Comprehensive psychiatry最新文献

Background

A core feature of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is body image disturbance. Many with BDD misperceive and are dissatisfied with the sizes and shapes of body parts, but detailed quantification and analysis of this has not yet been performed. To address this gap, we applied Somatomap 3D, a digital avatar tool, to quantify body image disturbances by assessing body size estimation (BSE) accuracy and body dissatisfaction.

Methods

Sixty-one adults (31 with BDD, 30 healthy controls) created avatars to reflect their perceived current body and ideal body by altering 23 body part sizes and lengths using Somatomap 3D. Physical measurements of corresponding body parts were recorded for comparison. BSE accuracy (current minus actual) and body dissatisfaction (ideal minus current) were compared between groups and in relation to BDD symptom severity using generalized estimating equations.

Results

Individuals with BDD significantly over- and under-estimated certain body parts compared to healthy controls. Individuals with BDD overall desired significantly thinner body parts compared to healthy controls. Moreover, those with worse BSE accuracy had greater body dissatisfaction and poorer insight.

Conclusion

In sum, this digital avatar tool revealed disturbances in body image in individuals with BDD that may have perceptual and cognitive/affective components.

Objective

By providing a structured assessment of specific risk factors, risk assessment tools allow statements to be made about the likelihood of future recidivism in people who have committed a crime. These tools were originally developed for and primarily tested in men and are mainly based on the usual criminological background of men. Despite significant progress in the last decade, there is still a lack of empirical research on female offenders, especially female forensic psychiatric inpatients. To improve prognosis in female offenders, we performed a retrospective study to compare the predictive quality of the following risk assessment tools: PCL-R, LSI-R, HCR-20 v3, FAM, and VRAG-R.

Method

Data were collected from the information available in the medical files of 525 female patients who had been discharged between 2001 and 2017. We examined the ability of the tools to predict general and violent recidivism by comparing the predictions with information from the Federal Central Criminal Register.

Results

Overall, the prediction instruments had moderate to good predictive performance, and the study confirmed their general applicability to female forensic psychiatric patients.

Conclusion

The LSI-R proved to be particularly valid for general recidivism, and both, LSI-R and HCR-20 v3, for violent recidivism.

Background

The University of California, San Diego Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent (UBACC) is a tool to assess the capacity of participants to consent in psychiatric research. However, little is known about the psychometric properties in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the UBACC.

Methods

We examined the reliability, latent factor structure, and item response of the first attempt of the UBACC items in a sample of 32,208 adults (16,467 individuals with psychosis and 15,741 controls) in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda; exploring these properties in the full sample and stratified by country, diagnostic status, sex, and ethnolinguistic language groups.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested a two-factor model for the overall sample. However, a three-factor model was more appropriate when examining the latent structure across country, language, and sex. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) revealed an adequately fitting three-factor model for the full sample and across country, sex, and language. A two-factor model, however, was more appropriate for English and Amharic languages. Across all groups, the internal consistency of the UBACC was low, indicating below-threshold reliability (Cronbach's α (95 % CI = 0.58 (0.57–0.59). Using a multidimensional item-response theory framework for the full sample revealed that UBACC item 8, measuring understanding of the benefits of study participation, was the most discriminating item. Many of the other items had below-threshold discriminating characteristics.

Conclusion

EFA and CFA converged towards a two and three-dimensional structure for the UBACC, in line with the developers of the original scale. The differences in properties between populations and language groups, low internal consistency, and below-threshold item functioning suggest that investigations into the cultural and linguistic nuances are still warranted. Understanding the utility of consent tools, such as the UBACC, in underrepresented populations will be a part of the larger process which ensures that research participants are adequately protected.

Patients with persistent somatic symptoms (PSS) often receive either somatic or psychiatric care, depending on whether symptoms are respectively medically explained (MES) or unexplained (MUS). This separation may not be as clinically relevant as previously assumed; however, research on data-driven subgroups within cohorts of older patients with PSS is not available. Our goal is to identify more clinically relevant homogeneous subgroups beyond the distinction of MUS and MES among older patients with PSS by using a data-driven approach. We performed two Latent Profile Analyses (LPAs), one focused on 6 somatic health measures, the other on 6 psychosocial measures, using data from a case-control study with participants (>60 years) with MUS (N = 118) or MES (N = 154), recruited from the general public, general practices and secondary healthcare. We identified two somatic-health based (strong, vulnerable) and four mental-health based (strong, vulnerable, lonely, non-acceptance) profiles. We found no statistically significant overlap between the somatic – and mental health profiles (κ = 0.019). Health related quality of life negatively associated with the mentally – and somatically vulnerable profiles. We conclude that singular focus on MUS/MES distinction in the care for older PSS patients may lead to undertreatment of the most vulnerable patients. Integrated care is recommended when treating persistent somatic symptoms in later life, regardless of the (un)explained origin of the symptoms.

Background

Camouflaging of autistic traits involves hiding or compensating for autistic characteristics, often due to stigma or a desire to fit in with others. This behaviour has been associated with mental health issues in autistic individuals. The 2 5-item Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) is the most commonly used self-report measure of camouflaging. In this study, a 9-item short form version was developed for use in clinical and research settings. Aims: To construct and psychometrically validate a brief self-report measure of camouflaging.

Method

The Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire – Short Form (CATQ-SF) was developed and its factor structure and psychometric properties were evaluated in two studies. Study 1 used a large, online sample of autistic and non-autistic adults (N = 832) to evaluate the factor structure, psychometric properties, and measurement invariance of the CATQ-SF. Study 2 used an independent sample of autistic and non-autistic adults (N = 80) to test Study 1's findings.

Results

In Study 1, evidence for a three-factor structure was observed, with good internal consistency (combined autistic & non-autistic α = 0.84). In addition, the instrument demonstrated measurement invariance, and reliably predicted higher levels of autistic traits. In Study 2, the 3-factor structure was replicated, and good internal consistency was again observed (combined autistic and non-autistic α = 0.89). In both studies, psychometric properties were of similar or higher validity compared to the full-form CAT-Q.

Conclusions

The CATQ-SF can be used by clinicians and researchers to measure camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults quickly and reliably.

Background

Public safety personnel (PSP) such as firefighters, paramedics, and police are exposed to traumatic situations, which increase their risk for mental health issues. However, many PSP do not seek help in a timely manner. Peer support interventions have the potential to decrease stigma and increase treatment-seeking behaviours among PSP. However, little is known regarding how the organizational culture of public safety organizations (PSOs) affects the implementation of a peer-based intervention. This study aims to understand the extent to which organizational culture, including masculinity contest cultures (MCC), within Canadian PSOs could affect implementation of PeerOnCall, a new peer support app for PSP.

Methods

A qualitative multiple case study design was adopted, integrating semi-structured interviews with organizational champions from five PSOs. One to three champions from each PSO acted as key informants regarding their organizations. Interviews explored champions' perceptions of how organizational culture might shape implementation. Interview data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Three themes were identified in analysis of the champion interviews. The first theme focused on external drivers and the second theme focused on internal drivers of organizational culture shift. The third theme focused on how culture can create resistance to implementation. Importantly, the MCC norm of show no weakness was described as a source of potential resistance when implementing the app.

Conclusions

Each PSO had a unique and changing culture. Understanding how champions anticipate the role of culture in shaping implementation of an app-based intervention like PeerOnCall can guide the creation of contextually relevant strategies that optimize implementation within PSOs. Recommendations for optimizing implementation and areas for further study are provided.

Background

Child and young adult refugees are a heterogeneous group comprising both vulnerable and resilient individuals. Person-centered statistical methods could help disentangle this heterogeneity, enabling tailored interventions. This systematic review examined person-centered studies on adversity, mental health, and resilience in children and young adults with refugee backgrounds to identify subgroups and assess their theoretical and practical relevance.

Methods

The strategy included three search blocks: 1) refugee, 2) child and/or youth, and 3) person-centered method. Studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, and Cochrane. The search included all published studies until December 2023. Studies were eligible for review if they used adversity, mental health or resilience variables as indicators in a person-centered analysis. The study population needed to have a refugee background with a mean age of ≤25. The reporting quality of the studies was assessed using the adapted version of the Guidelines for Reporting on Latent Trajectory Studies (GRoLTS) checklist. The results were analyzed in a narrative format and using summary tables.

Results

A total of 6706 studies were initially identified, of which seven were eligible for review. The studies included 2409 individuals and were conducted in refugee camps, communities, and institutional and clinical settings across Africa, the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and North America. Five of the seven studies included adversity as an indicator, and three articles mental ill-health. Only one article specifically investigated resilience. All studies identified subgroups, but the findings regarding predictors of group membership were inconclusive. Risks for adverse outcomes, such as mental health problems, also varied across subgroups. The studies generally displayed inadequate reporting of important methodological aspects of the data analysis, a lack of theoretical consideration, and an absence of reliability testing.

Conclusions

The use of person-centered approaches in research on children and young adults with refugee backgrounds, focusing on adversity, mental health, and resilience, is currently limited. Nevertheless, the reviewed studies provided valuable insights into subgroups within this population, indicating that person-centered approaches can be employed when studying this group. Future research should consider theory and prior knowledge in the selection of the final number of groups, thoroughly report quality criteria, and rigorously test the reliability of classes.

Background

Contradictory findings link trait conscientiousness in mid- and late life to increased healthspan and lifespan, as well as to death by suicide. It remains unclear whether conscientiousness is associated with higher odds of attempting suicide or with more severe suicidal behavior among attempters, and whether its relationship to suicide risk varies with aging-related stressors, such as declining health.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study comprising 313 depressed adults aged ≥40 years and participating in the Longitudinal Research Program in Late-Life Suicide (Pittsburgh, USA), we employed logistic and linear regression to test whether conscientiousness was associated with the presence of recent suicidal behavior (≤2 years) and with intent severity in recent attempters (n = 84). We further tested whether the above relationships varied based on mental, cognitive, and physical health status, measured as depression severity, cognitive functioning, and the presence/absence of severe physical illness.

Results

Participants were 62.1 years old on average (SD = 7.6), 85% White, and 53% female. Recent attempters had a mean age of 61.8 years at their most recent attempt (SD = 8.5), had lower cognitive functioning and were more likely severely physically ill than comparisons. Conscientiousness was positively associated with a higher likelihood of recent suicidal behavior overall (adjusted OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.90, p = .010), but not in case of co-occurring severe physical illness (interaction OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.30, 0.97, p = .039). Conscientiousness was also positively associated with suicidal intent at the most recent attempt (adjusted β = 1.60, SE = 0.62, p = .012), explaining 7% of its variance, although this association lost significance after adjusting for other personality dimensions.

Conclusions

Highly conscientious middle-aged and older adults may be at increased risk of resolute suicidal behavior, although conscientiousness may not confer additional suicide risk among those severely physically ill.

Background

Several studies have shown that social isolation and loneliness are associated with the occurrence of psychotic experiences. However, dynamics of these phenomena in people with subclinical experiences, commonly referred to as psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), remains largely unknown. Therefore, in this study we performed a temporal network analysis to model dynamic predictions between social isolation, loneliness, negative affect, social stress, and PLEs.

Methods

A total of 77 drug-naïve individuals with PLEs from a transdiagnostic sample were enrolled. Data were obtained using the experience sampling method (ESM). The ESM questionnaires were delivered during 7 consecutive days (6 assessments per day). Therefore, 3234 data entries were analyzed.

Results

Social isolation predicted next-moment emergence of PLEs through the effects on loneliness and negative affect. Also, PLEs appeared to predict next-moment loneliness, but not social isolation, through the effects on negative affect. Social stress did not predict any variables in the network. However, it was predicted by previous-moment PLEs and social isolation. Negative affect had the highest in-strength and out-strength centrality.

Conclusions

Findings from the present study indicate that social isolation might predict the emergence of PLEs through the effects of momentary loneliness and negative affect. Also, loneliness might be bidirectionally associated with PLEs. Interventions targeting negative affect and social isolation might be beneficial in people with PLEs.