting depth-dependent biogeochemical processes that shaped marine ecosystems. Biogeochemical responses to one of the largest carbon cycle perturbations taking place 497 to 494 million years ago, show variability within sedimentary basins and reflect primary productivity and redox conditions, according to high-resolution carbon and oxygen isotope analyses from the Tarim Basin, China.
{"title":"Sedimentary facies controlled biogeochemical process of biotic extinction and turnover across the Cambrian SPICE event","authors":"Haozhe Wang, Haizu Zhang, Yiman Zhang, Bin Cheng, Qian Deng, Donghui Wang, Guanyu Zhao, Zewen Liao","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01856-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01856-z","url":null,"abstract":"The Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) event, one of the largest carbon cycle perturbations in the Cambrian, coincides with shallow-shelf-fauna extinction and plankton revolution (critical transition of plankton). The event is globally documented, but biogeochemical responses of these biotic evolutions in varying facies environments are not well understood. Here high-resolution paired δ18Ocarb, δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg datasets from varied paleodepth environments in the Tarim Basin, NW China reveal facies-dependent signatures of the event, with globally synchronous patterns but notable intra-basinal variability. Shallow marine facies record the end-Marjuman extinction with a distinct negative δ13Corg excursion prior to the event, while the transitional facies region marks twice positive δ13C excursions corresponding to an asynchronous plankton revolution from shallow and deep areas during the event. The varying isotope responses are interpreted in the context of primary productivity and redox conditions, with deeper basins recording more 13C enriched signals (i.e., higher δ13C) due to greater organic matter preservation under anoxic conditions, compared to the platform area. The biotic extinction, the planktonic revolution and the interaction of organisms along the shallow to deep marine depth gradient were reflected by the significant isotopic shifts recorded during the event, suggesting depth-dependent biogeochemical processes that shaped marine ecosystems. Biogeochemical responses to one of the largest carbon cycle perturbations taking place 497 to 494 million years ago, show variability within sedimentary basins and reflect primary productivity and redox conditions, according to high-resolution carbon and oxygen isotope analyses from the Tarim Basin, China.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01856-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01867-w
Ruikun Hu, Tao Lian, Ting Liu, Jie Wang, Xunshu Song, Hui Chen, Dake Chen
The 2023/24 El Niño ranks as the second strongest event in the twenty-first century thus far. The event exhibited a two-step warming tendency and two warming centers, which could not be explained by the heat content buildup. Here, by conducting observational analysis and model experiments, we show that the record-breaking pantropical warming in 2023 mitigated this El Niño and confined the warming to the eastern basin, and that a series of westerly wind bursts induced another warming center in the central equatorial Pacific toward the end of 2023. Yet the effects of pantropical forcing and wind bursts coincidentally offset each other, leaving the heat content buildup appearing as the primary cause of the 2023/24 El Niño. Our results not only confirm the essential role of equatorial ocean heat recharge for El Niño development, but also demonstrate the necessity of accounting for multi-scale interactions from a global perspective to predict El Niño. The strong 2023/24 El Niño was affected by heat content buildup, westerly wind bursts, and record-breaking sea surface temperature warming over the tropics, with heat content buildup being the primary cause, according to analysis of observational evidence and model forecast simulations.
{"title":"Predicting the 2023/24 El Niño from a multi-scale and global perspective","authors":"Ruikun Hu, Tao Lian, Ting Liu, Jie Wang, Xunshu Song, Hui Chen, Dake Chen","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01867-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01867-w","url":null,"abstract":"The 2023/24 El Niño ranks as the second strongest event in the twenty-first century thus far. The event exhibited a two-step warming tendency and two warming centers, which could not be explained by the heat content buildup. Here, by conducting observational analysis and model experiments, we show that the record-breaking pantropical warming in 2023 mitigated this El Niño and confined the warming to the eastern basin, and that a series of westerly wind bursts induced another warming center in the central equatorial Pacific toward the end of 2023. Yet the effects of pantropical forcing and wind bursts coincidentally offset each other, leaving the heat content buildup appearing as the primary cause of the 2023/24 El Niño. Our results not only confirm the essential role of equatorial ocean heat recharge for El Niño development, but also demonstrate the necessity of accounting for multi-scale interactions from a global perspective to predict El Niño. The strong 2023/24 El Niño was affected by heat content buildup, westerly wind bursts, and record-breaking sea surface temperature warming over the tropics, with heat content buildup being the primary cause, according to analysis of observational evidence and model forecast simulations.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01867-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01833-6
Pengfei Ma, Shaofeng Liu, Guillermo Booth-Rea, Huiping Zhang, Ting Yang
Back-arc basins in subduction systems usually form following discrete subduction-related extension stages. However, in the westernmost Mediterranean, the initiation of Cenozoic extension associated with the Valencia Trough and Algerian Sea Basin introduced two extension centers nearly simultaneously in the Gibraltar subduction system, and this presents a challenge to understanding their underlying dynamics. We built three-dimensional time-dependent geodynamic models constrained by tectonic reconstructions to determine the role that the Gibraltar subduction played in shaping unconventional extensional basins. Our results suggest that the Algerian Sea Basin is a typical back-arc basin, whereas the Valencia Trough opened on the subducting plate during the rotational rollback of the Gibraltar slab. Moreover, the Valencia Trough extension likely delayed slab tearing and guided slab sinking before its final detachment, facilitating its ultimate upright positioning. We show how plates and the mantle interact dynamically in a subduction system where the slab asymmetrically rolls back. The Valencia Trough and the Algerian Sea Basin in the Western Mediterranean formed simultaneously due to the rotational rollback of the Gibraltar slab, a study using numerical geodynamic models reveals.
{"title":"Upright emplacement of the Gibraltar slab and the origin of rifting in adjacent foreland and Backarc Basins","authors":"Pengfei Ma, Shaofeng Liu, Guillermo Booth-Rea, Huiping Zhang, Ting Yang","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01833-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01833-6","url":null,"abstract":"Back-arc basins in subduction systems usually form following discrete subduction-related extension stages. However, in the westernmost Mediterranean, the initiation of Cenozoic extension associated with the Valencia Trough and Algerian Sea Basin introduced two extension centers nearly simultaneously in the Gibraltar subduction system, and this presents a challenge to understanding their underlying dynamics. We built three-dimensional time-dependent geodynamic models constrained by tectonic reconstructions to determine the role that the Gibraltar subduction played in shaping unconventional extensional basins. Our results suggest that the Algerian Sea Basin is a typical back-arc basin, whereas the Valencia Trough opened on the subducting plate during the rotational rollback of the Gibraltar slab. Moreover, the Valencia Trough extension likely delayed slab tearing and guided slab sinking before its final detachment, facilitating its ultimate upright positioning. We show how plates and the mantle interact dynamically in a subduction system where the slab asymmetrically rolls back. The Valencia Trough and the Algerian Sea Basin in the Western Mediterranean formed simultaneously due to the rotational rollback of the Gibraltar slab, a study using numerical geodynamic models reveals.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01833-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01854-1
Erica R. Bower, Sonya Epifantseva, Sydney Schmitter, Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, Scott Kulp, Christopher B. Field
The planned, permanent relocation of entire communities away from sea level rise (SLR) and coastal floods is an already occurring climate change adaptation strategy. Yet, planned relocations are fraught undertakings with multiple goals, and may or may not achieve their most basic objective: to reduce risk. Here we assess risk of future coastal flooding before and after moving, for three dates and three emissions scenarios, for 17 communities from a global dataset. Most communities achieved exposure reduction with less future inundation in destinations than origin sites, but the extent varies across time and emissions scenario. In all cases, origin sites have projected exposure to SLR plus a once-per-year flood, with increasing exposure under high emissions scenarios and towards 2100. In nine cases, even destination sites have projected inundation exposure under some scenarios. Small-island-to-small-island relocations had more projected inundation in destinations than moves from a small-island-to-mainland, or from mainland-to-mainland. Planned relocations reduce communities’ risk of future coastal floods, but they do not eliminate it entirely – especially under high emissions scenarios and for moves with small-island destinations, according to an analysis that combines data on relocation sites and inundation projections.
{"title":"Planned relocation may reduce communities’ future exposure to coastal inundation but effect varies with emission scenario and geography","authors":"Erica R. Bower, Sonya Epifantseva, Sydney Schmitter, Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, Scott Kulp, Christopher B. Field","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01854-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01854-1","url":null,"abstract":"The planned, permanent relocation of entire communities away from sea level rise (SLR) and coastal floods is an already occurring climate change adaptation strategy. Yet, planned relocations are fraught undertakings with multiple goals, and may or may not achieve their most basic objective: to reduce risk. Here we assess risk of future coastal flooding before and after moving, for three dates and three emissions scenarios, for 17 communities from a global dataset. Most communities achieved exposure reduction with less future inundation in destinations than origin sites, but the extent varies across time and emissions scenario. In all cases, origin sites have projected exposure to SLR plus a once-per-year flood, with increasing exposure under high emissions scenarios and towards 2100. In nine cases, even destination sites have projected inundation exposure under some scenarios. Small-island-to-small-island relocations had more projected inundation in destinations than moves from a small-island-to-mainland, or from mainland-to-mainland. Planned relocations reduce communities’ risk of future coastal floods, but they do not eliminate it entirely – especially under high emissions scenarios and for moves with small-island destinations, according to an analysis that combines data on relocation sites and inundation projections.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01854-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01837-2
C. Royer, C. C. Bedford, J. R. Johnson, B. H. N. Horgan, A. Broz, O. Forni, S. Connell, R. C. Wiens, L. Mandon, B. S. Kathir, E. M. Hausrath, A. Udry, J. M. Madariaga, E. Dehouck, R. B. Anderson, P. Beck, O. Beyssac, É. Clavé, S. M. Clegg, E. Cloutis, T. Fouchet, T. S. J. Gabriel, B. J. Garczynski, A. Klidaras, H. T. Manelski, L. Mayhew, J. Núñez, A. M. Ollila, S. Schröder, J. I. Simon, U. Wolf, K. M. Stack, A. Cousin, S. Maurice
The NASA Perseverance rover discovered light-toned float rocks scattered across the surface of Jezero crater that are particularly rich in alumina ( ~ 35 wt% Al2O3) and depleted in other major elements (except silica). These unique float rocks have heterogeneous mineralogy ranging from kaolinite/halloysite-bearing in hydrated samples, to spinel-bearing in dehydrated samples also containing a dehydrated Al-rich phase. Here we describe SuperCam and Mastcam-Z observations of the float rocks, including the first in situ identification of kaolinite or halloysite on another planet, and dehydrated phases including spinel and apparent partially dehydroxylated kaolinite. The presence of spinel in these samples is likely detrital in origin, surviving kaolinitization, pointing to an ultramafic origin. However, the association of low hydration with increased Al2O3 abundances suggests heating-induced dehydration which could have occurred during the lithification or impact excavation of these rocks. Given the orbital context of kaolinite-bearing megabreccia in the Jezero crater rim, we propose an origin for these rocks involving intense aqueous alteration of the parent material, followed by dehydration/lithification potentially through impact processes, and dispersion into Jezero crater through flood or impact-related processes. Aqueous alteration followed by dehydration and dispersion into Jezero crater is indicated by the identification of kaolinite or halloysite, spinel and a dehydrated Al-rich phase in spectroscopic observations of light-toned float rocks by the Perseverance rover
{"title":"Intense alteration on early Mars revealed by high-aluminum rocks at Jezero crater","authors":"C. Royer, C. C. Bedford, J. R. Johnson, B. H. N. Horgan, A. Broz, O. Forni, S. Connell, R. C. Wiens, L. Mandon, B. S. Kathir, E. M. Hausrath, A. Udry, J. M. Madariaga, E. Dehouck, R. B. Anderson, P. Beck, O. Beyssac, É. Clavé, S. M. Clegg, E. Cloutis, T. Fouchet, T. S. J. Gabriel, B. J. Garczynski, A. Klidaras, H. T. Manelski, L. Mayhew, J. Núñez, A. M. Ollila, S. Schröder, J. I. Simon, U. Wolf, K. M. Stack, A. Cousin, S. Maurice","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01837-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01837-2","url":null,"abstract":"The NASA Perseverance rover discovered light-toned float rocks scattered across the surface of Jezero crater that are particularly rich in alumina ( ~ 35 wt% Al2O3) and depleted in other major elements (except silica). These unique float rocks have heterogeneous mineralogy ranging from kaolinite/halloysite-bearing in hydrated samples, to spinel-bearing in dehydrated samples also containing a dehydrated Al-rich phase. Here we describe SuperCam and Mastcam-Z observations of the float rocks, including the first in situ identification of kaolinite or halloysite on another planet, and dehydrated phases including spinel and apparent partially dehydroxylated kaolinite. The presence of spinel in these samples is likely detrital in origin, surviving kaolinitization, pointing to an ultramafic origin. However, the association of low hydration with increased Al2O3 abundances suggests heating-induced dehydration which could have occurred during the lithification or impact excavation of these rocks. Given the orbital context of kaolinite-bearing megabreccia in the Jezero crater rim, we propose an origin for these rocks involving intense aqueous alteration of the parent material, followed by dehydration/lithification potentially through impact processes, and dispersion into Jezero crater through flood or impact-related processes. Aqueous alteration followed by dehydration and dispersion into Jezero crater is indicated by the identification of kaolinite or halloysite, spinel and a dehydrated Al-rich phase in spectroscopic observations of light-toned float rocks by the Perseverance rover","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01837-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01775-z
Stefan Gössling, Andreas Humpe, Jorge Cardoso Leitão
Commercial aviation’s contribution to climate change is growing, but the global role of private aviation is not well quantified. Here we calculate the sector’s CO2 emissions, using flight tracker data from the ADS-B Exchange platform for the period 2019 to 2023. Flight times for 25,993 private aircraft and 18,655,789 individual flights in 2019-2023 are linked to 72 aircraft models and their average fuel consumption. We find that private aviation contributed at least 15.6 Mt CO2 in direct emissions in 2023, or about 3.6 t CO2 per flight. Almost half of all flights (47.4%) are shorter than 500 km. Private aviation is concentrated in the USA, where 68.7% of the aircraft are registered. Flight pattern analysis confirms extensive travel for leisure purposes, and for cultural and political events. Emissions increased by 46% between 2019-2023, with industry expectations of continued strong growth. Regulation is needed to address the sector’s growing climate impact. Carbon dioxide emissions from private aviation increased by 46% between 2019 and 2023, with almost half of flights covering less than 500 km in distance, according to an analysis of flight tracking data.
{"title":"Private aviation is making a growing contribution to climate change","authors":"Stefan Gössling, Andreas Humpe, Jorge Cardoso Leitão","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01775-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01775-z","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial aviation’s contribution to climate change is growing, but the global role of private aviation is not well quantified. Here we calculate the sector’s CO2 emissions, using flight tracker data from the ADS-B Exchange platform for the period 2019 to 2023. Flight times for 25,993 private aircraft and 18,655,789 individual flights in 2019-2023 are linked to 72 aircraft models and their average fuel consumption. We find that private aviation contributed at least 15.6 Mt CO2 in direct emissions in 2023, or about 3.6 t CO2 per flight. Almost half of all flights (47.4%) are shorter than 500 km. Private aviation is concentrated in the USA, where 68.7% of the aircraft are registered. Flight pattern analysis confirms extensive travel for leisure purposes, and for cultural and political events. Emissions increased by 46% between 2019-2023, with industry expectations of continued strong growth. Regulation is needed to address the sector’s growing climate impact. Carbon dioxide emissions from private aviation increased by 46% between 2019 and 2023, with almost half of flights covering less than 500 km in distance, according to an analysis of flight tracking data.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01775-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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