Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01626-x
W. Hazeleger, J. P. M. Aerts, P. Bauer, M. F. P. Bierkens, G. Camps-Valls, M. M. Dekker, F. J. Doblas-Reyes, V. Eyring, C. Finkenauer, A. Grundner, S. Hachinger, D. M. Hall, T. Hartmann, F. Iglesias-Suarez, M. Janssens, E. R. Jones, T. Kölling, M. Lees, S. Lhermitte, R. V. van Nieuwpoort, A.-K. Pahker, O. J. Pellicer-Valero, F. P. Pijpers, A. Siibak, J. Spitzer, B. Stevens, V. V. Vasconcelos, F. C. Vossepoel
Digital twins of the Earth are digital representations of the Earth system, spanning scales and domains. Their purpose is to monitor, forecast and assess the Earth system and the consequences of human interventions on the Earth system. Providing users with the capability to interact with and interrogate the system, digital twins of the Earth are decision support systems for addressing environmental challenges. By informing humans of their impact on the Earth system, digital twins aspire to promote new pathways moving forward. By answering causal queries through intervention analysis, they can enhance evidence-based policy making. Existing digital twins of the Earth are primarily technological information systems that represent the physical world. However, as the social and physical worlds are intrinsically interconnected, we argue that humans must be accounted for both within and outside digital twins of the Earth: Within twins to represent human impacts and responses that are integral to the Earth system; and outside twins to govern access and development and to guide responsible use of information acquired from twins. Incorporating human interactions in digital twins of the Earth represents a transformative frontier, promising unparalleled insights into Earth system dynamics and empower humans for action. Humans must be represented within digital twins of the Earth, but they also play a role outside to govern development and access and guide usage, argues a perspective based on interdisciplinary scientific expert viewpoints.
{"title":"Digital twins of the Earth with and for humans","authors":"W. Hazeleger, J. P. M. Aerts, P. Bauer, M. F. P. Bierkens, G. Camps-Valls, M. M. Dekker, F. J. Doblas-Reyes, V. Eyring, C. Finkenauer, A. Grundner, S. Hachinger, D. M. Hall, T. Hartmann, F. Iglesias-Suarez, M. Janssens, E. R. Jones, T. Kölling, M. Lees, S. Lhermitte, R. V. van Nieuwpoort, A.-K. Pahker, O. J. Pellicer-Valero, F. P. Pijpers, A. Siibak, J. Spitzer, B. Stevens, V. V. Vasconcelos, F. C. Vossepoel","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01626-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01626-x","url":null,"abstract":"Digital twins of the Earth are digital representations of the Earth system, spanning scales and domains. Their purpose is to monitor, forecast and assess the Earth system and the consequences of human interventions on the Earth system. Providing users with the capability to interact with and interrogate the system, digital twins of the Earth are decision support systems for addressing environmental challenges. By informing humans of their impact on the Earth system, digital twins aspire to promote new pathways moving forward. By answering causal queries through intervention analysis, they can enhance evidence-based policy making. Existing digital twins of the Earth are primarily technological information systems that represent the physical world. However, as the social and physical worlds are intrinsically interconnected, we argue that humans must be accounted for both within and outside digital twins of the Earth: Within twins to represent human impacts and responses that are integral to the Earth system; and outside twins to govern access and development and to guide responsible use of information acquired from twins. Incorporating human interactions in digital twins of the Earth represents a transformative frontier, promising unparalleled insights into Earth system dynamics and empower humans for action. Humans must be represented within digital twins of the Earth, but they also play a role outside to govern development and access and guide usage, argues a perspective based on interdisciplinary scientific expert viewpoints.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01626-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01637-8
Bjørn H. Samset, Marianne T. Lund, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Laura J. Wilcox
2023 was the warmest year on record, influenced by multiple warm ocean basins. This has prompted speculation of an acceleration in surface warming, or a stronger than expected influence from loss of aerosol induced cooling. Here we use a recent Green’s function-based method to quantify the influence of sea surface temperature patterns on the 2023 global temperature anomaly, and compare them to previous record warm years. We show that the strong deviation from recent warming trends is consistent with previously observed sea surface temperature influences, and regional forcing. This indicates that internal variability was a strong contributor to the exceptional 2023 temperature evolution, in combination with steady anthropogenic global warming. 2023 temperatures fall in line with historical trends, with warm anomalies typical of El Niño, indicating dominance of sea surface temperature variability and regional forcing, according to an analysis for isolating the 2023 global surface contribution from various ocean basins.
{"title":"2023 temperatures reflect steady global warming and internal sea surface temperature variability","authors":"Bjørn H. Samset, Marianne T. Lund, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Laura J. Wilcox","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01637-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01637-8","url":null,"abstract":"2023 was the warmest year on record, influenced by multiple warm ocean basins. This has prompted speculation of an acceleration in surface warming, or a stronger than expected influence from loss of aerosol induced cooling. Here we use a recent Green’s function-based method to quantify the influence of sea surface temperature patterns on the 2023 global temperature anomaly, and compare them to previous record warm years. We show that the strong deviation from recent warming trends is consistent with previously observed sea surface temperature influences, and regional forcing. This indicates that internal variability was a strong contributor to the exceptional 2023 temperature evolution, in combination with steady anthropogenic global warming. 2023 temperatures fall in line with historical trends, with warm anomalies typical of El Niño, indicating dominance of sea surface temperature variability and regional forcing, according to an analysis for isolating the 2023 global surface contribution from various ocean basins.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01637-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01571-9
Aurélien Jeanvoine, Jung-Woo Park, Ewan Pelleter, Antoine Bézos, Gilles Chazot, Jiwon Hwang, Yves Fouquet
Copper and gold-rich seafloor massive sulfide deposits formed in intra-oceanic subduction settings are typically associated with hydrous and oxidized magmas, but processes leading to their formation remain controversial. Sulfide-bubble interaction has been suggested to play an important role in metal transfer from magmas to seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids. Here we use textural observations of magmatic sulfides, geochemical numerical models of chalcophile element concentrations, and numerical models of magmatic sulfide growth within a mafic to felsic submarine magmatic suite (Fatu Kapa, SW Pacific) associated with copper-gold-rich seafloor massive sulfide deposits. We demonstrate that concomitant sulfide and aqueous fluid formation at the andesitic stage results in floating sulfide-bubble compound drops in magmas, which play a crucial role in the transfer of copper and gold toward the surface. We emphasize that late sulfide saturation in copper-gold-rich intra-oceanic subduction-derived felsic magmas favors upward sulfide transfer via flotation. The flotation of sulfide-bubble compounds in magmas plays an important role in forming Cu-Au hydrothermal seafloor ore deposits, according to petrographic observations, geochemical and physical modeling.
{"title":"The flotation of magmatic sulfides transfers Cu-Au from magmas to seafloor massive sulfide deposits","authors":"Aurélien Jeanvoine, Jung-Woo Park, Ewan Pelleter, Antoine Bézos, Gilles Chazot, Jiwon Hwang, Yves Fouquet","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01571-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01571-9","url":null,"abstract":"Copper and gold-rich seafloor massive sulfide deposits formed in intra-oceanic subduction settings are typically associated with hydrous and oxidized magmas, but processes leading to their formation remain controversial. Sulfide-bubble interaction has been suggested to play an important role in metal transfer from magmas to seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids. Here we use textural observations of magmatic sulfides, geochemical numerical models of chalcophile element concentrations, and numerical models of magmatic sulfide growth within a mafic to felsic submarine magmatic suite (Fatu Kapa, SW Pacific) associated with copper-gold-rich seafloor massive sulfide deposits. We demonstrate that concomitant sulfide and aqueous fluid formation at the andesitic stage results in floating sulfide-bubble compound drops in magmas, which play a crucial role in the transfer of copper and gold toward the surface. We emphasize that late sulfide saturation in copper-gold-rich intra-oceanic subduction-derived felsic magmas favors upward sulfide transfer via flotation. The flotation of sulfide-bubble compounds in magmas plays an important role in forming Cu-Au hydrothermal seafloor ore deposits, according to petrographic observations, geochemical and physical modeling.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01571-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lighting up the magma plumbing system beneath a large igneous province (LIP) is challenging because the complex magma migration paths are often covered by flood basalts and sediments. Here, we present a three-dimensional seismic image of the Permian Emeishan LIP in Southwest China, constructed by joint inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersions and receiver functions. The results outline a cylindrical, high-velocity anomaly extending to ~135 km depth below the inner zone of this continental LIP. The geometry and magnitude of the high-velocity anomaly suggest that it represents culminated crystallized materials of primary magmas, thereby mirroring a magma plumbing system fossilized in the lithosphere. Furthermore, our geodynamic models illustrate that the nearly vertical plumbing system was controlled by slow plate motion during the magma emplacement. The plume head beneath a nearly static plate has higher thermal buoyancy and thus promotes more intensive magma emplacement. This phenomenon may apply to other LIPs throughout Earth’s history A cylindrical, high-velocity anomaly, is identified beneath the Emeishan large igneous province in southwest China, using joint inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersions and receiver functions, and interpreted as a translithospheric magma plumbing system
{"title":"Translithospheric magma plumbing system fossilized in the Emeishan large igneous province","authors":"Sixue Wang, Hao Liu, Yong Zheng, Yun Chen, Sanxi Ai, Sijia Zeng, Lei Qin, Rumeng Guo, Xiaohui Yuan, Yi-Gang Xu","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01631-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01631-0","url":null,"abstract":"Lighting up the magma plumbing system beneath a large igneous province (LIP) is challenging because the complex magma migration paths are often covered by flood basalts and sediments. Here, we present a three-dimensional seismic image of the Permian Emeishan LIP in Southwest China, constructed by joint inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersions and receiver functions. The results outline a cylindrical, high-velocity anomaly extending to ~135 km depth below the inner zone of this continental LIP. The geometry and magnitude of the high-velocity anomaly suggest that it represents culminated crystallized materials of primary magmas, thereby mirroring a magma plumbing system fossilized in the lithosphere. Furthermore, our geodynamic models illustrate that the nearly vertical plumbing system was controlled by slow plate motion during the magma emplacement. The plume head beneath a nearly static plate has higher thermal buoyancy and thus promotes more intensive magma emplacement. This phenomenon may apply to other LIPs throughout Earth’s history A cylindrical, high-velocity anomaly, is identified beneath the Emeishan large igneous province in southwest China, using joint inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersions and receiver functions, and interpreted as a translithospheric magma plumbing system","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01631-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142058638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01618-x
Irina P. Panyushkina, A. J. Timothy Jull, Mihaly Molnár, Tamás Varga, Ivan Kontul’, Rashit Hantemirov, Vladymir Kukarskih, Igor Sljusarenko, Vladymir Myglan, Valerie Livina
Extreme solar energetic particle events, known as Miyake events, are rare phenomena observed by cosmogenic isotopes, with only six documented. The timing of the ca. 660 BCE Miyake event remains undefined until now. Here, we assign its occurrence to 664–663 BCE through new radiocarbon measurements in gymnosperm larch tree rings from arctic-alpine biomes (Yamal and Altai). Using a 22-box carbon cycle model and Bayesian statistics, we calculate the radiocarbon production rate during the event that is 3.2–4.8 times higher than the average solar modulation, and comparable to the 774–775 CE solar-proton event. The prolonged radiocarbon signature manifests a 12‰ rise over two years. The non-uniform signal in the tree rings is likely driven by the low rate of CO2 gas exchange between the trees and the ambient atmosphere, and the high residence time of radiocarbon in the post-event stratosphere. We caution about using the event’s pronounced signature for precise single-year-dating. 14 C signature in tree rings of northern Eurasia with double-pulse cosmic radiation signal and unusual cosmogenic isotope production suggests the Miyake event of 660 BCE occurred between 664–663 BCE, according to 14 C dispersion data with new time series of gymnosperm larch from arctic-alpine biomes.
{"title":"The timing of the ca-660 BCE Miyake solar-proton event constrained to between 664 and 663 BCE","authors":"Irina P. Panyushkina, A. J. Timothy Jull, Mihaly Molnár, Tamás Varga, Ivan Kontul’, Rashit Hantemirov, Vladymir Kukarskih, Igor Sljusarenko, Vladymir Myglan, Valerie Livina","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01618-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01618-x","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme solar energetic particle events, known as Miyake events, are rare phenomena observed by cosmogenic isotopes, with only six documented. The timing of the ca. 660 BCE Miyake event remains undefined until now. Here, we assign its occurrence to 664–663 BCE through new radiocarbon measurements in gymnosperm larch tree rings from arctic-alpine biomes (Yamal and Altai). Using a 22-box carbon cycle model and Bayesian statistics, we calculate the radiocarbon production rate during the event that is 3.2–4.8 times higher than the average solar modulation, and comparable to the 774–775 CE solar-proton event. The prolonged radiocarbon signature manifests a 12‰ rise over two years. The non-uniform signal in the tree rings is likely driven by the low rate of CO2 gas exchange between the trees and the ambient atmosphere, and the high residence time of radiocarbon in the post-event stratosphere. We caution about using the event’s pronounced signature for precise single-year-dating. 14 C signature in tree rings of northern Eurasia with double-pulse cosmic radiation signal and unusual cosmogenic isotope production suggests the Miyake event of 660 BCE occurred between 664–663 BCE, according to 14 C dispersion data with new time series of gymnosperm larch from arctic-alpine biomes.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01618-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01617-y
Johannes Meuer, Claudia Timmreck, Shih-Wei Fang, Christopher Kadow
Accurately interpreting past climate variability, especially distinguishing between forced and unforced changes, is challenging. Proxy data confirm the occurrence of large volcanic eruptions, but linking temperature patterns to specific events or origins is elusive. We present a method combining historical climate records with a machine learning model trained on climate simulations of various volcanic magnitudes and locations. This approach identifies volcanic events based solely on post-eruption temperature patterns. Validations with historical simulations and reanalysis products confirm the identification of significant volcanic events. Explainable artificial intelligence methods point to specific fingerprints in the temperature record that reveal key regions for classification and point to possible physical mechanisms behind climate disruption for major events. We detect unexpected climatic effects from smaller events and identify a northern extratropical footprint for the unidentified 1809 event. This provides an additional line of evidence for past volcanoes and refines our understanding of volcanic impacts on climate. Past volcanic events can be identified and their locations narrowed down, based solely on surface temperature patterns, using analyses with machine learning methods.
{"title":"Fingerprints of past volcanic eruptions can be detected in historical climate records using machine learning","authors":"Johannes Meuer, Claudia Timmreck, Shih-Wei Fang, Christopher Kadow","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01617-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01617-y","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately interpreting past climate variability, especially distinguishing between forced and unforced changes, is challenging. Proxy data confirm the occurrence of large volcanic eruptions, but linking temperature patterns to specific events or origins is elusive. We present a method combining historical climate records with a machine learning model trained on climate simulations of various volcanic magnitudes and locations. This approach identifies volcanic events based solely on post-eruption temperature patterns. Validations with historical simulations and reanalysis products confirm the identification of significant volcanic events. Explainable artificial intelligence methods point to specific fingerprints in the temperature record that reveal key regions for classification and point to possible physical mechanisms behind climate disruption for major events. We detect unexpected climatic effects from smaller events and identify a northern extratropical footprint for the unidentified 1809 event. This provides an additional line of evidence for past volcanoes and refines our understanding of volcanic impacts on climate. Past volcanic events can be identified and their locations narrowed down, based solely on surface temperature patterns, using analyses with machine learning methods.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01617-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142058639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01604-3
Andony Landivar Macias, Steven D. Jacobsen, Alessandro F. Rotta Loria
The erosion of marine sediments is a pressing issue for coastal areas worldwide. Established methods to mitigate coastal erosion fail to provide lasting and sustainable solutions to protect marine ecosystems. Here we demonstrate the application of mild electrical stimulations to precipitate calcareous mineral binders from seawater in the pores of marine soils via electrodeposition, an alternative approach to mitigating coastal erosion. Results of electrochemical laboratory experiments unveil that the polymorphs, precipitation sites, intrusion mechanisms, and effects of electrodeposited minerals in marine sands vary as a function of the magnitude and duration of applied voltage, soil relative density, and electrolyte ionic concentration. Surprisingly, in addition to the precipitation of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, the formation of hydromagnesite is also observed due to electrically driven fluctuations in the local $${pH}$$ . These electrodeposits lead to enhanced mechanical and hydraulic properties of the marine sands, indicating that electrodeposition routes could be developed to reinforce marine soils in coastal areas that more closely mimic natural systems. The application of mild electric stimulations to marine soils produces artificial calcareous cementation and has the potential to mitigate coastal erosion by reinforcing vulnerable marine soils, according to electrochemical laboratory experiments
{"title":"Electrodeposition of calcareous cement from seawater in marine silica sands","authors":"Andony Landivar Macias, Steven D. Jacobsen, Alessandro F. Rotta Loria","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01604-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01604-3","url":null,"abstract":"The erosion of marine sediments is a pressing issue for coastal areas worldwide. Established methods to mitigate coastal erosion fail to provide lasting and sustainable solutions to protect marine ecosystems. Here we demonstrate the application of mild electrical stimulations to precipitate calcareous mineral binders from seawater in the pores of marine soils via electrodeposition, an alternative approach to mitigating coastal erosion. Results of electrochemical laboratory experiments unveil that the polymorphs, precipitation sites, intrusion mechanisms, and effects of electrodeposited minerals in marine sands vary as a function of the magnitude and duration of applied voltage, soil relative density, and electrolyte ionic concentration. Surprisingly, in addition to the precipitation of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, the formation of hydromagnesite is also observed due to electrically driven fluctuations in the local $${pH}$$ . These electrodeposits lead to enhanced mechanical and hydraulic properties of the marine sands, indicating that electrodeposition routes could be developed to reinforce marine soils in coastal areas that more closely mimic natural systems. The application of mild electric stimulations to marine soils produces artificial calcareous cementation and has the potential to mitigate coastal erosion by reinforcing vulnerable marine soils, according to electrochemical laboratory experiments","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01604-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01613-2
Maarten Van Daele, Ben Van Bastelaere, Jens De Clercq, Inka Meyer, Maaike Vercauteren, Jana Asselman
The scale of microplastic pollution in river sediments is gradually being elucidated through an increasing number of large-scale studies. Nevertheless, microplastic distribution within a riverbed – a crucial aspect for quantification – remains poorly understood. Here we evaluate in the meandering River Lys, Belgium, how microplastic concentration varies between different sedimentary environments within the riverbed. We find that microplastic abundance is about an order of magnitude higher towards the riverbanks compared to the thalweg, corresponding with river hydrodynamics. Moreover, organic-matter and mud content are robust predictors of microplastic concentrations, apart from the outer bends, where erosion into organic-rich, muddy floodplain sediments inhibits microplastic deposition. These results increase our understanding of microplastic distribution at the small riverbed scale. They are a crucial element to guide for future sampling efforts across diverse river systems, paving the way for normalization and better quantification of microplastics trapped by river sediments and in other aquatic environments. Microplastic deposition in meandering rivers is higher near the river banks, apart from the outer bends, and is well correlated with organic matter and mud content, according to direct measurements from a sampling campaign in the River Lys, Belgium.
{"title":"Mud and organic content are strongly correlated with microplastic contamination in a meandering riverbed","authors":"Maarten Van Daele, Ben Van Bastelaere, Jens De Clercq, Inka Meyer, Maaike Vercauteren, Jana Asselman","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01613-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01613-2","url":null,"abstract":"The scale of microplastic pollution in river sediments is gradually being elucidated through an increasing number of large-scale studies. Nevertheless, microplastic distribution within a riverbed – a crucial aspect for quantification – remains poorly understood. Here we evaluate in the meandering River Lys, Belgium, how microplastic concentration varies between different sedimentary environments within the riverbed. We find that microplastic abundance is about an order of magnitude higher towards the riverbanks compared to the thalweg, corresponding with river hydrodynamics. Moreover, organic-matter and mud content are robust predictors of microplastic concentrations, apart from the outer bends, where erosion into organic-rich, muddy floodplain sediments inhibits microplastic deposition. These results increase our understanding of microplastic distribution at the small riverbed scale. They are a crucial element to guide for future sampling efforts across diverse river systems, paving the way for normalization and better quantification of microplastics trapped by river sediments and in other aquatic environments. Microplastic deposition in meandering rivers is higher near the river banks, apart from the outer bends, and is well correlated with organic matter and mud content, according to direct measurements from a sampling campaign in the River Lys, Belgium.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01613-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magma evolution toward a caldera-forming eruption remains uncertain in many cases owing to the lack of successive volcanic records before catastrophic eruptions. Here we take an approach to this issue by analyzing a submarine core sampled near Kikai Caldera, southern Japan, which has recorded two caldera-forming eruptions at 95 and 7.3 ka and small eruptions between them. Discovery of mafic glass fragments in the submarine deposits of the 95-ka eruption, which had not been recognized in subaerial outcrops, implies the involvement of mafic magma in felsic magma-driven caldera-forming eruption. Inter-caldera volcanic activity resumed with binary mafic and felsic magma extrusions but then shifted to eruptions predominated by felsic magmas. In the final stage preceding the 7.3-ka caldera-forming eruption, the most felsic composition did not appear in glass fragments. We suggest that this period was the phase of felsic melt accumulation to grow a magma reservoir toward the next catastrophic eruption. A 9,000 year sequence of storage and build-up of a felsic magma chamber before a very large eruption at Kikai caldera, Japan, 7,300 years ago is identified through analysis of the chemical composition of volcanic deposits within marine drill cores.
由于缺乏灾难性喷发前的连续火山记录，在许多情况下，岩浆向形成破火山口的喷发演化仍不确定。在这里，我们通过分析在日本南部 Kikai 破火山口附近取样的海底岩芯来解决这个问题，该岩芯记录了 95 ka 年和 7.3 ka 年两次形成破火山口的喷发以及两次喷发之间的小规模喷发。在 95-ka 火山喷发的海底沉积物中发现了钙质玻璃碎片，而这些碎片在陆下露头中尚未发现，这意味着钙质岩浆参与了长纤维岩浆驱动的火山口形成喷发。破火山口间的火山活动在钙质岩浆和长质岩浆的双重挤压下恢复，但随后转为以长质岩浆为主的喷发。在 7.3ka 形成破火山口的喷发之前的最后阶段，玻璃碎片中没有出现最脆性的成分。我们认为，这一时期是长岩熔体的积累阶段，目的是为下一次灾难性喷发建立岩浆库。通过分析海洋钻探岩芯中火山沉积物的化学成分，确定了距今7300年前日本纪海火山口特大喷发前9000年的长岩岩浆储藏和积聚过程。
{"title":"Submarine cores record magma evolution toward a catastrophic eruption at Kikai Caldera","authors":"Takeshi Hanyu, Nobukazu Seama, Katsuya Kaneko, Qing Chang, Reina Nakaoka, Koji Kiyosugi, Yuzuru Yamamoto, Tetsuo Matsuno, Keiko Suzuki-Kamata, Yoshiyuki Tatsumi","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01591-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01591-5","url":null,"abstract":"Magma evolution toward a caldera-forming eruption remains uncertain in many cases owing to the lack of successive volcanic records before catastrophic eruptions. Here we take an approach to this issue by analyzing a submarine core sampled near Kikai Caldera, southern Japan, which has recorded two caldera-forming eruptions at 95 and 7.3 ka and small eruptions between them. Discovery of mafic glass fragments in the submarine deposits of the 95-ka eruption, which had not been recognized in subaerial outcrops, implies the involvement of mafic magma in felsic magma-driven caldera-forming eruption. Inter-caldera volcanic activity resumed with binary mafic and felsic magma extrusions but then shifted to eruptions predominated by felsic magmas. In the final stage preceding the 7.3-ka caldera-forming eruption, the most felsic composition did not appear in glass fragments. We suggest that this period was the phase of felsic melt accumulation to grow a magma reservoir toward the next catastrophic eruption. A 9,000 year sequence of storage and build-up of a felsic magma chamber before a very large eruption at Kikai caldera, Japan, 7,300 years ago is identified through analysis of the chemical composition of volcanic deposits within marine drill cores.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01591-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01620-3
Matthias Stocker, Andrea K. Steiner, Florian Ladstädter, Ulrich Foelsche, William J. Randel
The 2022 eruption of the Hunga volcano was a major event that propelled aerosols and water vapor up to an altitude of 53–57 km. It caused an unprecedented stratospheric hydration that is expected to affect composition, thermal structure, circulation and dynamics for years. Using vertically high resolved satellite observations from radio occultation, we focus on the temperature impact in the stratosphere from the eruption in January 2022 until December 2023. Separating the signals of the Hunga eruption from the broader stratospheric variability reveals a strong persistent radiative cooling of up to –4 K in the tropical and subtropical middle stratosphere from early after the eruption until mid-2023, clearly corresponding to the water vapor distribution. Our results provide new insights from observations into both the localized temperature changes and the persistent stratospheric cooling caused by the Hunga eruption and document this exceptional climatic effect not seen for previous volcanic eruptions. The Hunga eruption has generated as much as 4 K of stratospheric cooling, corresponding to strong water vapour anomalies through to mid-2023, according to analyses of radio occultation and microwave limb sounder data
{"title":"Strong persistent cooling of the stratosphere after the Hunga eruption","authors":"Matthias Stocker, Andrea K. Steiner, Florian Ladstädter, Ulrich Foelsche, William J. Randel","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01620-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01620-3","url":null,"abstract":"The 2022 eruption of the Hunga volcano was a major event that propelled aerosols and water vapor up to an altitude of 53–57 km. It caused an unprecedented stratospheric hydration that is expected to affect composition, thermal structure, circulation and dynamics for years. Using vertically high resolved satellite observations from radio occultation, we focus on the temperature impact in the stratosphere from the eruption in January 2022 until December 2023. Separating the signals of the Hunga eruption from the broader stratospheric variability reveals a strong persistent radiative cooling of up to –4 K in the tropical and subtropical middle stratosphere from early after the eruption until mid-2023, clearly corresponding to the water vapor distribution. Our results provide new insights from observations into both the localized temperature changes and the persistent stratospheric cooling caused by the Hunga eruption and document this exceptional climatic effect not seen for previous volcanic eruptions. The Hunga eruption has generated as much as 4 K of stratospheric cooling, corresponding to strong water vapour anomalies through to mid-2023, according to analyses of radio occultation and microwave limb sounder data","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01620-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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