Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.116-122
V. A. Aristarkhov
PURPOSE. The article deals with the age and model composition of the fire truck fleet in fire and rescue units. The dynamics of changes in the age composition of the fire truck fleet in the period from 2011 to 2021 has been studied. Simulating the dynamics of changes in the fire truck fleet has been carried out, taking into account the approved program for technical re-equipment of the units of EMERCOM of Russia with fire, rescue, special and aircraft equipment until 2030. The relevance of the issue of restructuring the fire truck fleet of EMERCOM of Russia has been confirmed and ways for further development of the regulatory support for the process of fire truck fleet management have been determined. METHODS. Using the method of graphical simulation, the dynamics of changes in the share of modern vehicles in the fire truck fleet has been described, considering the arrival of new samples. Analysing the available data, systemic problems related to the age and model composition of the fire truck fleet, which cannot be solved at the level of territorial bodies and institutions, have been identified. FINDINGS. The author of found that the share of fire trucks with the service life up to 10 years had decreased from 38.6 % to 24.1 % in the period from 2011 to 2021. Thus, if measures to replace aging vehicles from the fleet are not taken during the planned re-equipment, the share of these fire trucks in 2030 will be 34.3 %, which is below the level of 2011. But, if the authorities organise systematic work to replace aging fire trucks, that have no prospects for further use, the proportion of vehicles with the service life up to 10 years will reach 40.5 % by 2030. Proposals to improve the regulatory support for the process of fire truck fleet management aimed at optimizing its age composition have been developed. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The obtained results can be used in the practical activities of the governing bodies of EMERCOM of Russia and also in the development of legal acts regulating movable property replacement. CONCLUSIONS. The ways to develop the regulatory support for the fire truck fleet management process proposed in the article, which are based on the analysis of the fire truck fleet, are aimed at increasing the readiness of fire and rescue units to act as intended, and can be implemented by amending the current regulatory legal acts of EMERCOM of Russia regulating movable property management concerns.
{"title":"Prospects for replacing the fire truck fleet in fire and rescue units","authors":"V. A. Aristarkhov","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.116-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.116-122","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. The article deals with the age and model composition of the fire truck fleet in fire and rescue units. The dynamics of changes in the age composition of the fire truck fleet in the period from 2011 to 2021 has been studied. Simulating the dynamics of changes in the fire truck fleet has been carried out, taking into account the approved program for technical re-equipment of the units of EMERCOM of Russia with fire, rescue, special and aircraft equipment until 2030. The relevance of the issue of restructuring the fire truck fleet of EMERCOM of Russia has been confirmed and ways for further development of the regulatory support for the process of fire truck fleet management have been determined. METHODS. Using the method of graphical simulation, the dynamics of changes in the share of modern vehicles in the fire truck fleet has been described, considering the arrival of new samples. Analysing the available data, systemic problems related to the age and model composition of the fire truck fleet, which cannot be solved at the level of territorial bodies and institutions, have been identified. FINDINGS. The author of found that the share of fire trucks with the service life up to 10 years had decreased from 38.6 % to 24.1 % in the period from 2011 to 2021. Thus, if measures to replace aging vehicles from the fleet are not taken during the planned re-equipment, the share of these fire trucks in 2030 will be 34.3 %, which is below the level of 2011. But, if the authorities organise systematic work to replace aging fire trucks, that have no prospects for further use, the proportion of vehicles with the service life up to 10 years will reach 40.5 % by 2030. Proposals to improve the regulatory support for the process of fire truck fleet management aimed at optimizing its age composition have been developed. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The obtained results can be used in the practical activities of the governing bodies of EMERCOM of Russia and also in the development of legal acts regulating movable property replacement. CONCLUSIONS. The ways to develop the regulatory support for the fire truck fleet management process proposed in the article, which are based on the analysis of the fire truck fleet, are aimed at increasing the readiness of fire and rescue units to act as intended, and can be implemented by amending the current regulatory legal acts of EMERCOM of Russia regulating movable property management concerns.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125056258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.12-18
P. Komrakov, I. Gerasimova, T. G. Grusheva, I. I. Grigorevskaya
PURPOSE. Extinguishing refined oil products with foam generated from a synthetic foaming agent with the use of a colloidal system of neutral gases and refrigerants as the gas phase is considered. A series of experiments was carried out to determine the fire extinguishing efficiency of foam, based on solutions of the “Aquafom” type S foaming agent, of various concentrations with the introduction of neutral gases and refrigerants. Data on the main criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of foam extinguishing were obtained. METHODS. The authors conducted laboratory tests in order to define the dependence of critical and optimal values of quenching parameters on the intensity of the supply of foams with different gas phases. FINDINGS. A histogram of the extinguishing efficiency parameter dependence on the methods of generating foam and the methods of feeding foam into the combustion chamber was obtained. Based on the numerical value of the extinguishing efficiency indicators, an analysis of the effectiveness for each extinguishing method was carried out. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. It is advisable to introduce the outcomes of the study in research and educational process. CONCLUSIONS. The method of obtaining foam by mixing a solution of the foaming agent “Aquafom” type S with chladone 227ea with a sublayer foam supply to the combustion hearth turned out to have the highest parameter of extinguishing efficiency. Consequently, the foam generated by this method proved to be the most effective in extinguishing a model fire source.
{"title":"The impact of fire extinguishing gases injected into the composition of foams on the effectiveness of extinguishing flammable liquids","authors":"P. Komrakov, I. Gerasimova, T. G. Grusheva, I. I. Grigorevskaya","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.12-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.12-18","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. Extinguishing refined oil products with foam generated from a synthetic foaming agent with the use of a colloidal system of neutral gases and refrigerants as the gas phase is considered. A series of experiments was carried out to determine the fire extinguishing efficiency of foam, based on solutions of the “Aquafom” type S foaming agent, of various concentrations with the introduction of neutral gases and refrigerants. Data on the main criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of foam extinguishing were obtained. METHODS. The authors conducted laboratory tests in order to define the dependence of critical and optimal values of quenching parameters on the intensity of the supply of foams with different gas phases. FINDINGS. A histogram of the extinguishing efficiency parameter dependence on the methods of generating foam and the methods of feeding foam into the combustion chamber was obtained. Based on the numerical value of the extinguishing efficiency indicators, an analysis of the effectiveness for each extinguishing method was carried out. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. It is advisable to introduce the outcomes of the study in research and educational process. CONCLUSIONS. The method of obtaining foam by mixing a solution of the foaming agent “Aquafom” type S with chladone 227ea with a sublayer foam supply to the combustion hearth turned out to have the highest parameter of extinguishing efficiency. Consequently, the foam generated by this method proved to be the most effective in extinguishing a model fire source.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129285008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.109-115
G. Kharisov, Artur V. Mirzayants
PURPOSE. The article describes experiments on identifying the optimal diameter of a fire rescue rope, which ensures a safe descent speed for a self-rescuing person. For a physically developed person, self-rescue in a fire does not require a specialized rescue device. It is enough to have a rescue rope and gloves that prevent burns resulting from rubbing the palms on the rope surface. METHODS. The authors carried out a static experiment to identify the optimal rescue rope diameter at which the descent speed of a self-rescuing person will be safe. Using probability theory methods and mathematical statistics, parameters of a rescue rope that can bear up a self-rescuing person are calculated. FINDINGS. The authors experimentally substantiate parameters values of a rescue rope, which an average person can use for self-rescue from height in case of fire. The identified optimal theoretical diameter of a rescue rope for self-rescue in case of fire is 23.1 mm for men and 21.2 mm for women. The closest standard diameter (i.e. the diameter produced by the industry) is 22 mm. Using rope of such a diameter, the average duration of a self-rescuing person hanging on a rescue rope is 68.4 s for men and 41.8 s for women. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results of the study can be used when organizing self-rescue of physically developed people starting from the second floor and above in buildings of any functional purpose, including hotels, hostels, educational institutions. CONCLUSIONS. The obtained results require confirmation by dynamic tests namely by sliding of a self-rescuing person along a rescue rope of an experimentally determined diameter at a safe speed. Tests will define a safe speed and develop a method to determine the height at which each working age individual (an individual with rather strong arms) can use a rescue rope for self-rescue from the second floor and above.
{"title":"On substantiating the diameter of a rescue rope for people self-rescue in a structural fire","authors":"G. Kharisov, Artur V. Mirzayants","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.109-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.109-115","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. The article describes experiments on identifying the optimal diameter of a fire rescue rope, which ensures a safe descent speed for a self-rescuing person. For a physically developed person, self-rescue in a fire does not require a specialized rescue device. It is enough to have a rescue rope and gloves that prevent burns resulting from rubbing the palms on the rope surface. METHODS. The authors carried out a static experiment to identify the optimal rescue rope diameter at which the descent speed of a self-rescuing person will be safe. Using probability theory methods and mathematical statistics, parameters of a rescue rope that can bear up a self-rescuing person are calculated. FINDINGS. The authors experimentally substantiate parameters values of a rescue rope, which an average person can use for self-rescue from height in case of fire. The identified optimal theoretical diameter of a rescue rope for self-rescue in case of fire is 23.1 mm for men and 21.2 mm for women. The closest standard diameter (i.e. the diameter produced by the industry) is 22 mm. Using rope of such a diameter, the average duration of a self-rescuing person hanging on a rescue rope is 68.4 s for men and 41.8 s for women. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results of the study can be used when organizing self-rescue of physically developed people starting from the second floor and above in buildings of any functional purpose, including hotels, hostels, educational institutions. CONCLUSIONS. The obtained results require confirmation by dynamic tests namely by sliding of a self-rescuing person along a rescue rope of an experimentally determined diameter at a safe speed. Tests will define a safe speed and develop a method to determine the height at which each working age individual (an individual with rather strong arms) can use a rescue rope for self-rescue from the second floor and above.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131281019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PURPOSE. The article presents the results of experimental studies analysis on the influence of horizontal and inclined wave-reflecting visors proposed for installation on the protective wall of glass-in-glass tank type for reducing its height to or below the maximum possible level of liquid in the main tank. METHODS. In the process of the research work methods of similarity theory and hydraulic laboratory modeling, physical experiment, observation, comparison, finding empirical dependence based on mathematical processing of experimental data, description and generalization have been used. FINDINGS. It has been found that fitting a horizontal or inclined wave-reflecting visor on the protective wall of a “glass-in-glass” type tank is an effective method of reducing its height. At the same time, the best results are shown by a wave-reflecting visor at an angle of 135° to the protective wall which allows, in the interwalled distance ranged from 1.8 to 3 m given the length of its handling radius reducing the height of the protective wall to 85 % of the maximum possible level of liquid in the main tank. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The proposed method of reducing the height of the protective wall, design schemes and empirical dependencies can serve as the foundation for the development of a regulatory document on ensuring fire safety of “glass-in-glass” type tanks, as well as be used by design organizations to find optimal solutions for the design and placement of typical tanks with a nominal volume of 700 to 30.000 m3. CONCLUSIONS. The proposed design solution will allow designing and operating “glass-in-glass” type tanks, ensuring the required level of fire, industrial and environmental safety provided compliance with the requirements for stability of the protective wall and wave-reflecting visor to the effect liquid flow and collapsing structures in case of the accident of the main tank. At the same time, the application of an additional barrier is not required, since all liquid in case of possible destruction of the main tank will be held by the proposed structure of the protective wall with a wave-reflecting visor.
{"title":"Impact of wave-reflecting visor inclination on the height of the protective wall of “glass-in-glass” type tank","authors":"Quang Tien Bui","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.5-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.5-11","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. The article presents the results of experimental studies analysis on the influence of horizontal and inclined wave-reflecting visors proposed for installation on the protective wall of glass-in-glass tank type for reducing its height to or below the maximum possible level of liquid in the main tank. METHODS. In the process of the research work methods of similarity theory and hydraulic laboratory modeling, physical experiment, observation, comparison, finding empirical dependence based on mathematical processing of experimental data, description and generalization have been used. FINDINGS. It has been found that fitting a horizontal or inclined wave-reflecting visor on the protective wall of a “glass-in-glass” type tank is an effective method of reducing its height. At the same time, the best results are shown by a wave-reflecting visor at an angle of 135° to the protective wall which allows, in the interwalled distance ranged from 1.8 to 3 m given the length of its handling radius reducing the height of the protective wall to 85 % of the maximum possible level of liquid in the main tank. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The proposed method of reducing the height of the protective wall, design schemes and empirical dependencies can serve as the foundation for the development of a regulatory document on ensuring fire safety of “glass-in-glass” type tanks, as well as be used by design organizations to find optimal solutions for the design and placement of typical tanks with a nominal volume of 700 to 30.000 m3. CONCLUSIONS. The proposed design solution will allow designing and operating “glass-in-glass” type tanks, ensuring the required level of fire, industrial and environmental safety provided compliance with the requirements for stability of the protective wall and wave-reflecting visor to the effect liquid flow and collapsing structures in case of the accident of the main tank. At the same time, the application of an additional barrier is not required, since all liquid in case of possible destruction of the main tank will be held by the proposed structure of the protective wall with a wave-reflecting visor.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125953390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.123-130
K. M. Kholostov
PURPOSE. The main goal of the research, the results of which are presented in the article, is to develop the method of determining optimal time required for professional training of fire-rescue units chiefs. In the given article incompetence refers to the state of professional and personal qualities of students (trainees) that characterizes the complete or partial lack of knowledge, abilities, skills, and experience in performing certain type of practical activities. It is assumed that the optimal time of training can be less than the amount of time currently spent without analytical or statistical assessment of the expediency of its spending. METHODS. As a mathematical apparatus, mathematical methods of reliability theory have been applied, as well as methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics. To prove the method feasibility numerical experiment has been carried out. FINDINGS. The presented method makes it possible to determine the minimum necessary time for a student (trainee) to master the required amount of managerial competence and develop firm professionally relevant qualities. To prove the method feasibility numerical experiment has been carried out. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The research results can be applied for improving teaching process for fire-rescue units chiefs as well as for heads of other organizational structures. CONCLUSIONS. The developed method makes it possible to establish the asymptotic dependence that shows the reduction of relative incompetence in a certain type of management performance depending on the time spent on study. A lemma has been proved about a point on function graph of dependence of relative incompetence on time corresponding to the optimal level of incompetence reduction and learning time.
{"title":"Method of determining optimal time for professional training of fire-rescue units chiefs","authors":"K. M. Kholostov","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.123-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.123-130","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. The main goal of the research, the results of which are presented in the article, is to develop the method of determining optimal time required for professional training of fire-rescue units chiefs. In the given article incompetence refers to the state of professional and personal qualities of students (trainees) that characterizes the complete or partial lack of knowledge, abilities, skills, and experience in performing certain type of practical activities. It is assumed that the optimal time of training can be less than the amount of time currently spent without analytical or statistical assessment of the expediency of its spending. METHODS. As a mathematical apparatus, mathematical methods of reliability theory have been applied, as well as methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics. To prove the method feasibility numerical experiment has been carried out. FINDINGS. The presented method makes it possible to determine the minimum necessary time for a student (trainee) to master the required amount of managerial competence and develop firm professionally relevant qualities. To prove the method feasibility numerical experiment has been carried out. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The research results can be applied for improving teaching process for fire-rescue units chiefs as well as for heads of other organizational structures. CONCLUSIONS. The developed method makes it possible to establish the asymptotic dependence that shows the reduction of relative incompetence in a certain type of management performance depending on the time spent on study. A lemma has been proved about a point on function graph of dependence of relative incompetence on time corresponding to the optimal level of incompetence reduction and learning time.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123775809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.67-81
I. I. Polevoda, Sergey M. Zhamoidik, D. Nekhan
PURPOSE. One of the significant requirements for buildings and constructions is providing fire safety, which includes standardization of building structures fire resistance. The experience in applying thin-walled elements has shown high efficiency, technological and operational advantages. Bearing significant power loads, reinforced concrete columns often have low fire resistance (R30... R60), which poses certain risks in case of fire and limits their application in construction industry. To increase structures fire resistance, structural fire retardance is applied. The purpose of this work is to set the fire resistance limits of reinforced concrete columns protected by non-combustible Knauf Fireboard gypsum slabs of various thicknesses on a steel frame and obtain the generalized tabular data based on this research. METHODS. Model fire tests of spun reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance have been carried out, as well as simulation of heating a series of hollow and solid section reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance in ANSYS finite element analysis system. FINDINGS. Experimental data have been obtained on heating spun reinforced concrete columns of an annular section with an external diameter of 560 mm with a wall thickness of 55 mm and a protective concrete layer thickness of 20 mm for longitudinal reinforcement (12 mm diameter) protected by non-combustible Knauf Fireboard gypsum slabs with 12.5 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm thickness on a steel frame, and unprotected ones (without applying a power load). ANSYS finite element analysis system design models have been developed and the heating of a series of spun annular sections and vibration-compacted solid sections of reinforced concrete columns protected by structural fire retardance have been simulated. For these structures, fire resistance ratings have been calculated at a load-bearing capacity utilization factor of 0.7. Based on a certain array of values of fire resistance limits of reinforced concrete columns, tabular data have been obtained to assess the fire resistance of these structures with structural fire retardance. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The obtained results can be applied by design bureaus, state fire supervision authorities and state construction expertise in assessing fire resistance ratings of reinforced concrete spun columns of annular section and vibration-compacted solid section protected by structural fire retardance as well as in selecting parameters for these structures that provide specified fire resistance rating without carrying out a series of time-consuming calculations. CONCLUSIONS. Fire tests combined with simulation in ANSYS finite element analysis system make it possible to carry out a lot of calculations and obtain tabular data on assessing fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance which significantly reduces labor costs at designing building structures.
{"title":"Fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance","authors":"I. I. Polevoda, Sergey M. Zhamoidik, D. Nekhan","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.67-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.67-81","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. One of the significant requirements for buildings and constructions is providing fire safety, which includes standardization of building structures fire resistance. The experience in applying thin-walled elements has shown high efficiency, technological and operational advantages. Bearing significant power loads, reinforced concrete columns often have low fire resistance (R30... R60), which poses certain risks in case of fire and limits their application in construction industry. To increase structures fire resistance, structural fire retardance is applied. The purpose of this work is to set the fire resistance limits of reinforced concrete columns protected by non-combustible Knauf Fireboard gypsum slabs of various thicknesses on a steel frame and obtain the generalized tabular data based on this research. METHODS. Model fire tests of spun reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance have been carried out, as well as simulation of heating a series of hollow and solid section reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance in ANSYS finite element analysis system. FINDINGS. Experimental data have been obtained on heating spun reinforced concrete columns of an annular section with an external diameter of 560 mm with a wall thickness of 55 mm and a protective concrete layer thickness of 20 mm for longitudinal reinforcement (12 mm diameter) protected by non-combustible Knauf Fireboard gypsum slabs with 12.5 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm thickness on a steel frame, and unprotected ones (without applying a power load). ANSYS finite element analysis system design models have been developed and the heating of a series of spun annular sections and vibration-compacted solid sections of reinforced concrete columns protected by structural fire retardance have been simulated. For these structures, fire resistance ratings have been calculated at a load-bearing capacity utilization factor of 0.7. Based on a certain array of values of fire resistance limits of reinforced concrete columns, tabular data have been obtained to assess the fire resistance of these structures with structural fire retardance. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The obtained results can be applied by design bureaus, state fire supervision authorities and state construction expertise in assessing fire resistance ratings of reinforced concrete spun columns of annular section and vibration-compacted solid section protected by structural fire retardance as well as in selecting parameters for these structures that provide specified fire resistance rating without carrying out a series of time-consuming calculations. CONCLUSIONS. Fire tests combined with simulation in ANSYS finite element analysis system make it possible to carry out a lot of calculations and obtain tabular data on assessing fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance which significantly reduces labor costs at designing building structures.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132284757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.19-26
I. P. Eltyshev, P. Kopylov, S. Kopylov, A. Meshcheryakov
PURPOSE. The paper examines the issue of switching to hydrogen as motor fuel in terms of fire and explosion safety. Taking into account the peculiarities of various hydrogen storage methods, the specifics of emergency situations development and insufficiency of the existing methods of passive and active fire and explosion protection for vehicles running on the given gas are discussed. METHODS. Analysis of available scientific data on hydrogen as motor fuel storage methods used in transport has been carried out. An assessment of the possibility to use a nitrogen fire engine for the described options for ensuring explosion safety has been made. FINDINGS. The insufficiency of existing methods for passive and active fire and explosion protection of vehicles running on hydrogen has been shown. To solve the identified issues, it is proposed to use a nitrogen fire engine to create local gaseous extinguishing environment around a hydrogen-powered damaged vehicle, as well as portable toximeters to control atmosphere explosion risk. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results are applicable to ensure fire and explosion safety of vehicles and transport infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS. It is shown that the existing methods of passive and active fire and explosion protection for hydrogen-powered vehicles do not fully ensure their fire and explosion safety. In fire departments tactics in relation to such objects, actions under the threat of explosive hydrogen-air environment have not been worked out, there are no methods of mobile assessment for hydrogen level in the atmosphere. One of the options for ensuring explosion safety of hydrogen-air environment can be using a nitrogen fire engine to create local gaseous extinguishing environment around a hydrogen-powered damaged vehicle. Portable toximeters can be used to quickly determine hydrogen level in the atmosphere, which allow getting quick results and controlling potential environment hazard by combustible substance concentration.
{"title":"Evaluating efficiency of methods ensuring fire and explosion safety of hydrogen-powered transport","authors":"I. P. Eltyshev, P. Kopylov, S. Kopylov, A. Meshcheryakov","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.19-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.19-26","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. The paper examines the issue of switching to hydrogen as motor fuel in terms of fire and explosion safety. Taking into account the peculiarities of various hydrogen storage methods, the specifics of emergency situations development and insufficiency of the existing methods of passive and active fire and explosion protection for vehicles running on the given gas are discussed. METHODS. Analysis of available scientific data on hydrogen as motor fuel storage methods used in transport has been carried out. An assessment of the possibility to use a nitrogen fire engine for the described options for ensuring explosion safety has been made. FINDINGS. The insufficiency of existing methods for passive and active fire and explosion protection of vehicles running on hydrogen has been shown. To solve the identified issues, it is proposed to use a nitrogen fire engine to create local gaseous extinguishing environment around a hydrogen-powered damaged vehicle, as well as portable toximeters to control atmosphere explosion risk. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results are applicable to ensure fire and explosion safety of vehicles and transport infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS. It is shown that the existing methods of passive and active fire and explosion protection for hydrogen-powered vehicles do not fully ensure their fire and explosion safety. In fire departments tactics in relation to such objects, actions under the threat of explosive hydrogen-air environment have not been worked out, there are no methods of mobile assessment for hydrogen level in the atmosphere. One of the options for ensuring explosion safety of hydrogen-air environment can be using a nitrogen fire engine to create local gaseous extinguishing environment around a hydrogen-powered damaged vehicle. Portable toximeters can be used to quickly determine hydrogen level in the atmosphere, which allow getting quick results and controlling potential environment hazard by combustible substance concentration.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"5 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133169473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.100-108
V. Gabdullin
PURPOSE. The analysis of statistical data on fires at power facilities has shown that successful extinguishment of protracted fires in the environment unsuitable for breathing (UBE) requires continuous activities on the part of gas and smoke protection service units (GSPS). The duration of a firefighter’s stay in the UBE is determined by the time of the protective functioning of personal protective equipment for respiratory and vision organs. It is quite natural to conclude that it should exceed fire extinguishing time. The article considers the current method of operation of GSPS units at large and protracted fires, and also describes an experimental study to ensure the continuity of fire extinguishment by changing the units at the fire seat. The study was carried out in order to determine the number of GSPS units required to ensure the continuity of extinguishing developed fires at the premises of a large power facility at different depths of the combustion zone and the length of the UBE, which must be overcome to reach the positions of supplying fire extinguishing agents. The applicability of the developed self-contained set of continuous air supply to firefighters’ breathing apparatus has been studied, which can be used as the positions of fire extinguishing agents supply are determined. METHODS. The required number of GSPS units was experimentally determined to ensure the continuity of fire extinguishment at a certain distance of the fire seat from entering the UBE. The applicability of the developed autonomous set of continuous air supply was studied. FINDINGS. The results of the experimental study allow concluding that it is possible to ensure fire extinguishing continuity at a power object, provided the change of units takes place at the point of fire extinguishing agents charge, that is, at the fire seat. Thus interruptions in fire extinguishment, which occur when changing units takes place in the open air will be avoided. To cut expenses and reduce the number of people involved in extinguishing large fires, it is recommended to use two cylinders apparatus, since with a deep penetration of a unit into the UBE, one cylinder, as a rule, is enough for 5–10 minutes of effective extinguishment, while the rest of the time is used to overcome the way to the fire seat. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The findings of the study are planned to be used both in the educational process and in the practical activities of GSPS of the special fire departments protecting nuclear power plants and other power objects. Conclusions. The data obtained allow us to conclude that it is possible to ensure the continuity of fire extinguishment at a power facility in the following way: 1) by changing units at the place where fire extinguishing agents are supplied, that is, at the fire seat; 2) when using an autonomous set of continuous air supply to firefighters’ breathing apparatus. The set provides the GSPS unit with medium-pressure air and allows you to work in the U
{"title":"Tactical possibilities of gas and smoke protection service units when extinguishing protracted fires at power facilities in the environment unsuitable for breathing","authors":"V. Gabdullin","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.100-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.100-108","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. The analysis of statistical data on fires at power facilities has shown that successful extinguishment of protracted fires in the environment unsuitable for breathing (UBE) requires continuous activities on the part of gas and smoke protection service units (GSPS). The duration of a firefighter’s stay in the UBE is determined by the time of the protective functioning of personal protective equipment for respiratory and vision organs. It is quite natural to conclude that it should exceed fire extinguishing time. The article considers the current method of operation of GSPS units at large and protracted fires, and also describes an experimental study to ensure the continuity of fire extinguishment by changing the units at the fire seat. The study was carried out in order to determine the number of GSPS units required to ensure the continuity of extinguishing developed fires at the premises of a large power facility at different depths of the combustion zone and the length of the UBE, which must be overcome to reach the positions of supplying fire extinguishing agents. The applicability of the developed self-contained set of continuous air supply to firefighters’ breathing apparatus has been studied, which can be used as the positions of fire extinguishing agents supply are determined. METHODS. The required number of GSPS units was experimentally determined to ensure the continuity of fire extinguishment at a certain distance of the fire seat from entering the UBE. The applicability of the developed autonomous set of continuous air supply was studied. FINDINGS. The results of the experimental study allow concluding that it is possible to ensure fire extinguishing continuity at a power object, provided the change of units takes place at the point of fire extinguishing agents charge, that is, at the fire seat. Thus interruptions in fire extinguishment, which occur when changing units takes place in the open air will be avoided. To cut expenses and reduce the number of people involved in extinguishing large fires, it is recommended to use two cylinders apparatus, since with a deep penetration of a unit into the UBE, one cylinder, as a rule, is enough for 5–10 minutes of effective extinguishment, while the rest of the time is used to overcome the way to the fire seat. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The findings of the study are planned to be used both in the educational process and in the practical activities of GSPS of the special fire departments protecting nuclear power plants and other power objects. Conclusions. The data obtained allow us to conclude that it is possible to ensure the continuity of fire extinguishment at a power facility in the following way: 1) by changing units at the place where fire extinguishing agents are supplied, that is, at the fire seat; 2) when using an autonomous set of continuous air supply to firefighters’ breathing apparatus. The set provides the GSPS unit with medium-pressure air and allows you to work in the U","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127789815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.60-66
Vasiliy V. Timokhin
PURPOSE. The study is devoted to the process of forming explosive loads in emergencies related to air-gas mixtures crash explosion in simply connected areas of residential buildings equipped with gas appliances. METHODS. The author has analyzed the current situation related to household gas explosions in residential gasified apartment buildings across the territory of the Russian Federation, and also carried out an experimental study of the dynamics of an internal deflagration explosion in a simply connected room. FINDINGS. The conducted experimental studies have shown the sufficient complexity of the combustion process occurring during real crash explosions in semi-enclosed areas (kitchens of residential buildings) as well as the importance of choosing structural parameters (glazing) to reduce the pressure index to an acceptable level. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The outcomes may be used in determining the optimal parameters of structures designed to reduce the consequences of an explosion. CONCLUSIONS. The outcomes of the experimental data obtained by simulating an internal explosion in a model chamber fully correspond to the real scenario of the explosive loads formation. The pressure peak during the explosion corresponds to the maximum area of the combustion front, comparable to the internal area of the room; when opening window areas, the explosion energy goes beyond the internal housing capacity, which helps reduce the pressure value. For a more accurate prediction of the consequences and possible proposals for reducing explosive loads level, further work is needed in this area, aimed at reproducing and implementing an internal explosion in adjacent rooms.
{"title":"Pecilarities of the physical picture of the crash explosions development in isolated rooms","authors":"Vasiliy V. Timokhin","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.60-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.60-66","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE. The study is devoted to the process of forming explosive loads in emergencies related to air-gas mixtures crash explosion in simply connected areas of residential buildings equipped with gas appliances. METHODS. The author has analyzed the current situation related to household gas explosions in residential gasified apartment buildings across the territory of the Russian Federation, and also carried out an experimental study of the dynamics of an internal deflagration explosion in a simply connected room. FINDINGS. The conducted experimental studies have shown the sufficient complexity of the combustion process occurring during real crash explosions in semi-enclosed areas (kitchens of residential buildings) as well as the importance of choosing structural parameters (glazing) to reduce the pressure index to an acceptable level. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The outcomes may be used in determining the optimal parameters of structures designed to reduce the consequences of an explosion. CONCLUSIONS. The outcomes of the experimental data obtained by simulating an internal explosion in a model chamber fully correspond to the real scenario of the explosive loads formation. The pressure peak during the explosion corresponds to the maximum area of the combustion front, comparable to the internal area of the room; when opening window areas, the explosion energy goes beyond the internal housing capacity, which helps reduce the pressure value. For a more accurate prediction of the consequences and possible proposals for reducing explosive loads level, further work is needed in this area, aimed at reproducing and implementing an internal explosion in adjacent rooms.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130069581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.25257/fe.2022.2.27-34
E. N. Kosyanova, K. Shchetnev, Olga S. Tarasevich, Lyudmila K. Isaeva
Purpose. The article describes of facility operation with the production of non-renewable energy resources in the Russian Federation. Based on the issues of ensuring technosphere and fire safety at such facilities the article has analyzed statistical indicators of сoal mines accidents in the country. The results of the analysis were processed by the method of mathematical regression. The presence of autocorrelation in the researched series of dynamics of accidents is defined, that allows establishing true connections of the corresponding series, namely the correlation of series "accident - casualties". The main cause of death in coal mines is not the accident itself, but endogenous fires and emergencies occurring after it. This allows speaking of the need to develop modern means and methods of extinguishing endogenous fires in coal mines. Extinguishing medium to suppress endogenous fires in coal mines is proposed. Methods. The authors have analyzed statistical data on the types of accidents in mines and the number of people who died and suffered as a result of these accidents. To determine the presence of autocorrelation in the studied series of dynamics of accidents in coal mines, methods of regression analysis were used. Findings. It has been established that the main cause of death in coal mines accidents is not collapses and explosions, but endogenous fires. The lack of means to combat this type of fires requires further research in this area. Conclusions on the causes of death in accidents have been drawn and dependence of the number of casualties on the accidents nature has been established. Research application field. The results obtained can be used in the development of new means and methods for extinguishing endogenous fires in coal mines. Conclusions. During a fire in a coal mine, combustion leads to a significant dynamics of oxygen reduction. Based on this fact we can conclude that the high death rate of miners in accidents is due, first of all, to insufficiently effective measures to prevent and extinguish endogenous fires.
{"title":"Choosing of fire extinguishing medium in coal mines on the basis of accident autocorrelation analysis","authors":"E. N. Kosyanova, K. Shchetnev, Olga S. Tarasevich, Lyudmila K. Isaeva","doi":"10.25257/fe.2022.2.27-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.2.27-34","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The article describes of facility operation with the production of non-renewable energy resources in the Russian Federation. Based on the issues of ensuring technosphere and fire safety at such facilities the article has analyzed statistical indicators of сoal mines accidents in the country. The results of the analysis were processed by the method of mathematical regression. The presence of autocorrelation in the researched series of dynamics of accidents is defined, that allows establishing true connections of the corresponding series, namely the correlation of series \"accident - casualties\". The main cause of death in coal mines is not the accident itself, but endogenous fires and emergencies occurring after it. This allows speaking of the need to develop modern means and methods of extinguishing endogenous fires in coal mines. Extinguishing medium to suppress endogenous fires in coal mines is proposed. Methods. The authors have analyzed statistical data on the types of accidents in mines and the number of people who died and suffered as a result of these accidents. To determine the presence of autocorrelation in the studied series of dynamics of accidents in coal mines, methods of regression analysis were used. Findings. It has been established that the main cause of death in coal mines accidents is not collapses and explosions, but endogenous fires. The lack of means to combat this type of fires requires further research in this area. Conclusions on the causes of death in accidents have been drawn and dependence of the number of casualties on the accidents nature has been established. Research application field. The results obtained can be used in the development of new means and methods for extinguishing endogenous fires in coal mines. Conclusions. During a fire in a coal mine, combustion leads to a significant dynamics of oxygen reduction. Based on this fact we can conclude that the high death rate of miners in accidents is due, first of all, to insufficiently effective measures to prevent and extinguish endogenous fires.","PeriodicalId":105490,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115561153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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