Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110463
Chang-Hong Cheng , Hai-Peng Qin , Si-Gang Fan , Hong-Ling Ma , Guang-Xin Liu , Dong-Lin Yao , Wen-Fan Luo , Xian-Feng Yang , Zhi-Xun Guo
Rab GTPases are pivotal regulators of organelle trafficking and host immune responses, which are critical for bacterial defense. However, little is known of the function of Rab in crustacean responses to bacterial infection. In this study, a Rab10 gene (Sp-Rab10) was identified from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The full open reading frame of consisted of 612 bp, encoding a 203-amino acid polypeptide that shared 98% sequence identity with Portunus trituberculatus Rab10. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that Sp-Rab10 exhibited broad tissue distribution, with the highest expression detected in the hepatopancreas. Notably, Sp-Rab10 expression was markedly up-regulated following V. parahaemolyticus infection, implying its potential involvement in the innate immune response against bacterial challenge. To explore the regulatory mechanism of Sp-Rab10, an RNA interference (RNAi) experiment was conducted. Silencing of Sp-Rab10 resulted in significant down regulation of 3 phagocytosis-related genes (c-type lysozyme, crustin and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor). Additionally, in vivo knockdown of Sp-Rab10 increased bacterial load in the hemolymph and mortality of mud crabs after V. parahaemolyticus infection. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Sp-Rab10 played a critical role in antimicrobial defense in crustaceans.
{"title":"Rab10 GTPase from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain is involved in the host immune response against V. parahaemolyticus infection","authors":"Chang-Hong Cheng , Hai-Peng Qin , Si-Gang Fan , Hong-Ling Ma , Guang-Xin Liu , Dong-Lin Yao , Wen-Fan Luo , Xian-Feng Yang , Zhi-Xun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rab GTPases are pivotal regulators of organelle trafficking and host immune responses, which are critical for bacterial defense. However, little is known of the function of Rab in crustacean responses to bacterial infection. In this study, a Rab10 gene (<em>Sp-Rab10</em>) was identified from the mud crab <em>Scylla paramamosain</em>. The full open reading frame of consisted of 612 bp, encoding a 203-amino acid polypeptide that shared 98% sequence identity with <em>Portunus trituberculatus Rab10</em>. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that <em>Sp-Rab10</em> exhibited broad tissue distribution, with the highest expression detected in the hepatopancreas. Notably, <em>Sp-Rab10</em> expression was markedly up-regulated following <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> infection, implying its potential involvement in the innate immune response against bacterial challenge. To explore the regulatory mechanism of Sp-Rab10, an RNA interference (RNAi) experiment was conducted. Silencing of Sp-Rab10 resulted in significant down regulation of 3 phagocytosis-related genes (<em>c-type lysozyme</em>, <em>crustin</em> and <em>anti-lipopolysaccharide factor</em>). Additionally, in vivo knockdown of <em>Sp-Rab10</em> increased bacterial load in the hemolymph and mortality of mud crabs after <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> infection. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that <em>Sp-Rab10</em> played a critical role in antimicrobial defense in crustaceans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110463"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146060591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110462
Deshan Chen , Tian Wang , Lei Han , Hongwei Wang , Mohammad Mehdi Ommati , Ping Sun
Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging as significant environmental hazards, especially in aquatic ecosystems, where they predominantly exist in aged forms due to weathering processes. Fish, known for their remarkable ability to regenerate injured caudal fins through intricate biological mechanisms, serve as an ideal model for studying sublethal effects of environmental pollutants. This study investigates the toxic impacts of aged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on caudal fin regeneration in goldfish, focusing on molecular, cellular, and physiological responses. Goldfish were exposed to UV-aged PS-NPs (50 nm) at concentrations of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L, and regeneration was monitored at 7-, 14-, and 35 days post-amputation (dpa). Results demonstrated that caudal fin regeneration was significantly impaired in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Under exposure to a low concentration (10 μg/L) of aged PS-NPs, goldfish showed an adaptive antioxidant response. Exposure to medium-high concentrations (100–1000 μg/L) led to abnormal ROS activity, disordered apoptosis, and abnormal transcription of core genes in oxidative stress (gpx, sod), immune-inflammation (mpeg1, il-1β, tnf-α), and regeneration pathways (fgf20a, runx2a). This ultimately led to a significant inhibition of caudal fin regeneration at 35 dpa. This study indicates that UV-aged PS-NPs can inhibit the regeneration of goldfish tail fins by disrupting the coordinated function of the oxidative stress-immune-apoptosis-regeneration pathway. The study highlights the risks posed by aged NPs in aquatic environments, emphasizing their potential to impair critical tissue regeneration processes in fish, with broader implications for ecosystem health and resilience.
{"title":"The silent saboteurs: How ultraviolet (UV)-aged polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt the regenerative capacity of goldfish (Carassius auratus) caudal fins","authors":"Deshan Chen , Tian Wang , Lei Han , Hongwei Wang , Mohammad Mehdi Ommati , Ping Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging as significant environmental hazards, especially in aquatic ecosystems, where they predominantly exist in aged forms due to weathering processes. Fish, known for their remarkable ability to regenerate injured caudal fins through intricate biological mechanisms, serve as an ideal model for studying sublethal effects of environmental pollutants. This study investigates the toxic impacts of aged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on caudal fin regeneration in goldfish, focusing on molecular, cellular, and physiological responses. Goldfish were exposed to UV-aged PS-NPs (50 nm) at concentrations of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L, and regeneration was monitored at 7-, 14-, and 35 days post-amputation (dpa). Results demonstrated that caudal fin regeneration was significantly impaired in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Under exposure to a low concentration (10 μg/L) of aged PS-NPs, goldfish showed an adaptive antioxidant response. Exposure to medium-high concentrations (100–1000 μg/L) led to abnormal ROS activity, disordered apoptosis, and abnormal transcription of core genes in oxidative stress (<em>gpx</em>, <em>sod</em>), immune-inflammation (<em>mpeg1</em>, <em>il-1β</em>, <em>tnf-α</em>), and regeneration pathways (<em>fgf20a</em>, <em>runx2a</em>). This ultimately led to a significant inhibition of caudal fin regeneration at 35 dpa. This study indicates that UV-aged PS-NPs can inhibit the regeneration of goldfish tail fins by disrupting the coordinated function of the oxidative stress-immune-apoptosis-regeneration pathway. The study highlights the risks posed by aged NPs in aquatic environments, emphasizing their potential to impair critical tissue regeneration processes in fish, with broader implications for ecosystem health and resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 110462"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110457
Zhang Yizhu , Zaynab Mando , Zenab Aldurrah , Roziana Mohamed Hanaphi , Ahmad Syahir Abd Halim Hapiz , Muhammad Ariff Azmi , Adriana Sofia Abdul Latip , Sarah Idris , Azira Muhamad , Fauziahanim Zakaria
Growing evidence indicates that depression is closely associated with disturbances in the gut-brain axis. Although rodent models are currently widely utilised in depression pathophysiology research, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a valuable and promising alternative model species. This study examined changes in neuroendocrine and neurochemical markers associated with behavioural modifications in a zebrafish model of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS). Following a 14-day UCS procedure, the open-field test (OFT), social interaction test (SIT), and light-dark test (LDT) were conducted. Whole-body cortisol and IL-1β levels, along with metabolomics analysis of brain and intestinal tissues, were performed for neuroendocrine and neurochemical assessment. Depression-like behaviours such as increased immobility time (P = 0.0009) and impaired social interaction (P = 0.0306) were observed, alongside elevated levels of cortisol (P < 0.0001) and IL-1β (P = 0.0255). NMR-based metabolomics analysis revealed alterations in valine, alanine, glutamate, and choline in both brain and intestinal tissues in UCS zebrafish, indicating disruption of amino acid metabolism, highlighting the involvement of bidirectional gut-brain axis communication. The glycine, serine, and threonine pathways were most significantly perturbed in UCS zebrafish, suggesting compromised redox homeostasis leads to neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of depression-related chronic stress related to the gut-brain axis. This study demonstrates that zebrafish is a valuable alternative vertebrate model for exploring the systemic impacts of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) on the gut-brain axis.
{"title":"Metabolomic insights into gut–brain axis dysregulation under unpredictable chronic stress in zebrafish","authors":"Zhang Yizhu , Zaynab Mando , Zenab Aldurrah , Roziana Mohamed Hanaphi , Ahmad Syahir Abd Halim Hapiz , Muhammad Ariff Azmi , Adriana Sofia Abdul Latip , Sarah Idris , Azira Muhamad , Fauziahanim Zakaria","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing evidence indicates that depression is closely associated with disturbances in the gut-brain axis. Although rodent models are currently widely utilised in depression pathophysiology research, the zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) has become a valuable and promising alternative model species. This study examined changes in neuroendocrine and neurochemical markers associated with behavioural modifications in a zebrafish model of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS). Following a 14-day UCS procedure, the open-field test (OFT), social interaction test (SIT), and light-dark test (LDT) were conducted. Whole-body cortisol and IL-1β levels, along with metabolomics analysis of brain and intestinal tissues, were performed for neuroendocrine and neurochemical assessment. Depression-like behaviours such as increased immobility time (<em>P</em> = 0.0009) and impaired social interaction (<em>P</em> = 0.0306) were observed, alongside elevated levels of cortisol (<em>P</em> < 0.0001) and IL-1β (<em>P</em> = 0.0255). NMR-based metabolomics analysis revealed alterations in valine, alanine, glutamate, and choline in both brain and intestinal tissues in UCS zebrafish, indicating disruption of amino acid metabolism, highlighting the involvement of bidirectional gut-brain axis communication. The glycine, serine, and threonine pathways were most significantly perturbed in UCS zebrafish, suggesting compromised redox homeostasis leads to neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of depression-related chronic stress related to the gut-brain axis. This study demonstrates that zebrafish is a valuable alternative vertebrate model for exploring the systemic impacts of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) on the gut-brain axis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110457"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the rapid development of the power battery industry, the potential pollution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has drawn great attention in recent years. In this study, the toxicity of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) on antioxidant capacity, digestive capacity, and transcriptome in Daphnia magna, which is a model organism of plankton, was conducted. D. magna individuals were exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.53 mg/L, and 5.3 mg/L) of MWCNTs for 48 h. The results showed that 5.3 mg/L MWCNTs induced obvious oxidative stress reflected by significantly increased malondialdehyde content, and significantly decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione. There were marked reductions in digestive enzyme activities, including lipase activity, trypsin activity, and amylase activity, in the 5.3 mg/L-exposed group relative to those in the control group. KEGG function annotation analysis showed that MWCNTs at both concentrations disturbed two pathways, including metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and the fatty acid elongation signaling pathway. However, the protein digestion and absorption pathway was disturbed in the 5.3 mg/L MWCNTs-exposed group but not in the 0.53 mg/L MWCNTs-exposed group. Overall, we deduce that oxidative damage, impairment of detoxification function, and disorders of protein metabolism and lipid metabolism are associated with CNTs toxicity on D. magna.
{"title":"Toxicity and transcriptome sequencing analyses of Daphnia magna under multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) stress","authors":"Jiaqi Shen , Zhenyang Zhang , Xudong Zheng , Pinpin Lv , Yong Huang , Xiaochan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the rapid development of the power battery industry, the potential pollution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has drawn great attention in recent years. In this study, the toxicity of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) on antioxidant capacity, digestive capacity, and transcriptome in <em>Daphnia magna</em>, which is a model organism of plankton, was conducted. <em>D. magna</em> individuals were exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.53 mg/L, and 5.3 mg/L) of MWCNTs for 48 h. The results showed that 5.3 mg/L MWCNTs induced obvious oxidative stress reflected by significantly increased malondialdehyde content, and significantly decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione. There were marked reductions in digestive enzyme activities, including lipase activity, trypsin activity, and amylase activity, in the 5.3 mg/L-exposed group relative to those in the control group. KEGG function annotation analysis showed that MWCNTs at both concentrations disturbed two pathways, including metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and the fatty acid elongation signaling pathway. However, the protein digestion and absorption pathway was disturbed in the 5.3 mg/L MWCNTs-exposed group but not in the 0.53 mg/L MWCNTs-exposed group. Overall, we deduce that oxidative damage, impairment of detoxification function, and disorders of protein metabolism and lipid metabolism are associated with CNTs toxicity on <em>D. magna</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used worldwide, but its potential teratogenicity remains a cause for concern. The present study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of cypermethrin on neural tube development in early-stage chick embryos. Specific pathogen-free fertilized eggs (n = 125) were divided into five groups and treated subblastodermally at the 28th hour of incubation with saline (control) or cypermethrin at 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 ppm. The embryos were dissected after 48 h and evaluated for morphological, immunohistochemical, and genetic findings. Morphological analysis revealed a significant increase in open neural tube frequency, reduced crown–rump length, and decreased somite number at 1 and 10 ppm (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical findings showed a dose-dependent increase in Caspase 3 and TUNEL indices, accompanied by a significant reduction in PCNA at higher concentrations (p < 0.001). Gene expression analysis revealed a consistent downregulation of transcription factor AP-2 (TFAP2) at all doses (p < 0.001), a non-significant alteration in brain and reproductive organ-expressed protein (BRE) (p > 0.05), and a significant upregulation of T-box transcription factor 18 (TBX18) at 10 ppm (p < 0.001). In conclusion, cypermethrin exposure during post-gastrulation impairs neural tube closure in chick embryos through enhanced apoptosis, reduced proliferation, and transcriptional dysregulation. These findings provide experimental evidence of the embryotoxic potential of pyrethroids and emphasize the need for stricter regulation of pesticide use to minimize developmental risks.
{"title":"The effect of cypermethrin on neural tube development in the early stage of chick embryos","authors":"Yunus Emre Kundakci , Abdulkadir Bilir , Tolga Ertekin , Fatma Firat , Evrim Suna Arikan Soylemez","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used worldwide, but its potential teratogenicity remains a cause for concern. The present study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of cypermethrin on neural tube development in early-stage chick embryos. Specific pathogen-free fertilized eggs (<em>n</em> = 125) were divided into five groups and treated subblastodermally at the 28th hour of incubation with saline (control) or cypermethrin at 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 ppm. The embryos were dissected after 48 h and evaluated for morphological, immunohistochemical, and genetic findings. Morphological analysis revealed a significant increase in open neural tube frequency, reduced crown–rump length, and decreased somite number at 1 and 10 ppm (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Immunohistochemical findings showed a dose-dependent increase in Caspase 3 and TUNEL indices, accompanied by a significant reduction in PCNA at higher concentrations (<em>p</em> < 0.001). Gene expression analysis revealed a consistent downregulation of transcription factor AP-2 (TFAP2) at all doses (p < 0.001), a non-significant alteration in brain and reproductive organ-expressed protein (BRE) (<em>p</em> > 0.05), and a significant upregulation of T-box transcription factor 18 (TBX18) at 10 ppm (<em>p</em> < 0.001). In conclusion, cypermethrin exposure during post-gastrulation impairs neural tube closure in chick embryos through enhanced apoptosis, reduced proliferation, and transcriptional dysregulation. These findings provide experimental evidence of the embryotoxic potential of pyrethroids and emphasize the need for stricter regulation of pesticide use to minimize developmental risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110461"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146009090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110451
Domenico Nuzzo , Valerio Zupo , Roberta Esposito , Emanuele Somma , Crescenzo Savarese , Simona Carfagna , Giovanna Salbitani , Simona Panunzi , Marcello Pompa , Andrea De Gaetano , Antonella Girgenti , Laura Palumbo , Pasquale Picone , Maria Costantini
Diatoms are microalgae showing a remarkable functional diversity, but their chemical composition is strongly influenced by environmental factors. Knowledge of benthic diatom physiology remains limited compared to planktonic taxa. Light and temperature are key environmental cues affecting biochemical pathways, suggesting that bioactive compound production may vary under different conditions. This study investigated the influence of four light spectra on the growth and secondary metabolite production of the benthic diatom Cocconeis scutellum var. parva. Led lamps demonstrated to be quite efficient in terms of biomass productivity, promoting a significantly higher biomass production with lower energy consumption. Extracts from cultures were characterized and evaluated for cytotoxicity on human cell lines, antioxidant activity, and radical scavenging capacity. Our results revealed marked differences in bioactivity depending on the light spectrum, with neon lamps and one LED system, rich in red light, promoting the highest biological activity. These findings demonstrate that optimizing light conditions is crucial for enhancing the quality of diatom-derived bioactive compounds. Spectral modulation under constant irradiance specifically altered antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities, highlighting the biotechnological potential of C. scutellum var. parva for medical, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and aquaculture applications.
硅藻是一种功能多样性显著的微藻，但其化学成分受环境因素的影响较大。与浮游生物分类群相比，底栖硅藻生理学的知识仍然有限。光和温度是影响生物化学途径的关键环境因素，这表明生物活性化合物的产生可能在不同的条件下有所不同。研究了四种光谱对底栖硅藻（Cocconeis scutellum var. parva）生长和次生代谢产物产生的影响。Led灯在生物质生产力方面被证明是相当有效的，以更低的能耗促进了显著更高的生物质生产。对培养物的提取物进行了表征，并对其对人类细胞系的细胞毒性、抗氧化活性和自由基清除能力进行了评估。我们的研究结果显示，不同光谱下的生物活性有显著差异，在霓虹灯和一个LED系统中，富含红光，促进了最高的生物活性。这些发现表明，优化光照条件对于提高硅藻衍生生物活性化合物的质量至关重要。恒定辐照下的光谱调制特别改变了黄颡鱼的抗氧化和抗增殖活性，突出了黄颡鱼在医疗、制药、营养、药妆和水产养殖方面的生物技术潜力。
{"title":"Effects of lighting technologies on the physiology of a marine diatom, Cocconeis scutellum var. parva (Bacillariophyceae): 2. production of antioxidants and other bioactive compounds","authors":"Domenico Nuzzo , Valerio Zupo , Roberta Esposito , Emanuele Somma , Crescenzo Savarese , Simona Carfagna , Giovanna Salbitani , Simona Panunzi , Marcello Pompa , Andrea De Gaetano , Antonella Girgenti , Laura Palumbo , Pasquale Picone , Maria Costantini","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diatoms are microalgae showing a remarkable functional diversity, but their chemical composition is strongly influenced by environmental factors. Knowledge of benthic diatom physiology remains limited compared to planktonic taxa. Light and temperature are key environmental cues affecting biochemical pathways, suggesting that bioactive compound production may vary under different conditions. This study investigated the influence of four light spectra on the growth and secondary metabolite production of the benthic diatom <em>Cocconeis scutellum</em> var. <em>parva</em>. Led lamps demonstrated to be quite efficient in terms of biomass productivity, promoting a significantly higher biomass production with lower energy consumption. Extracts from cultures were characterized and evaluated for cytotoxicity on human cell lines, antioxidant activity, and radical scavenging capacity. Our results revealed marked differences in bioactivity depending on the light spectrum, with neon lamps and one LED system, rich in red light, promoting the highest biological activity. These findings demonstrate that optimizing light conditions is crucial for enhancing the quality of diatom-derived bioactive compounds. Spectral modulation under constant irradiance specifically altered antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities, highlighting the biotechnological potential of <em>C. scutellum</em> var. <em>parva</em> for medical, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and aquaculture applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110451"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110453
Md Helal Uddin , Jinnath Rehana Ritu , Som Niyogi , Douglas P. Chivers
The pervasive presence of environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems has raised significant concerns regarding their long-term impacts on aquatic organisms, particularly fishes. While ecotoxicological studies have traditionally focused on single-generation or single-life-stage exposures, such approaches may underestimate or overestimate population-level consequences. This review critically evaluates the current state of knowledge on the multigenerational effects of both traditional and emerging contaminants in fishes. The study includes five major contaminant groups: pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), metals and metalloids, microplastics and plasticizers, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Most multigenerational studies have been conducted on freshwater species, including Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes, Oryzias melastigma, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Menidia beryllina, Nothobranchius furzeri, Pimephales promelas, and Paramisgurnus dabryanus, highlighting a substantial research gap in marine fish species. Findings consistently reveal that multigenerational exposure to these contaminants can lead to developmental, behavioural, reproductive, and neurodevelopmental impairments, which may reduce reproductive success, population growth, and overall fitness. Moreover, emerging evidence points to epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone alterations, as potential mechanisms underlying these multigenerational effects. Notably, our review identifies considerable variability across studies, with some contaminants exhibiting pronounced multigenerational toxicity, while others show limited or inconsistent outcomes. Given the increasing global concern over aquatic pollution and its far-reaching effects on biodiversity, food security, and public health, this review underscores the urgent need to integrate multigenerational endpoints into ecological risk assessments.
{"title":"Multigenerational effects of selected environmental contaminants in fishes: A comprehensive review","authors":"Md Helal Uddin , Jinnath Rehana Ritu , Som Niyogi , Douglas P. Chivers","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pervasive presence of environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems has raised significant concerns regarding their long-term impacts on aquatic organisms, particularly fishes. While ecotoxicological studies have traditionally focused on single-generation or single-life-stage exposures, such approaches may underestimate or overestimate population-level consequences. This review critically evaluates the current state of knowledge on the multigenerational effects of both traditional and emerging contaminants in fishes. The study includes five major contaminant groups: pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), metals and metalloids, microplastics and plasticizers, and <em>per</em>- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Most multigenerational studies have been conducted on freshwater species, including <em>Danio rerio</em>, <em>Oryzias latipes</em>, <em>Oryzias melastigma</em>, <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>, <em>Menidia beryllina</em>, <em>Nothobranchius furzeri</em>, <em>Pimephales promelas</em>, and <em>Paramisgurnus dabryanus</em>, highlighting a substantial research gap in marine fish species. Findings consistently reveal that multigenerational exposure to these contaminants can lead to developmental, behavioural, reproductive, and neurodevelopmental impairments, which may reduce reproductive success, population growth, and overall fitness. Moreover, emerging evidence points to epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone alterations, as potential mechanisms underlying these multigenerational effects. Notably, our review identifies considerable variability across studies, with some contaminants exhibiting pronounced multigenerational toxicity, while others show limited or inconsistent outcomes. Given the increasing global concern over aquatic pollution and its far-reaching effects on biodiversity, food security, and public health, this review underscores the urgent need to integrate multigenerational endpoints into ecological risk assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110453"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110456
Nourhan Elsayed
Chronic arsenic exposure is a major environmental cause of neurotoxicity, linked to oxidative stress and apoptosis. While its toxicity is established, protective strategies are limited. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a key neurotrophic factor, but its potential to counteract arsenic-induced neuronal apoptosis and DNA fragmentation remains largely unexplored. The neuroprotective role of IGF-1 against sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) was investigated in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Differentiated cells were employed to study IGF-1/AKT signaling, while undifferentiated cells were employed for apoptosis assays. Cells were exposed to NaAsO₂ with or without IGF-1 treatment. AKT phosphorylation status at Thr308 and Ser473 was assessed by Western blot. Apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometric analysis of the sub-G1 population and by immunoblotting for key apoptotic markers, including cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, p53, and Bcl-2. Arsenic exposure significantly suppressed AKT phosphorylation and induced concentration-dependent apoptosis, evidenced by increased p53, cleaved caspase-3, PARP cleavage, and a compensatory increase in Bcl-2. Treatment with IGF-1 significantly attenuated these effects. IGF-1 restored AKT signaling, reduced pro-apoptotic markers (p53, cleaved caspase-3), diminished PARP cleavage, and significantly decreased apoptotic cell death and DNA fragmentation (sub-G1 population). The observed reduction in Bcl-2 following IGF-1 treatment suggests a restoration of apoptotic equilibrium. The findings present novel evidence that IGF-1 confers protection against arsenic-induced neuroapoptosis and DNA fragmentation by reactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway. This reactivation rebalances apoptotic regulators and suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis. The findings highlight IGF-1 signaling as a promising therapeutic target for arsenic-related neuronal damage, warranting further investigation in vivo.
{"title":"IGF-1/AKT signaling attenuates arsenic-induced neuronal apoptosis and DNA fragmentation","authors":"Nourhan Elsayed","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic arsenic exposure is a major environmental cause of neurotoxicity, linked to oxidative stress and apoptosis. While its toxicity is established, protective strategies are limited. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a key neurotrophic factor, but its potential to counteract arsenic-induced neuronal apoptosis and DNA fragmentation remains largely unexplored. The neuroprotective role of IGF-1 against sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) was investigated in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Differentiated cells were employed to study IGF-1/AKT signaling, while undifferentiated cells were employed for apoptosis assays. Cells were exposed to NaAsO₂ with or without IGF-1 treatment. AKT phosphorylation status at Thr308 and Ser473 was assessed by Western blot. Apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometric analysis of the sub-G1 population and by immunoblotting for key apoptotic markers, including cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, p53, and Bcl-2. Arsenic exposure significantly suppressed AKT phosphorylation and induced concentration-dependent apoptosis, evidenced by increased p53, cleaved caspase-3, PARP cleavage, and a compensatory increase in Bcl-2. Treatment with IGF-1 significantly attenuated these effects. IGF-1 restored AKT signaling, reduced pro-apoptotic markers (p53, cleaved caspase-3), diminished PARP cleavage, and significantly decreased apoptotic cell death and DNA fragmentation (sub-G1 population). The observed reduction in Bcl-2 following IGF-1 treatment suggests a restoration of apoptotic equilibrium. The findings present novel evidence that IGF-1 confers protection against arsenic-induced neuroapoptosis and DNA fragmentation by reactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway. This reactivation rebalances apoptotic regulators and suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis. The findings highlight IGF-1 signaling as a promising therapeutic target for arsenic-related neuronal damage, warranting further investigation in vivo.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110456"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110455
Marzieh Attarianfar , Azam Mikani , Mohammad Mehrabadi
The insect growth regulator tebufenozide, an ecdysone agonist, is widely used to control Helicoverpa armigera through disrupting molting and development. However, its other effects on the insect physiology remain poorly understood. This study investigates how tebufenozide modulates gut immunity, microbial homeostasis, and antiviral defense mechanisms in H. armigera larvae. Using RT-qPCR, we analyzed the expression of key immune genes following exposure to lethal (LC₅₀) and sublethal (LC₁₀, LC₂₅) concentrations of tebufenozide. Our results demonstrate that tebufenozide induced the IMD pathway through upregulating Relish and PGRP-LC while suppressing PGRP-LB, leading to increased expression of antimicrobial peptides, Gallerimycin, Gloverin, Attacin and Defensin. Additionally, tebufenozide altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics by enhancing DUOX and SOD expression, resulted in decreased gut bacterial load. Additionally, tebufenozide enhanced antiviral defenses by upregulating RNAi pathway genes (Dicer1, Ago1, Dicer2, Ago2) and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase1, Caspase5), while downregulating the apoptosis inhibitor, Survivin. Consequently, viral titers of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaNPV) were significantly lower in the treated larvae compared to the controls. These findings reveal that tebufenozide exerts immunomodulatory effects beyond molting disruption, influencing gut immunity, microbiota titer, and antiviral responses. This study highlights the broader physiological impacts of ecdysone agonists and their potential implications for integrated pest management strategies combining chemical and microbial agents.
{"title":"Beyond molting disruption: Tebufenozide modifies gut immunity and antiviral responses in Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae)","authors":"Marzieh Attarianfar , Azam Mikani , Mohammad Mehrabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The insect growth regulator tebufenozide, an ecdysone agonist, is widely used to control <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> through disrupting molting and development. However, its other effects on the insect physiology remain poorly understood. This study investigates how tebufenozide modulates gut immunity, microbial homeostasis, and antiviral defense mechanisms in <em>H. armigera</em> larvae. Using RT-qPCR, we analyzed the expression of key immune genes following exposure to lethal (LC₅₀) and sublethal (LC₁₀, LC₂₅) concentrations of tebufenozide. Our results demonstrate that tebufenozide induced the IMD pathway through upregulating <em>Relish</em> and <em>PGRP-LC</em> while suppressing <em>PGRP-LB</em>, leading to increased expression of antimicrobial peptides, <em>Gallerimycin</em>, <em>Gloverin, Attacin</em> and <em>Defensin</em>. Additionally, tebufenozide altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics by enhancing <em>DUOX</em> and <em>SOD</em> expression, resulted in decreased gut bacterial load. Additionally, tebufenozide enhanced antiviral defenses by upregulating RNAi pathway genes (<em>Dicer1</em>, <em>Ago1</em>, <em>Dicer2</em>, <em>Ago2</em>) and apoptosis-related genes (<em>Caspase1</em>, <em>Caspase5</em>), while downregulating the apoptosis inhibitor, <em>Survivin</em>. Consequently, viral titers of <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaNPV) were significantly lower in the treated larvae compared to the controls. These findings reveal that tebufenozide exerts immunomodulatory effects beyond molting disruption, influencing gut immunity, microbiota titer, and antiviral responses. This study highlights the broader physiological impacts of ecdysone agonists and their potential implications for integrated pest management strategies combining chemical and microbial agents<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 110455"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145984567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110454
Mengzhu Lv , Zheng Lu , Xiaoyu Mao , Jiangtao Huang , Qianqian Zheng , Dashuang Mo , Liping Shu
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widespread tire-derived contaminant, has drawn increasing concern for its environmental persistence and toxicity. However, its specific effects on early liver development remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the hepatotoxicity of 6PPD using zebrafish larvae and human L02 hepatocyte models. A novel exposure strategy was employed, initiating 6PPD treatment at 48 h post-fertilization, after liver budding, to minimize interference from early-stage developmental defects. 6PPD exposure led to a marked reduction in liver size without obvious morphological abnormalities, alongside downregulation of hepatocyte marker genes. Importantly, liver growth gradually recovered after 6PPD removal, suggesting acute and reversible toxicity. Mechanistically, 6PPD induced DNA damage and apoptosis in hepatocytes, as evidenced by elevated γ-H2AX, baxa, and casp3a expression, while hepatocyte proliferation remained unaffected. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses revealed activation of inflammatory pathways and increased macrophage infiltration. Co-treatment with the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone rescued liver size and reduced DNA damage, indicating inflammation as a key mediator of 6PPD-induced toxicity. Similarly, 6PPD exposure in human hepatocytes reduced viability and increased apoptotic markers, which were alleviated by dexamethasone. These results demonstrate that 6PPD causes acute, inflammation-mediated liver toxicity during embryogenesis, with conserved mechanisms across species.
{"title":"6PPD impairs liver growth through inflammatory pathways: Insights from zebrafish and human cell models","authors":"Mengzhu Lv , Zheng Lu , Xiaoyu Mao , Jiangtao Huang , Qianqian Zheng , Dashuang Mo , Liping Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-<em>N</em>′-phenyl-<em>p</em>-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widespread tire-derived contaminant, has drawn increasing concern for its environmental persistence and toxicity. However, its specific effects on early liver development remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the hepatotoxicity of 6PPD using zebrafish larvae and human L02 hepatocyte models. A novel exposure strategy was employed, initiating 6PPD treatment at 48 h post-fertilization, after liver budding, to minimize interference from early-stage developmental defects. 6PPD exposure led to a marked reduction in liver size without obvious morphological abnormalities, alongside downregulation of hepatocyte marker genes. Importantly, liver growth gradually recovered after 6PPD removal, suggesting acute and reversible toxicity. Mechanistically, 6PPD induced DNA damage and apoptosis in hepatocytes, as evidenced by elevated γ-H2AX, <em>baxa</em>, and <em>casp3a</em> expression, while hepatocyte proliferation remained unaffected. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses revealed activation of inflammatory pathways and increased macrophage infiltration. Co-treatment with the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone rescued liver size and reduced DNA damage, indicating inflammation as a key mediator of 6PPD-induced toxicity. Similarly, 6PPD exposure in human hepatocytes reduced viability and increased apoptotic markers, which were alleviated by dexamethasone. These results demonstrate that 6PPD causes acute, inflammation-mediated liver toxicity during embryogenesis, with conserved mechanisms across species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110454"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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