Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113489
Aravind Premanand , Frank Balle
Fracture fatigue entropy (FFE) is considered a material property and is widely used for modeling the fatigue life of metals. Because of the simplicity and robustness of the approach in estimating fatigue lives with typically very few fatigue experiments, this methodology is gaining attention in composite investigations. However, the thermal and mechanical properties are entirely different for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) compared to metals. This paper reviews the use of FFE in the literature to predict the fatigue life of composites in different fatigue regimes. The limitation of considering FFE as an independent material property is also reviewed and analyzed. Based on the variation of FFE across different fatigue regimes, the reason for such variation and the appropriate use of FFE to predict fatigue lives are proposed. For composites, FFE can be defined as a range that can reasonably predict the fatigue life of composites with scatter.
{"title":"Significance of fracture fatigue entropy in predicting fatigue life across regimes in polymer matrix composites: A review and analysis","authors":"Aravind Premanand , Frank Balle","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fracture fatigue entropy (FFE) is considered a material property and is widely used for modeling the fatigue life of metals. Because of the simplicity and robustness of the approach in estimating fatigue lives with typically very few fatigue experiments, this methodology is gaining attention in composite investigations. However, the thermal and mechanical properties are entirely different for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) compared to metals. This paper reviews the use of FFE in the literature to predict the fatigue life of composites in different fatigue regimes. The limitation of considering FFE as an independent material property is also reviewed and analyzed. Based on the variation of FFE across different fatigue regimes, the reason for such variation and the appropriate use of FFE to predict fatigue lives are proposed. For composites, FFE can be defined as a range that can reasonably predict the fatigue life of composites with scatter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113489"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113449
Ji-Min Kim , Minseop Lee , Seung-Min Paek
A hierarchical cobalt-doped manganese oxide/reduced graphene oxide hollow nanoshell (rGO/MCO-NS) composite was developed as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries. This architecture effectively integrates cobalt doping with confinement by rGO nanosheets to overcome the inherently poor electrical conductivity and significant volume changes of manganese oxide anodes. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses elucidated the local atomic coordination and oxidation states, confirming that cobalt incorporation and thermal reduction result in a mixed-valence Mn2+/Mn3+ and Co2+ lattice with abundant oxygen vacancies. Owing to this tailored nanostructure, the rGO/MCO-NS anode exhibits significantly better lithium storage performance than its undoped and rGO-free counterparts, delivering a high reversible capacity, exceptional cycling stability, and enhanced rate capability. Electrochemical tests revealed a predominantly pseudocapacitive charge-storage mechanism, improved charge-transfer kinetics, and a unique cycling-induced activation phenomenon that increases capacity during prolonged cycling periods. In summary, this study demonstrates a powerful strategy that leverages both doping and nanoconfinement for the development of next-generation anodes with enhanced lithium storage performance and excellent long-term durability.
{"title":"Mixed-valence Mn–Co oxide nanoshells anchored on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for enhanced lithium storage kinetics and cycling stability","authors":"Ji-Min Kim , Minseop Lee , Seung-Min Paek","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A hierarchical cobalt-doped manganese oxide/reduced graphene oxide hollow nanoshell (rGO/MCO-NS) composite was developed as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries. This architecture effectively integrates cobalt doping with confinement by rGO nanosheets to overcome the inherently poor electrical conductivity and significant volume changes of manganese oxide anodes. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses elucidated the local atomic coordination and oxidation states, confirming that cobalt incorporation and thermal reduction result in a mixed-valence Mn<sup>2+</sup>/Mn<sup>3+</sup> and Co<sup>2+</sup> lattice with abundant oxygen vacancies. Owing to this tailored nanostructure, the rGO/MCO-NS anode exhibits significantly better lithium storage performance than its undoped and rGO-free counterparts, delivering a high reversible capacity, exceptional cycling stability, and enhanced rate capability. Electrochemical tests revealed a predominantly pseudocapacitive charge-storage mechanism, improved charge-transfer kinetics, and a unique cycling-induced activation phenomenon that increases capacity during prolonged cycling periods. In summary, this study demonstrates a powerful strategy that leverages both doping and nanoconfinement for the development of next-generation anodes with enhanced lithium storage performance and excellent long-term durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113449"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113423
Jiadong Wang , Debin Song , Zhen Liu , Chao Zhang , Jia Huang , Yulong Li
While increasingly used in aerospace, the dynamic interlaminar fracture toughness of high-performance thermoplastic composites like CF/PEEK is not well quantified, which limits the accurate simulation and prediction of their delamination behavior under dynamic loading. This study quantified the rate effect of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of CF/PEEK unidirectional laminates under different loading rates, and introduced dynamic crack tip temperature rise into the analysis of underlying mechanisms for the first time. Quasi-static and dynamic fracture tests were conducted using an electronic universal testing machine and a bidirectional electromagnetic Hopkinson bar respectively. The results indicated that the Mode I fracture toughness of CF/PEEK exhibits slight positive sensitivity to crack propagation velocity, and its rate-dependent parameters are much smaller than those of thermosetting CF/epoxy. Fracture surface morphology observation revealed the transformation of fracture mechanisms under quasi-static and dynamic conditions, and obvious temperature rise at the crack tip was observed during dynamic crack propagation. It can thus be inferred that the weak rate effect of the interlaminar fracture toughness of CF/PEEK may originate from the coupling effect between the strengthening effect induced by the transition from fiber debonding to matrix fracture under high strain rate loading, and the softening effect caused by local temperature rise. This study provides reliable parameters and a theoretical basis for the accurate modeling of the dynamic delamination behavior of advanced thermoplastic composites for engineering applications.
{"title":"Rate effect and mechanism analysis of mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of CF/PEEK thermoplastic composites","authors":"Jiadong Wang , Debin Song , Zhen Liu , Chao Zhang , Jia Huang , Yulong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While increasingly used in aerospace, the dynamic interlaminar fracture toughness of high-performance thermoplastic composites like CF/PEEK is not well quantified, which limits the accurate simulation and prediction of their delamination behavior under dynamic loading. This study quantified the rate effect of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of CF/PEEK unidirectional laminates under different loading rates, and introduced dynamic crack tip temperature rise into the analysis of underlying mechanisms for the first time. Quasi-static and dynamic fracture tests were conducted using an electronic universal testing machine and a bidirectional electromagnetic Hopkinson bar respectively. The results indicated that the Mode I fracture toughness of CF/PEEK exhibits slight positive sensitivity to crack propagation velocity, and its rate-dependent parameters are much smaller than those of thermosetting CF/epoxy. Fracture surface morphology observation revealed the transformation of fracture mechanisms under quasi-static and dynamic conditions, and obvious temperature rise at the crack tip was observed during dynamic crack propagation. It can thus be inferred that the weak rate effect of the interlaminar fracture toughness of CF/PEEK may originate from the coupling effect between the strengthening effect induced by the transition from fiber debonding to matrix fracture under high strain rate loading, and the softening effect caused by local temperature rise. This study provides reliable parameters and a theoretical basis for the accurate modeling of the dynamic delamination behavior of advanced thermoplastic composites for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113423"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113394
Junwei Pan , Iok-Kei Cai , Youlong Wang , Qian Zhang , Jianguo Cai
Auxetic tubes have garnered significant attention for their unique lateral contraction under axial compression. However, conventional designs often suffer from buckling and outward peeling due to inward collapse, limiting stiffness, energy absorption, and design flexibility. Existing filler-reinforcement strategies often suffer from excessive mass ratios and stiffness mismatch between components, causing the energy absorption behavior to be dominated by one side and resulting in relatively low stiffness and energy absorption efficiency. To address these limitations, this study introduces a kirigami-inspired triangular auxetic cylindrical tube (KTACT) and its coupled methodology with a hexagonal honeycomb tube (HCT). The coupled tube (CT) achieves superior specific stiffness and specific energy absorption (SEA) through tunable geometric coupling. Furthermore, adjusting the spatial phase between the two components allows broad tunability of natural frequency without compromising stiffness. Carbon-fiber-reinforced specimens confirm that the coupling mechanism remains effective even for brittle, high-strength materials, yielding enhanced load-bearing capacity and stiffness. This multifunctional integrated metamaterial offers a new design paradigm for engineering protection across diverse fields, including aerospace impact mitigation, automotive crash protection, structural resonance avoidance, and vibration isolation for precision equipment.
{"title":"A coupled design approach for carbon fiber reinforced kirigami-inspired tube","authors":"Junwei Pan , Iok-Kei Cai , Youlong Wang , Qian Zhang , Jianguo Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Auxetic tubes have garnered significant attention for their unique lateral contraction under axial compression. However, conventional designs often suffer from buckling and outward peeling due to inward collapse, limiting stiffness, energy absorption, and design flexibility. Existing filler-reinforcement strategies often suffer from excessive mass ratios and stiffness mismatch between components, causing the energy absorption behavior to be dominated by one side and resulting in relatively low stiffness and energy absorption efficiency. To address these limitations, this study introduces a kirigami-inspired triangular auxetic cylindrical tube (KTACT) and its coupled methodology with a hexagonal honeycomb tube (HCT). The coupled tube (CT) achieves superior specific stiffness and specific energy absorption (SEA) through tunable geometric coupling. Furthermore, adjusting the spatial phase between the two components allows broad tunability of natural frequency without compromising stiffness. Carbon-fiber-reinforced specimens confirm that the coupling mechanism remains effective even for brittle, high-strength materials, yielding enhanced load-bearing capacity and stiffness. This multifunctional integrated metamaterial offers a new design paradigm for engineering protection across diverse fields, including aerospace impact mitigation, automotive crash protection, structural resonance avoidance, and vibration isolation for precision equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113394"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113457
Wenjun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Wenting Ren , Jiawei Han , Wentao Liu , Dengkang Guo , Jing Lv , Jingpeng Li , Yan Yu , Fuxiang Chu
Lightweight, high-strength composites with plant fibers as the reinforcing phase still generally have the problems of non-biodegradable matrix and poor compatibility at the interface between fibers and polymers. In this study, a moldable biodegradable and high-strength all-bamboo fiber composites (ABFCs) was fabricated using bamboo fibers as the reinforcing phase and sodium periodate-activated bamboo fibers (AF) as the matrix phase through an aqueous-phase mixing and hydrothermal molding process. ABFCs exhibit excellent mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 110.60 MPa, flexural strength of 157.95 MPa, flexural modulus of 15.11 GPa, impact strength of 12.34 kJ/m2, and Shore hardness of 95 HD. ABFCs exhibit strength more than twice that of traditional bamboo-plastic composites, due to strong interfacial bonding between bamboo fibers and the AF matrix, which enables effective load transfer and dispersion. It also shows excellent solvent resistance, maintaining shape stability after 45 days of immersion. Meanwhile, ABFCs can biodegrade in soil within 120 days and chemically degrade rapidly within 12 h in a 1 % NaOH. Moreover, ABFCs can be recycled through crushing and re-molding via hydrothermal hot pressing. This work offers a sustainable solution that enhances the utility of bamboo while addressing plastic pollution.
{"title":"Moldable and degradation-enabled all-bamboo fiber composites with high mechanical strength through an eco-friendly aqueous processing route","authors":"Wenjun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Wenting Ren , Jiawei Han , Wentao Liu , Dengkang Guo , Jing Lv , Jingpeng Li , Yan Yu , Fuxiang Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lightweight, high-strength composites with plant fibers as the reinforcing phase still generally have the problems of non-biodegradable matrix and poor compatibility at the interface between fibers and polymers. In this study, a moldable biodegradable and high-strength all-bamboo fiber composites (ABFCs) was fabricated using bamboo fibers as the reinforcing phase and sodium periodate-activated bamboo fibers (AF) as the matrix phase through an aqueous-phase mixing and hydrothermal molding process. ABFCs exhibit excellent mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 110.60 MPa, flexural strength of 157.95 MPa, flexural modulus of 15.11 GPa, impact strength of 12.34 kJ/m<sup>2</sup>, and Shore hardness of 95 HD. ABFCs exhibit strength more than twice that of traditional bamboo-plastic composites, due to strong interfacial bonding between bamboo fibers and the AF matrix, which enables effective load transfer and dispersion. It also shows excellent solvent resistance, maintaining shape stability after 45 days of immersion. Meanwhile, ABFCs can biodegrade in soil within 120 days and chemically degrade rapidly within 12 h in a 1 % NaOH. Moreover, ABFCs can be recycled through crushing and re-molding via hydrothermal hot pressing. This work offers a sustainable solution that enhances the utility of bamboo while addressing plastic pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113457"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113412
Suman Kumar Ghosh , Amar K. Mohanty , Manjusri Misra
This study investigated the development of novel and sustainable biocomposites of polyamide 6 (PA 6) and various waste-derived biocarbons intended for automotive applications. Agricultural wheat straw and mixed plastic-paper wastes were pyrolyzed at 600 °C to obtain biocarbon, which was used as reinforcement in a PA 6 matrix. The biocarbon exhibited platelet-like morphology, while the plastic-paper biocarbon exhibited a more ordered carbon structure. The sustainable composites with 20 and 30 wt% of filler loading were fabricated using melt extrusion followed by injection molding. Morphological studies demonstrated an enhanced dispersion of carbonaceous fillers within the polyamide matrix, attributed to improved interfacial adhesion. A 34 % and 37 % increase in tensile modulus, and a 46 % and 48 % enhancement in flexural modulus were achieved for composites containing 30 wt% wheat straw and paper–plastic biocarbon, respectively, relative to neat polyamide. The biocomposites also demonstrated enhanced dimensional stability and heat deflection temperature up to 186 °C. All the biocomposites achieved UL-94 V-2 rating in the vertical test and linear burning rate of zero mm/min in the horizontal test, demonstrating excellent flame-retardant behavior. Biocarbon-reinforced PA 6 composites were about 10 % lighter and showed comparable or even superior flame-retardant performance (particularly for plastic-paper biocarbon) relative to talc-filled counterparts, while the glass-fiber- and talc-based systems exhibited greater stiffness. The findings demonstrate that waste-derived biocarbon serves as an efficient and sustainable reinforcement for lightweight polyamide composites, making it highly suitable for automotive interior applications.
{"title":"Plastic-paper waste and agro-residues based biocarbon reinforced polyamide 6: Toward lightweight sustainable composites for automotive applications","authors":"Suman Kumar Ghosh , Amar K. Mohanty , Manjusri Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the development of novel and sustainable biocomposites of polyamide 6 (PA 6) and various waste-derived biocarbons intended for automotive applications. Agricultural wheat straw and mixed plastic-paper wastes were pyrolyzed at 600 °C to obtain biocarbon, which was used as reinforcement in a PA 6 matrix. The biocarbon exhibited platelet-like morphology, while the plastic-paper biocarbon exhibited a more ordered carbon structure. The sustainable composites with 20 and 30 wt% of filler loading were fabricated using melt extrusion followed by injection molding. Morphological studies demonstrated an enhanced dispersion of carbonaceous fillers within the polyamide matrix, attributed to improved interfacial adhesion. A 34 % and 37 % increase in tensile modulus, and a 46 % and 48 % enhancement in flexural modulus were achieved for composites containing 30 wt% wheat straw and paper–plastic biocarbon, respectively, relative to neat polyamide. The biocomposites also demonstrated enhanced dimensional stability and heat deflection temperature up to 186 °C. All the biocomposites achieved UL-94 V-2 rating in the vertical test and linear burning rate of zero mm/min in the horizontal test, demonstrating excellent flame-retardant behavior. Biocarbon-reinforced PA 6 composites were about 10 % lighter and showed comparable or even superior flame-retardant performance (particularly for plastic-paper biocarbon) relative to talc-filled counterparts, while the glass-fiber- and talc-based systems exhibited greater stiffness. The findings demonstrate that waste-derived biocarbon serves as an efficient and sustainable reinforcement for lightweight polyamide composites, making it highly suitable for automotive interior applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113412"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113438
Ankush Nandi , André Lagron , Adelle Koenig , Camdin Monson , Matthew R. Golder , Nikhil Koratkar , Aniruddh Vashisth
Vitrimer-based carbon fiber composites offer a new route to damage-tolerant and sustainable structural materials through their intrinsic healing capability. This study examines the recovery of compression-after-impact (CAI) performance in laminates reinforced with adipic acid (AAV) and malic acid (MAV) epoxy vitrimers. Controlled low-velocity impact (LVI) tests were used to introduce barely visible impact damage, followed by thermal healing at elevated temperature and pressure. Mechanical testing combined with three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) revealed that AAV and MAV composites recovered approximately 90 % and 62 % of their pristine CAI strength, respectively. The out-of-plane displacement profiles from DIC showed that healed specimens regained a distinct pre-buckling regime and exhibited delayed buckling onset, indicating restored stiffness and interlaminar integrity. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) confirmed substantial reduction in interlaminar separations and matrix cracking after healing. While healed laminates did not fully regain pristine strength, they exhibited more uniform deformation fields, indicating improved structural reliability. These findings demonstrate that vitrimer matrices can effectively reverse impact-induced damage, offering a path toward repairable, reusable, and longer-lived carbon fiber composites for structural applications.
{"title":"Reversing damage for improved compression after impact in vitrimer composites","authors":"Ankush Nandi , André Lagron , Adelle Koenig , Camdin Monson , Matthew R. Golder , Nikhil Koratkar , Aniruddh Vashisth","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vitrimer-based carbon fiber composites offer a new route to damage-tolerant and sustainable structural materials through their intrinsic healing capability. This study examines the recovery of compression-after-impact (CAI) performance in laminates reinforced with adipic acid (AAV) and malic acid (MAV) epoxy vitrimers. Controlled low-velocity impact (LVI) tests were used to introduce barely visible impact damage, followed by thermal healing at elevated temperature and pressure. Mechanical testing combined with three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) revealed that AAV and MAV composites recovered approximately 90 % and 62 % of their pristine CAI strength, respectively. The out-of-plane displacement profiles from DIC showed that healed specimens regained a distinct pre-buckling regime and exhibited delayed buckling onset, indicating restored stiffness and interlaminar integrity. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) confirmed substantial reduction in interlaminar separations and matrix cracking after healing. While healed laminates did not fully regain pristine strength, they exhibited more uniform deformation fields, indicating improved structural reliability. These findings demonstrate that vitrimer matrices can effectively reverse impact-induced damage, offering a path toward repairable, reusable, and longer-lived carbon fiber composites for structural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113438"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113468
Junfei Long , Weibin Zhu
The lightweight construction of fuel tanks is essential for enhancing rocket payload capacity and minimizing launch expenses. Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites (CFREs) have emerged as promising materials for reducing the structural mass of fuel tanks, owing to their superior specific strength and modulus. Liquid oxygen (LOX), a critical cryogenic propellant, presents significant design challenges for CFRE composites due to its extremely low temperature and potent oxidizing characteristics. Specifically, exposure of CFRE materials to LOX under external energy stimuli may result in ignition or even explosion, necessitating the resolution of LOX compatibility issues associated with epoxy resins and CFREs. Additionally, cryogenic conditions can induce embrittlement in materials, thereby requiring that epoxy resins and CFREs maintain adequate mechanical strength and fracture toughness at low temperatures to inhibit crack initiation and propagation. Despite the importance of these factors, there remains a paucity of comprehensive and critical reviews addressing both the mechanical properties and LOX compatibility of CFREs. This article seeks to summarize recent progress in CFRE technology, with a particular focus on high-performance epoxy resins. Both the processing techniques and interfacial engineering of CFREs are reviewed, and LOX compatibility and mechanical properties are also discussed with emphasis on mechanical performance under cryogenic conditions. Representative industrial applications of CFREs, such as in fuselage structures, pressure vessels, and automotive components, are also evaluated. Finally, the review offers perspectives on current challenges, future directions, and proposes a roadmap to accelerate the advancement of high-performance CFRE composites.
{"title":"Advancing carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical properties and liquid oxygen compatibility","authors":"Junfei Long , Weibin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lightweight construction of fuel tanks is essential for enhancing rocket payload capacity and minimizing launch expenses. Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites (CFREs) have emerged as promising materials for reducing the structural mass of fuel tanks, owing to their superior specific strength and modulus. Liquid oxygen (LOX), a critical cryogenic propellant, presents significant design challenges for CFRE composites due to its extremely low temperature and potent oxidizing characteristics. Specifically, exposure of CFRE materials to LOX under external energy stimuli may result in ignition or even explosion, necessitating the resolution of LOX compatibility issues associated with epoxy resins and CFREs. Additionally, cryogenic conditions can induce embrittlement in materials, thereby requiring that epoxy resins and CFREs maintain adequate mechanical strength and fracture toughness at low temperatures to inhibit crack initiation and propagation. Despite the importance of these factors, there remains a paucity of comprehensive and critical reviews addressing both the mechanical properties and LOX compatibility of CFREs. This article seeks to summarize recent progress in CFRE technology, with a particular focus on high-performance epoxy resins. Both the processing techniques and interfacial engineering of CFREs are reviewed, and LOX compatibility and mechanical properties are also discussed with emphasis on mechanical performance under cryogenic conditions. Representative industrial applications of CFREs, such as in fuselage structures, pressure vessels, and automotive components, are also evaluated. Finally, the review offers perspectives on current challenges, future directions, and proposes a roadmap to accelerate the advancement of high-performance CFRE composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 113468"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113413
May Zaw Win , Ji Hye Park , Wathone Oo , Shoon Pa Pa Aung , Dong Myung Kim , Dohyeon Kim , Minkyu Kim , Min-Seo Yun , Jong-Ho Moon , Kwang Bok Yi
To industrially purify the residual ammonia (NH3) contaminating the hydrogen stream produced by NH3 cracking reaction, transition metal oxide-functionalized silica powders were synthesized via a modified Stöber hydrolysis employing a cationic surfactant and metal-anchoring agent. Different metal chloride precursors of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zr were introduced to tune the electronic configuration of the resulting nanocomposites. A novel template removal strategy was investigated, combining the lowest-temperature oxidative calcination at 350 °C with subsequent ethanolic reflux condensation. This dual-step template removal method outperformed the conventional calcination, enhancing the nanoparticle dispersion. This modified method also introduced NH3-active organic oxygen functionalities through redox interaction between metal oxide surface and ethanolic derivatives grafted on the isolated silanol groups caused by calcination effect. Among the functionalized composites, the manganese oxide-functionalized silica achieved the highest dynamic adsorption capacities of 2.07 mmol/g for 1000 ppm NH3, and 4.51 mmol/g for 5 % NH3 under the VTSA breakthrough conditions. This exceptional adsorption efficiency was attributed to the highest density of oxygen vacancies generated by Lewis-acidic Mn2+ dopant of 7 wt%, which existed as the smallest manganese silicate nanoparticles of 25–35 nm with the largest pore diameter of 2.53 nm. It also exhibited excellent regeneration at 88 % over multi-cycles under mild desorption at 80 °C due to reversible adsorption sites with weak acidity. This synthesis was successfully scaled up to 250-g batches, demonstrating high feasibility for pelletization through extrusion followed by activation with metal-halide impregnation. This work therefore underscored a strong potential for commercial deployment in trace NH3 separation.
{"title":"Scalable fabrication of cationic template-assisted transitional metal oxide-hybridized silica nano-adsorbents for industrial cleanup of residual ammonia in cracking reaction for hydrogen fuel","authors":"May Zaw Win , Ji Hye Park , Wathone Oo , Shoon Pa Pa Aung , Dong Myung Kim , Dohyeon Kim , Minkyu Kim , Min-Seo Yun , Jong-Ho Moon , Kwang Bok Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To industrially purify the residual ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) contaminating the hydrogen stream produced by NH<sub>3</sub> cracking reaction, transition metal oxide-functionalized silica powders were synthesized via a modified Stöber hydrolysis employing a cationic surfactant and metal-anchoring agent. Different metal chloride precursors of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zr were introduced to tune the electronic configuration of the resulting nanocomposites. A novel template removal strategy was investigated, combining the lowest-temperature oxidative calcination at 350 °C with subsequent ethanolic reflux condensation. This dual-step template removal method outperformed the conventional calcination, enhancing the nanoparticle dispersion. This modified method also introduced NH<sub>3</sub>-active organic oxygen functionalities through redox interaction between metal oxide surface and ethanolic derivatives grafted on the isolated silanol groups caused by calcination effect. Among the functionalized composites, the manganese oxide-functionalized silica achieved the highest dynamic adsorption capacities of 2.07 mmol/g for 1000 ppm NH<sub>3,</sub> and 4.51 mmol/g for 5 % NH<sub>3</sub> under the VTSA breakthrough conditions. This exceptional adsorption efficiency was attributed to the highest density of oxygen vacancies generated by Lewis-acidic Mn<sup>2+</sup> dopant of 7 wt%, which existed as the smallest manganese silicate nanoparticles of 25–35 nm with the largest pore diameter of 2.53 nm. It also exhibited excellent regeneration at 88 % over multi-cycles under mild desorption at 80 °C due to reversible adsorption sites with weak acidity. This synthesis was successfully scaled up to 250-g batches, demonstrating high feasibility for pelletization through extrusion followed by activation with metal-halide impregnation. This work therefore underscored a strong potential for commercial deployment in trace NH<sub>3</sub> separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 113413"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113401
Kangmei Li , Zihao Li , Junxiu Lu , Jiale Xu , Shengtao Sun , Jiana Gan , Jun Hu
The design philosophy of lightweight structures has propelled extensive research into adhesive bonding techniques for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) across high-end manufacturing sectors, such as aerospace and new energy applications. Drawing inspiration from the exceptional adhesive capabilities of tree frog footpads, this study employs a novel femtosecond laser selective texturing process to fabricate a three-tier multiscale texture on CFRP surfaces, synergistically comprising biomimetic texture units, continuous carbon fiber morphologies, and laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). By elucidating the mapping relationships among laser parameters, hierarchical texture geometries, and macroscopic wettability, we achieved controllable preparation of complex micro-nano textures, thereby significantly enhancing adhesive interface performance. Results demonstrate that, compared to conventional linear, square, and circular textures, biomimetic hexagonal textures facilitate multilevel infiltration and mechanical interlocking of adhesives. Using optimized process parameters including a +3 mm defocus distance, 5 mm/s scanning speed, 0.40 mJ pulse energy, and an area ratio of 5:1, high-precision micro-textured units were successfully fabricated on the CFRP surface. Moreover, vertically oriented low-frequency LIPSS were induced without disrupting the continuity of the fibers. The surface wettability of CFRP was significantly enhanced, and the bonding strength was substantially improved (approximately three times that of the untreated surface), with the failure mode predominantly shifting to cohesive failure. Finite element simulations of interface stress distribution further validate the efficacy of biomimetic textures in mitigating peak and peel stresses. This femtosecond laser-induced hierarchical biomimetic texturing strategy offers promising insights for advancing CFRP adhesive bonding in sophisticated equipment.
{"title":"Mechanisms of femtosecond laser-induced selective hierarchical biomimetic texturing on the wettability and adhesive performance of CFRP surfaces","authors":"Kangmei Li , Zihao Li , Junxiu Lu , Jiale Xu , Shengtao Sun , Jiana Gan , Jun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design philosophy of lightweight structures has propelled extensive research into adhesive bonding techniques for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) across high-end manufacturing sectors, such as aerospace and new energy applications. Drawing inspiration from the exceptional adhesive capabilities of tree frog footpads, this study employs a novel femtosecond laser selective texturing process to fabricate a three-tier multiscale texture on CFRP surfaces, synergistically comprising biomimetic texture units, continuous carbon fiber morphologies, and laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). By elucidating the mapping relationships among laser parameters, hierarchical texture geometries, and macroscopic wettability, we achieved controllable preparation of complex micro-nano textures, thereby significantly enhancing adhesive interface performance. Results demonstrate that, compared to conventional linear, square, and circular textures, biomimetic hexagonal textures facilitate multilevel infiltration and mechanical interlocking of adhesives. Using optimized process parameters including a +3 mm defocus distance, 5 mm/s scanning speed, 0.40 mJ pulse energy, and an area ratio of 5:1, high-precision micro-textured units were successfully fabricated on the CFRP surface. Moreover, vertically oriented low-frequency LIPSS were induced without disrupting the continuity of the fibers. The surface wettability of CFRP was significantly enhanced, and the bonding strength was substantially improved (approximately three times that of the untreated surface), with the failure mode predominantly shifting to cohesive failure. Finite element simulations of interface stress distribution further validate the efficacy of biomimetic textures in mitigating peak and peel stresses. This femtosecond laser-induced hierarchical biomimetic texturing strategy offers promising insights for advancing CFRP adhesive bonding in sophisticated equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 113401"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号