Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology最新文献

Mechanism of blocking the glutamate pathway to exacerbate oxidative stress, ammonia toxicity and metabolic disorders in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) under saline-alkaline exposure

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110146

Wenzhi Liu , Lin Han , Fangying Yuan , Qianwen Liu , Hongyu Cheng , Xiaofeng Jin , Yanchun Sun

Climate change and intensified human activities have accelerated the salinization and alkalinization of aquatic environments, further shrinking the space for freshwater aquaculture. One of the key survival mechanisms for fish in saline-alkaline habitats is the conversion of accumulated endogenous ammonia into less toxic glutamine. This study focuses on the freshwater teleost, crucian carp (Carassius auratus), using the liver as the target organ. Three groups were established: 0, 20, and 40 mmol/L NaHCO₃ stress groups. After 30 days, methionine sulfoximine was injected to block the glutamate pathway, respectively. Through a combination of biochemical analysis and metabolomics, this study investigated the mechanisms by which blocking the glutamate pathway under different NaHCO₃ stress concentrations affects metabolism in the liver of crucian carp. Biochemical results indicated that saline-alkaline stress led to oxidative stress and impaired ammonia excretion in crucian carp, and these effects were exacerbated after blocking the glutamate pathway. Metabolomic results revealed significant alterations in pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and purine metabolism. The study demonstrates that blocking the glutamate pathway exacerbates lipid and energy metabolism disorders under saline-alkaline stress, with crucian carp compensating by regulating glucose metabolism to mitigate energy deficiencies. In summary, this study elucidates the metabolic changes in crucian carp following the blockade of glutamate pathway under carbonate-alkaline stress, providing insight into the mechanisms leading to liver inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, and offers preliminary insights into the effects on ammonia excretion, which lay a scientific foundation for future research on freshwater teleosts in saline-alkaline environments.

{"title":"Mechanism of blocking the glutamate pathway to exacerbate oxidative stress, ammonia toxicity and metabolic disorders in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) under saline-alkaline exposure","authors":"Wenzhi Liu , Lin Han , Fangying Yuan , Qianwen Liu , Hongyu Cheng , Xiaofeng Jin , Yanchun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and intensified human activities have accelerated the salinization and alkalinization of aquatic environments, further shrinking the space for freshwater aquaculture. One of the key survival mechanisms for fish in saline-alkaline habitats is the conversion of accumulated endogenous ammonia into less toxic glutamine. This study focuses on the freshwater teleost, crucian carp (<em>Carassius auratus</em>), using the liver as the target organ. Three groups were established: 0, 20, and 40 mmol/L NaHCO<sub>3</sub> stress groups. After 30 days, methionine sulfoximine was injected to block the glutamate pathway, respectively. Through a combination of biochemical analysis and metabolomics, this study investigated the mechanisms by which blocking the glutamate pathway under different NaHCO<sub>3</sub> stress concentrations affects metabolism in the liver of crucian carp. Biochemical results indicated that saline-alkaline stress led to oxidative stress and impaired ammonia excretion in crucian carp, and these effects were exacerbated after blocking the glutamate pathway. Metabolomic results revealed significant alterations in pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and purine metabolism. The study demonstrates that blocking the glutamate pathway exacerbates lipid and energy metabolism disorders under saline-alkaline stress, with crucian carp compensating by regulating glucose metabolism to mitigate energy deficiencies. In summary, this study elucidates the metabolic changes in crucian carp following the blockade of glutamate pathway under carbonate-alkaline stress, providing insight into the mechanisms leading to liver inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, and offers preliminary insights into the effects on ammonia excretion, which lay a scientific foundation for future research on freshwater teleosts in saline-alkaline environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Expression of antioxidant and stress-related genes in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus exposed to high temperatures after pre-heating

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110147

Dain Lee , Ju-Hyeong Lee , Kyung-Hee Kim , Cheol Young Choi , Ju-Chan Kang , Jun-Hwan Kim

The rising sea surface temperatures driven by climate change cause thermal stress, leading to oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and increased disease susceptibility, thereby impairing the physiological functions of fish. Therefore, understanding the adaptation mechanisms of fish to high temperatures is essential for mitigating the negative impacts of thermal stress on aquaculture productivity and fish health. In this study, Paralichthys olivaceus were subjected to high temperatures following pre-heating to evaluate the advantages of pre-stimulation prior to exposure to the critical temperature. The P. olivaceus were exposed to four groups; Acute (subjected to acute heat shock at 32 °C), AH-S (exposed to acquired heat shock at 28 °C followed by short recovery of 2 h and subsequent heat shock at 32 °C), AH-L (exposed to acquired heat shock at 28 °C followed by long recovery of 2 days and subsequent heat shock at 32 °C) and AH-SL (combined of AH-S and AH-L protocols). In terms of antioxidant response, mRNA expression (caspase 10, thioredoxin (Trx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxiredoxin (Prx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and transferrin (TF)) and enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GST) were significantly upregulated in P. olivaceus pre-heated prior to high-temperature exposure (AH-S, AH-L, and AH-SL groups). In addition, the stress gene expressions such as heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP60, HSP90, warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein (Wap65–1), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) was significantly upregulated in AH-S, AH-L and AH-SL groups. Pre-heating has been found to be effective in mitigating thermal stress, with the efficacy varying according to the differences in pre-heating methods.

{"title":"Expression of antioxidant and stress-related genes in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus exposed to high temperatures after pre-heating","authors":"Dain Lee , Ju-Hyeong Lee , Kyung-Hee Kim , Cheol Young Choi , Ju-Chan Kang , Jun-Hwan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising sea surface temperatures driven by climate change cause thermal stress, leading to oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and increased disease susceptibility, thereby impairing the physiological functions of fish. Therefore, understanding the adaptation mechanisms of fish to high temperatures is essential for mitigating the negative impacts of thermal stress on aquaculture productivity and fish health. In this study, <em>Paralichthys olivaceus</em> were subjected to high temperatures following pre-heating to evaluate the advantages of pre-stimulation prior to exposure to the critical temperature. The <em>P. olivaceus</em> were exposed to four groups; Acute (subjected to acute heat shock at 32 °C), AH-S (exposed to acquired heat shock at 28 °C followed by short recovery of 2 h and subsequent heat shock at 32 °C), AH-L (exposed to acquired heat shock at 28 °C followed by long recovery of 2 days and subsequent heat shock at 32 °C) and AH-SL (combined of AH-S and AH-L protocols). In terms of antioxidant response, mRNA expression (caspase 10, thioredoxin (Trx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxiredoxin (Prx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and transferrin (TF)) and enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GST) were significantly upregulated in <em>P. olivaceus</em> pre-heated prior to high-temperature exposure (AH-S, AH-L, and AH-SL groups). In addition, the stress gene expressions such as heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP60, HSP90, warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein (Wap65–1), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) was significantly upregulated in AH-S, AH-L and AH-SL groups. Pre-heating has been found to be effective in mitigating thermal stress, with the efficacy varying according to the differences in pre-heating methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide antibiotics (single and mixtures) impair the motor function of zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110143

Gleyson B. Castro , Juliano J. Corbi , Mateus Cottorello-Fonsêca , Daniela Correia , Demetrio Raldúa , David S. Alexandre , Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto , Eva Prats , Melissa Faria

The occurrence of antibiotics in freshwater is a global concern, with evidence pointing to potential neurotoxic effects after prolonged exposure. However, data on their impact on behavior, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations, remain limited. This study examined the motor function of zebrafish larvae exposed to single and mixture of antibiotics from the sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone classes. Ten antibiotics were assessed, namely, fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), pefloxacin (PEF), ofloxacin (OFL), and enrofloxacin (ENR) and sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), and sulfadimethoxine (SDM). After 24 h of exposure, single exposures revealed that all antibiotics disrupted at least one typical larval behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations. Larvae showed similarities in the escape response provoked by a vibrating acoustic stimulus (startle) according to the antibiotic class, despite the significantly more severe effects of SDM on startle and SMX on habituation to repetitive acoustic stimulation. Exposures to sulfonamide mixtures caused a non-monotonic effect on the startle response and significantly increased the distance traveled over the visual motor response. On the other hand, fluoroquinolone mixtures at 0.1 and 10 μg L⁻¹ reduced the habituation of zebrafish larvae. Biochemical markers suggest sulfonamide mixtures can potentially decrease catalase activity, whereas reduced glutathione levels are increased in fluoroquinolone mixtures at 10 μg L⁻¹. Such findings support recent discussions on the potential of antibiotics to impair motor function in aquatic species, whether in isolated or combined forms. Regulatory mechanisms focused on discharging those substances into freshwater are pivotal to preventing adverse effects and ensuring biota safety.

{"title":"Fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide antibiotics (single and mixtures) impair the motor function of zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations","authors":"Gleyson B. Castro , Juliano J. Corbi , Mateus Cottorello-Fonsêca , Daniela Correia , Demetrio Raldúa , David S. Alexandre , Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto , Eva Prats , Melissa Faria","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence of antibiotics in freshwater is a global concern, with evidence pointing to potential neurotoxic effects after prolonged exposure. However, data on their impact on behavior, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations, remain limited. This study examined the motor function of zebrafish larvae exposed to single and mixture of antibiotics from the sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone classes. Ten antibiotics were assessed, namely, fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), pefloxacin (PEF), ofloxacin (OFL), and enrofloxacin (ENR) and sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), and sulfadimethoxine (SDM). After 24 h of exposure, single exposures revealed that all antibiotics disrupted at least one typical larval behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations. Larvae showed similarities in the escape response provoked by a vibrating acoustic stimulus (startle) according to the antibiotic class, despite the significantly more severe effects of SDM on startle and SMX on habituation to repetitive acoustic stimulation. Exposures to sulfonamide mixtures caused a non-monotonic effect on the startle response and significantly increased the distance traveled over the visual motor response. On the other hand, fluoroquinolone mixtures at 0.1 and 10 μg L<sup>−1</sup> reduced the habituation of zebrafish larvae. Biochemical markers suggest sulfonamide mixtures can potentially decrease catalase activity, whereas reduced glutathione levels are increased in fluoroquinolone mixtures at 10 μg L<sup>−1</sup>. Such findings support recent discussions on the potential of antibiotics to impair motor function in aquatic species, whether in isolated or combined forms. Regulatory mechanisms focused on discharging those substances into freshwater are pivotal to preventing adverse effects and ensuring biota safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individual and combined effects of microplastics and diphenyl phthalate as plastic additives on male goldfish: A biochemical and physiological investigation

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110144

Masoumeh Faramazinia , Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei , Cristiana Roberta Multisanti , Mahdi Banaee , Giuseppe Piccione , Abha Trivedi , Caterina Faggio

The development of the plastics industry worldwide has led to an increase in the rate of plastic waste and chemical additives such as microplastics (MPs) and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) in the environment. The penetration of these pollutants into aquatic ecosystems has also raised concerns about their toxic effects, individually and in combination. The present study investigated the individual and combined toxicity of MPs and DPP on the health of male goldfish. A 28-day exposure experiment was conducted using different concentrations of DPP (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 μL L⁻¹) and MPs (20, 40 mg L⁻¹), both individually and in combination. Biochemical markers, enzyme activities, and hormone levels were evaluated to ascertain the effects on metabolic, renal, and reproductive health. The findings revealed that concurrent exposure to DPP and MPs markedly elevated plasma glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels, accompanied by notable reductions in high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, combined exposures resulted in liver damage, as evidenced by elevated serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and disruptions in protein synthesis and immune response, with notable decreases in total protein, albumin, and globulin. Testosterone levels decreased, while estradiol levels increased, indicating endocrine disruption and potential reproductive impairment. These findings indicated the adverse synergistic effects of MPs and DPP on the physiology of goldfish. Therefore, further research must be conducted to increase our knowledge of their ecotoxicological risks.

{"title":"Individual and combined effects of microplastics and diphenyl phthalate as plastic additives on male goldfish: A biochemical and physiological investigation","authors":"Masoumeh Faramazinia , Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei , Cristiana Roberta Multisanti , Mahdi Banaee , Giuseppe Piccione , Abha Trivedi , Caterina Faggio","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of the plastics industry worldwide has led to an increase in the rate of plastic waste and chemical additives such as microplastics (MPs) and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) in the environment. The penetration of these pollutants into aquatic ecosystems has also raised concerns about their toxic effects, individually and in combination. The present study investigated the individual and combined toxicity of MPs and DPP on the health of male goldfish. A 28-day exposure experiment was conducted using different concentrations of DPP (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 μL L<sup>−1</sup>) and MPs (20, 40 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), both individually and in combination. Biochemical markers, enzyme activities, and hormone levels were evaluated to ascertain the effects on metabolic, renal, and reproductive health. The findings revealed that concurrent exposure to DPP and MPs markedly elevated plasma glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels, accompanied by notable reductions in high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, combined exposures resulted in liver damage, as evidenced by elevated serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and disruptions in protein synthesis and immune response, with notable decreases in total protein, albumin, and globulin. Testosterone levels decreased, while estradiol levels increased, indicating endocrine disruption and potential reproductive impairment. These findings indicated the adverse synergistic effects of MPs and DPP on the physiology of goldfish. Therefore, further research must be conducted to increase our knowledge of their ecotoxicological risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Warming-induced microplastic accumulation and physiological toxicity in fiddler crabs

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110142

Karen Beltran-de la Torre , Jorge Arturo Vargas-Abúndez , Ricardo Dzul-Caamal , Anieli C. Maraschi , Mariana V. Capparelli

Under natural conditions, organisms are exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, such as microplastic (MP) contamination and rising global temperatures. To assess the combined effects of acute MP exposure and increasing temperatures on the fiddler crab Minuca rapax, we exposed the crabs to polyethylene microspheres (0 and 2 mg L⁻¹, size 53–63 μm) at three different temperatures (24, 27, and 30 °C). Physiological responses were assessed by measuring oxygen consumption and evaluating the biochemical activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) alongside lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the gills and hepatopancreas. MP bioaccumulation was quantified in the gills, digestive tract, and muscles. Our findings revealed that MP bioaccumulation was highest in the gills, followed by the digestive tract and muscles. Notably, elevated temperatures (30 °C) suppressed MP accumulation. At 30 °C, MP-exposed crabs showed increased oxygen consumption, while at 27 °C, SOD and GPx activities were elevated. In contrast, in MP-exposed crabs, catalase activity and LPO levels decreased at 30 °C. Overall, the combined effects of MP exposure and temperature-induced stress exacerbated physiological toxicity in Minuca rapax, underscoring the importance of considering multiple environmental stressors when evaluating the impacts of MP contamination.

{"title":"Warming-induced microplastic accumulation and physiological toxicity in fiddler crabs","authors":"Karen Beltran-de la Torre , Jorge Arturo Vargas-Abúndez , Ricardo Dzul-Caamal , Anieli C. Maraschi , Mariana V. Capparelli","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under natural conditions, organisms are exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, such as microplastic (MP) contamination and rising global temperatures. To assess the combined effects of acute MP exposure and increasing temperatures on the fiddler crab <em>Minuca rapax</em>, we exposed the crabs to polyethylene microspheres (0 and 2 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, size 53–63 μm) at three different temperatures (24, 27, and 30 °C). Physiological responses were assessed by measuring oxygen consumption and evaluating the biochemical activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) alongside lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the gills and hepatopancreas. MP bioaccumulation was quantified in the gills, digestive tract, and muscles. Our findings revealed that MP bioaccumulation was highest in the gills, followed by the digestive tract and muscles. Notably, elevated temperatures (30 °C) suppressed MP accumulation. At 30 °C, MP-exposed crabs showed increased oxygen consumption, while at 27 °C, SOD and GPx activities were elevated. In contrast, in MP-exposed crabs, catalase activity and LPO levels decreased at 30 °C. Overall, the combined effects of MP exposure and temperature-induced stress exacerbated physiological toxicity in <em>Minuca rapax</em>, underscoring the importance of considering multiple environmental stressors when evaluating the impacts of MP contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A genus-wide study on venom proteome variation and phospholipase A2 inhibition in Asian lance-headed pit vipers (genus: Trimeresurus) 关于亚洲矛头蝮蛇（属：Trimeresurus）毒液蛋白质组变异和磷脂酶 A2 抑制作用的全属研究。

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110077

Mun Yee Yong , Kae Yi Tan , Choo Hock Tan

High molecular weight proteins are present abundantly in viperid venoms. The amino acid sequence can be highly variable, contributing to the structure and function diversity of snake venom protein. However, this variability remains poorly understood in many species. The study investigated the venom protein variability in a distinct clade of Asian pit vipers (Trimeresurus species complex) through comparative proteomics, applying gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS), and bioinformatic approaches. The proteomes revealed a number of conserved protein families, within each are variably expressed protein paralogs that are unrelated to the snake phylogeny and geographic origin. The expression levels of two major enzymes, i.e., snake venom serine proteinase and metalloproteinase, correlate weakly with procoagulant and hemorrhagic activities, implying co-expression of other functionally versatile toxins in the venom. The phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) abundance correlates strongly with its enzymatic activity, and a unique phenotype was discovered in two species expressing extremely little PLA₂. The commercial mono-specific antivenom effectively neutralized the venoms' procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects but failed to inhibit the PLA₂ activities. Instead, the PLA₂ activities of all venoms were effectively inhibited by the small molecule inhibitor varespladib, suggesting its potential to be repurposed as a highly potent adjuvant therapeutic in snakebite envenoming.

毒蛇毒液中含有大量高分子量蛋白质。不过，其氨基酸序列可能会有很大差异，从而导致蛇毒蛋白质的结构和功能多样性。然而，这一点在许多物种中仍未得到解决。这项研究采用凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）、液相色谱-串联质谱（LCMS/MS）和生物信息学方法，通过比较蛋白质组学研究了亚洲蝮蛇（Trimeresurus species）一个独特支系的毒液蛋白变异性。蛋白质组发现了许多保守的蛋白质家族，每个家族中都有表达量不同的蛋白质旁系亲属，这些旁系亲属与蛇的系统发育和地理起源无关。两种主要酶（即蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶和金属蛋白酶）的表达水平与促凝血和出血活性关系不大，这意味着蛇毒中还存在其他功能多样的毒素。磷脂酶 A2（PLA2）的丰度与其酶活性密切相关，在两个表达极少 PLA2 的物种中发现了一种独特的表型。商用单特异性抗蛇毒血清有效地中和了毒液的促凝血和出血作用，但未能抑制 PLA2 活性。相反，小分子抑制剂 varespladib 能有效抑制所有毒液的 PLA2 活性，这表明它有可能被重新用作蛇咬伤毒液的强效辅助疗法。

{"title":"A genus-wide study on venom proteome variation and phospholipase A2 inhibition in Asian lance-headed pit vipers (genus: Trimeresurus)","authors":"Mun Yee Yong , Kae Yi Tan , Choo Hock Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High molecular weight proteins are present abundantly in viperid venoms. The amino acid sequence can be highly variable, contributing to the structure and function diversity of snake venom protein. However, this variability remains poorly understood in many species. The study investigated the venom protein variability in a distinct clade of Asian pit vipers (<em>Trimeresurus</em> species complex) through comparative proteomics, applying gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS), and bioinformatic approaches. The proteomes revealed a number of conserved protein families, within each are variably expressed protein paralogs that are unrelated to the snake phylogeny and geographic origin. The expression levels of two major enzymes, i.e., snake venom serine proteinase and metalloproteinase, correlate weakly with procoagulant and hemorrhagic activities, implying co-expression of other functionally versatile toxins in the venom. The phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (PLA<sub>2</sub>) abundance correlates strongly with its enzymatic activity, and a unique phenotype was discovered in two species expressing extremely little PLA<sub>2</sub>. The commercial mono-specific antivenom effectively neutralized the venoms' procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects but failed to inhibit the PLA<sub>2</sub> activities. Instead, the PLA<sub>2</sub> activities of all venoms were effectively inhibited by the small molecule inhibitor varespladib, suggesting its potential to be repurposed as a highly potent adjuvant therapeutic in snakebite envenoming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 110077"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Venom variation and ontogenetic changes in the Crotalus molossus complex: Insights into composition, activities, and antivenom neutralization

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110129

Miguel Borja , Gamaliel Castañeda-Gaytán , Alejandro Alagón , Jason L. Strickland , Christopher L. Parkinson , Areli Gutiérrez-Martínez , Bruno Rodriguez-López , Vanessa Zarzosa , Bruno Lomonte , Anthony J. Saviola , Julián Fernández , Cara F. Smith , Kirk C. Hansen , Armando Pérez-Robles , Sebastián Castañeda-Pérez , Samuel R. Hirst , Felipe Olvera-Rodríguez , Leonardo Fernández-Badillo , Jesús Sigala , Jason Jones , Edgar Neri-Castro

The Crotalus molossus complex consists of five to seven phylogenetically related lineages of black-tailed rattlesnakes widely distributed in Mexico. While previous studies have noted venom variation within specific lineages of the Crotalus molossus complex, a comprehensive characterization of interspecific and ontogenetic venom variations, their functional implications, and the neutralizing ability of the Mexican antivenom against these variants remains largely unexamined. Herein, using two proteomic approaches for five lineages (C. basiliscus, C. m. molossus, C. m. nigrescens, C. m. oaxacus, and C. ornatus) of the C. molossus complex we characterized the number of toxins and their relative abundance in the venom of individuals of varying sizes. All five lineages undergo ontogenetic venom composition shifts associated with snake length. However, the pattern of ontogenetic shifts varied among lineages. In some lineages, these shifts led to significant differences in proteolytic, phospholipase A_2, and fibrinogenolytic activities. Venom in smaller C. basiliscus, C. m. nigrescens, and C. m. oaxacus individuals had lower LD₅₀ values (more lethal) in mice. Whereas the venom lethality of C. m. nigrescens (both juvenile and adult) and C. m. oaxacus (adult) was several times higher in a mammalian (mouse) model than in a reptilian (iguana) model. Antivipmyn® showed different neutralizing potencies toward venom pools. Overall, our results indicated that even among closely related rattlesnake lineages, venom phenotypes may vary greatly, impacting their function and the efficacy of antivenom neutralization.

{"title":"Venom variation and ontogenetic changes in the Crotalus molossus complex: Insights into composition, activities, and antivenom neutralization","authors":"Miguel Borja , Gamaliel Castañeda-Gaytán , Alejandro Alagón , Jason L. Strickland , Christopher L. Parkinson , Areli Gutiérrez-Martínez , Bruno Rodriguez-López , Vanessa Zarzosa , Bruno Lomonte , Anthony J. Saviola , Julián Fernández , Cara F. Smith , Kirk C. Hansen , Armando Pérez-Robles , Sebastián Castañeda-Pérez , Samuel R. Hirst , Felipe Olvera-Rodríguez , Leonardo Fernández-Badillo , Jesús Sigala , Jason Jones , Edgar Neri-Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Crotalus molossus</em> complex consists of five to seven phylogenetically related lineages of black-tailed rattlesnakes widely distributed in Mexico. While previous studies have noted venom variation within specific lineages of the <em>Crotalus molossus</em> complex, a comprehensive characterization of interspecific and ontogenetic venom variations, their functional implications, and the neutralizing ability of the Mexican antivenom against these variants remains largely unexamined. Herein, using two proteomic approaches for five lineages (<em>C. basiliscus</em>, <em>C. m. molossus</em>, <em>C. m. nigrescens</em>, <em>C. m. oaxacus</em>, and <em>C. ornatus</em>) of the <em>C. molossus</em> complex we characterized the number of toxins and their relative abundance in the venom of individuals of varying sizes. All five lineages undergo ontogenetic venom composition shifts associated with snake length. However, the pattern of ontogenetic shifts varied among lineages. In some lineages, these shifts led to significant differences in proteolytic, phospholipase A<sub>2,</sub> and fibrinogenolytic activities. Venom in smaller <em>C. basiliscus</em>, <em>C. m. nigrescens</em>, and <em>C. m. oaxacus</em> individuals had lower LD<sub>50</sub> values (more lethal) in mice. Whereas the venom lethality of <em>C. m. nigrescens</em> (both juvenile and adult) and <em>C. m. oaxacus</em> (adult) was several times higher in a mammalian (mouse) model than in a reptilian (iguana) model. Antivipmyn® showed different neutralizing potencies toward venom pools. Overall, our results indicated that even among closely related rattlesnake lineages, venom phenotypes may vary greatly, impacting their function and the efficacy of antivenom neutralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reproductive toxicity and transgenerational effects of co-exposure to polystyrene microplastics and arsenic in zebrafish

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110134

Yuxuan Luo , Zheng Zhang , Xuewei Li , Zile Zhuang , Yihan Li , Xinya Wang , Changqing Liao , Lujia Chen , Qizhi Luo , Xuncai Chen

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have garnered significant attention due to their small particle size, resistance to degradation and large specific surface area, which makes it easy to adsorb various pollutants, particularly heavy metals. Arsenic (As), a common metal poisons, poses significant risks due to its widespread industrial use. When MPs and As co-exist in the environment, they can exert combined toxic effects on organisms, affecting various systems, including the nervous system. However, research on the reproductive damage caused by the co-exposure to MPs and As is limited, and the toxic effects and mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the co-exposure of polystyrene microplastics (PSMP) and As on female zebrafish to evaluate the reproductive toxicity and transgenerational effects. The results revealed that the combined exposure exhibited elevated reproductive toxicity, resulting in reduced gonadal indices, abnormal oocyte maturation, and disrupted sex hormone levels, as evidenced by an increased E2/T ratio. Metabolomics analyses revealed that the co-exposure to PSMP and As primarily affected pathways involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. These pathways are associated with oxidative stress, lipid synthesis, and sex hormone synthesis. Importantly, the combined exposure group exhibited more pronounced effects on offspring development compared to the alone treatment group, characterized by increased mortality rate, decreased hatching rate, and reduced heart rate. These findings provide evidence that co-exposure to MPs and As damages the reproductive system and adversely affects offspring growth and development.

{"title":"Reproductive toxicity and transgenerational effects of co-exposure to polystyrene microplastics and arsenic in zebrafish","authors":"Yuxuan Luo , Zheng Zhang , Xuewei Li , Zile Zhuang , Yihan Li , Xinya Wang , Changqing Liao , Lujia Chen , Qizhi Luo , Xuncai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have garnered significant attention due to their small particle size, resistance to degradation and large specific surface area, which makes it easy to adsorb various pollutants, particularly heavy metals. Arsenic (As), a common metal poisons, poses significant risks due to its widespread industrial use. When MPs and As co-exist in the environment, they can exert combined toxic effects on organisms, affecting various systems, including the nervous system. However, research on the reproductive damage caused by the co-exposure to MPs and As is limited, and the toxic effects and mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the <em>co</em>-exposure of polystyrene microplastics (PSMP) and As on female zebrafish to evaluate the reproductive toxicity and transgenerational effects. The results revealed that the combined exposure exhibited elevated reproductive toxicity, resulting in reduced gonadal indices, abnormal oocyte maturation, and disrupted sex hormone levels, as evidenced by an increased E2/T ratio. Metabolomics analyses revealed that the co-exposure to PSMP and As primarily affected pathways involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. These pathways are associated with oxidative stress, lipid synthesis, and sex hormone synthesis. Importantly, the combined exposure group exhibited more pronounced effects on offspring development compared to the alone treatment group, characterized by increased mortality rate, decreased hatching rate, and reduced heart rate. These findings provide evidence that co-exposure to MPs and As damages the reproductive system and adversely affects offspring growth and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of in vitro cytochalasin D and hypoxia on mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signal status and actin/tubulin/Hsp/MMP entity in air-breathing fish heart

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110132

S. Rekha , M.C. Subhash Peter

The cardiac actin cytoskeleton has a dynamic pattern of polymerisation. It is uncertain how far actin destabilisation impacts mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signal status, and structural entities in cardiomyocytes, particularly in hypoxic conditions. We thus tested the in vitro action of cytochalasin D (Cyt D), an inhibitor of actin polymerisation, in hypoxic ventricular explants to elucidate the role of the actin in mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signals and actin/tubulin/hsps/MMPs dynamics in hypoxic air-breathing fish hearts. The COX activity increased upon Cyt D exposure, whereas hypoxia lowered COX and SDH activities but increased LDH activity. The ROS increased, and NO decreased by Cyt D. COX and LDH activities, and NO content reversed after Cyt D exposure in hypoxic hearts. Cyt D exposure upregulated actin isoform expression (Actc1 and Actb1) but downregulated tubulin isoform (Tedc1). Hypoxia upregulated actin (Acta1a, Actb1, Actb2, Actc1a) tubulin (Tuba, Tubb5, Tedc1, Tubd1) and hsp (Hspa5, Hspa9, Hspa12a, Hspa14, Hspd1, Hsp90) isoform transcript expression and Cyt D in hypoxic hearts reversed these isoform's expression. Hypoxia upregulated Mmp2 and 9 transcript expressions but downregulated Mfn1, Fis1, Nfkb1, Prkacaa, and Aktip expressions, and Cyt D exposure reversed almost all these markers in hypoxic hearts. The data provide novel evidence for the mechanistic role of actin in integrating mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signal status and actin/tubulin/Hsp/MMP entity, indicating its critical cardioprotective role in defending against hypoxia. Besides proposing an air-breathing fish heart as a model, the study further brings the therapeutic potential of Cyt D towards hypoxia intervention.

{"title":"Effects of in vitro cytochalasin D and hypoxia on mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signal status and actin/tubulin/Hsp/MMP entity in air-breathing fish heart","authors":"S. Rekha , M.C. Subhash Peter","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cardiac actin cytoskeleton has a dynamic pattern of polymerisation. It is uncertain how far actin destabilisation impacts mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signal status, and structural entities in cardiomyocytes, particularly in hypoxic conditions. We thus tested the <em>in vitro</em> action of cytochalasin D (Cyt D), an inhibitor of actin polymerisation, in hypoxic ventricular explants to elucidate the role of the actin in mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signals and actin/tubulin/hsps/MMPs dynamics in hypoxic air-breathing fish hearts. The COX activity increased upon Cyt D exposure, whereas hypoxia lowered COX and SDH activities but increased LDH activity. The ROS increased, and NO decreased by Cyt D. COX and LDH activities, and NO content reversed after Cyt D exposure in hypoxic hearts. Cyt D exposure upregulated actin isoform expression (<em>Actc1</em> and <em>Actb1</em>) but downregulated tubulin isoform (<em>Tedc1</em>). Hypoxia upregulated actin (<em>Acta1a</em>, <em>Actb1</em>, <em>Actb2</em>, <em>Actc1a</em>) tubulin (<em>Tuba</em>, <em>Tubb5</em>, <em>Tedc1</em>, <em>Tubd1</em>) and hsp (<em>Hspa5</em>, <em>Hspa9</em>, <em>Hspa12a</em>, <em>Hspa14</em>, <em>Hspd1</em>, <em>Hsp90</em>) isoform transcript expression and Cyt D in hypoxic hearts reversed these isoform's expression. Hypoxia upregulated <em>Mmp2</em> and 9 transcript expressions but downregulated <em>Mfn1</em>, <em>Fis1</em>, <em>Nfkb1</em>, <em>Prkacaa</em>, and <em>Aktip</em> expressions, and Cyt D exposure reversed almost all these markers in hypoxic hearts. The data provide novel evidence for the mechanistic role of actin in integrating mitochondrial energetics and biogenesis, cell signal status and actin/tubulin/Hsp/MMP entity, indicating its critical cardioprotective role in defending against hypoxia. Besides proposing an air-breathing fish heart as a model, the study further brings the therapeutic potential of Cyt D towards hypoxia intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The characteristics of aminotransferases gene family in Ruditapes philippinarum and its response to salinity stresses

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110133

Tao Liu, Hongtao Nie, Zhongming Huo, Xiwu Yan

Aminotransferase is involved in the regulation of amino acid metabolism, which can affect the balance and distribution of amino acids in the organism, help maintain the homeostasis of amino acids in the organism, and play an important role in the environmental adaptation of aquatic animals. In this study, a total of 28 aminotransferase genes were identified in the genome of R. philippinarum. The gene structure, protein structure, chromosome localization, and phylogenetic analysis of aminotransferase were conducted using bioinformatics. According to the gene structure and phylogenetic analysis of aminotransferase proteins, aminotransferase proteins can be categorized into class I and II, class III, and class V. RNA-seq data analysis showed that aminotransferase genes were differentially expressed at different developmental stages, tissues, and salinity stress. In addition, qPCR demonstrated that the expression levels of most aminotransferase genes increased significantly during salinity changes. We also measured the free amino acids content in the gills of R. philippinarum after 48 h of low and high salinity stress. The results indicated that the total free amino acids under low salinity stress (75.89 ± 3.31 mg/g) and high salinity stress (91.01 ± 3.31 mg/g) at 48 h were significantly decreased and increased compared with the control group (83.01 ± 3.12 mg/g), respectively. The results of this study provide a valuable reference for further research on the salinity adaptation of the aminotransferase gene in R. philippinarum.

{"title":"The characteristics of aminotransferases gene family in Ruditapes philippinarum and its response to salinity stresses","authors":"Tao Liu, Hongtao Nie, Zhongming Huo, Xiwu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aminotransferase is involved in the regulation of amino acid metabolism, which can affect the balance and distribution of amino acids in the organism, help maintain the homeostasis of amino acids in the organism, and play an important role in the environmental adaptation of aquatic animals. In this study, a total of 28 aminotransferase genes were identified in the genome of <em>R. philippinarum</em>. The gene structure, protein structure, chromosome localization, and phylogenetic analysis of aminotransferase were conducted using bioinformatics. According to the gene structure and phylogenetic analysis of aminotransferase proteins, aminotransferase proteins can be categorized into class I and II, class III, and class V. RNA-seq data analysis showed that aminotransferase genes were differentially expressed at different developmental stages, tissues, and salinity stress. In addition, qPCR demonstrated that the expression levels of most aminotransferase genes increased significantly during salinity changes. We also measured the free amino acids content in the gills of <em>R. philippinarum</em> after 48 h of low and high salinity stress. The results indicated that the total free amino acids under low salinity stress (75.89 ± 3.31 mg/g) and high salinity stress (91.01 ± 3.31 mg/g) at 48 h were significantly decreased and increased compared with the control group (83.01 ± 3.12 mg/g), respectively. The results of this study provide a valuable reference for further research on the salinity adaptation of the aminotransferase gene in <em>R. philippinarum</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143051721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0