Composites Part B: Engineering最新文献_第4页

3D printed soft composites with tunable hyperelastic properties

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112248

Kimberlee Hughes, B. Arda Gozen

The ability to precisely control spatially varying mechanical properties of soft materials is an emerging need towards the development of functionally graded biomimetic compliant structures. Multi-material additive manufacturing has proven to be an effective method to achieve this goal, however commonly used methods are expensive and limited in material capabilities. This work presents novel soft composites, consisting of a silicone matrix and thermoplastic elastomer reinforcements, fabricated through low-cost extrusion-based additive manufacturing. A customized 3D printer with direct ink write (DIW) and fused filament fabrication (FFF) capabilities is used to print composites with a sinusoidal reinforcement pattern. This parametric pattern allowed us to quantitatively analyze how the frequency and amplitude parameters influenced the hyperelastic behavior of the composites. Spatially varying hyperelastic property control capability is then demonstrated through spatial variation of reinforcement geometry. Information from these samples is used to develop a method of efficiently modeling the design-property relationships of these composites allowing us to predict hyperelastic behavior based on given design parameters. Finally, the capability of this approach to realize as-designed property variations is evaluated. The presented multi-material composites exhibit a broad range of spatially controllable stiffness and strain hardening behavior, owing to their compliant reinforcements with complex design and their unconventional interfacial nature. This approach opens up possibilities to create soft structures to be used in various applications including soft wearables, flexible electronics and tissue phantoms.

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引用次数: 0

Coengineering of Ni-NDC derived graphitic Ni2P/NiSe2 on a Ti3C2Tx MXene-modified 3D self-supporting electrode: Unraveling 2D‒2D multiphases for overall water electrolysis

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112238

Ishwor Pathak , Debendra Acharya , Kisan Chhetri , Yagya Raj Rosyara , Alagan Muthurasu , Taewoo Kim , Tae Hoon Ko , Hak Yong Kim

The rational design of a multiphase structural scaffold of a nonnoble metal-based electrocatalyst can significantly advance sustainable hydrogen production. In this work, we fabricate 2D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets coated nickel foam, and hierarchical 2D nickel MOFs are vertically grown onto it via a hydrothermal process. A single-step phosphoselenization process is adopted for conversion into an in-situ graphitized Ni₂P/NiSe₂ heterojunction on self-supporting 3D MXene/NF. The optimized 2D-2D overlayed Ni₂P/NiSe₂@MXene/NF features a unique hummocky topography with knolls and gorges, providing ample ion diffusion pathways, highly porous sheets, elevated conductivity and hydrophilicity, and a Ni₂P/NiSe₂ heterointerface surrounded by in-situ graphitized carbon, which is beneficial for catalytic activity. As a result, Ni₂P/NiSe₂@MXene/NF requires overpotentials of 65.4 mV and 241.9 mV to deliver 10 mA cm⁻² for the HER and OER, respectively, and maintains excellent durability for over 100 h at 50 mA cm⁻² in both reactions. The assembled device (Ni₂P/NiSe₂@MXene/NF (+, -)) requires only a cell voltage of 1.50 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², with exceptional durability test results at 100 mA cm⁻² for 100 h, and the Faradaic efficiency is found to be ∼100 %. This work presents an innovative approach to structural design and heterointerface engineering for developing efficient electrocatalysts for the HER, OER, and overall water splitting.

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引用次数: 0

Layer-by-layer assembly enables electrically conductive, hydrophobic and flame-retardant fabric composites for multifunctional sensing and fire warning

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112235

Lv Li , Qin Su , Wei Xiao , Jun Yan , Haidi Wu , Junjie Wang , Zhanqi Liu , Huamin Li , Huaiguo Xue , Ling Wang , Yongqian Shi , Longcheng Tang , Jiefeng Gao

It is desirable but still challenging to develop mechanically durable and flame-retardant fabrics with multifunctional sensing capabilities. Here, we propose a facile layer-by-layer assembly and coating strategy to prepare electrically conductive fabric composites (CFCs) with a multiple core-shell structure for strain and temperature sensing and fire warning. MXene nanosheets are assembled onto the cotton fiber surface to construct the electrically conductive network and wrapped by the fire retardant and hydrophobic silicon rubber. The interfacial hydrogen bonding and physical adhesion between the functional layers as well as the outmost surface hydrophobicity protect MXene from air and moisture and ensure the electrical stability and durability of CFCs during mechanical deformations. The multiple shells are synergistically transformed to protective barriers during combustion, endowing the composite fabric with excellent flame retardancy. When suffering from a flame attack, CFCs show a very short response time of less than 1s with a continuous fire warning until the self-extinguishment of the flame. Benefiting from the stretchability, photothermal conversion and thermoelectric performance, CFCs can also be used for strain and temperature sensing. This work provides a rational structure design for high performance and multifunctional fire protection and warning.

{"title":"Layer-by-layer assembly enables electrically conductive, hydrophobic and flame-retardant fabric composites for multifunctional sensing and fire warning","authors":"Lv Li , Qin Su , Wei Xiao , Jun Yan , Haidi Wu , Junjie Wang , Zhanqi Liu , Huamin Li , Huaiguo Xue , Ling Wang , Yongqian Shi , Longcheng Tang , Jiefeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is desirable but still challenging to develop mechanically durable and flame-retardant fabrics with multifunctional sensing capabilities. Here, we propose a facile layer-by-layer assembly and coating strategy to prepare electrically conductive fabric composites (CFCs) with a multiple core-shell structure for strain and temperature sensing and fire warning. MXene nanosheets are assembled onto the cotton fiber surface to construct the electrically conductive network and wrapped by the fire retardant and hydrophobic silicon rubber. The interfacial hydrogen bonding and physical adhesion between the functional layers as well as the outmost surface hydrophobicity protect MXene from air and moisture and ensure the electrical stability and durability of CFCs during mechanical deformations. The multiple shells are synergistically transformed to protective barriers during combustion, endowing the composite fabric with excellent flame retardancy. When suffering from a flame attack, CFCs show a very short response time of less than 1s with a continuous fire warning until the self-extinguishment of the flame. Benefiting from the stretchability, photothermal conversion and thermoelectric performance, CFCs can also be used for strain and temperature sensing. This work provides a rational structure design for high performance and multifunctional fire protection and warning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 112235"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on molding control factors to reduce void contents in manufacturing CFRP parts by HP-RTM

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112231

Manseok Yoon , Minsu Ahn

Research and development efforts are ongoing to apply Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) to the automotive industry for weight and exhaust gas reduction. Among the available manufacturing processes, High Pressure Resin Transfer Molding (HP-RTM) stands out as the most suitable for mass production due to its cost efficiency, cycle time, and moldability. However, concerns over void formation and quality reliability have limited its application in Advanced Air Mobility (AAM). This study investigates control factors that can reduce void content in CFRP parts manufactured via HP-RTM. By comparing classical Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) with HP-RTM, a key control factor is identified, and changes in void content and static properties are observed across varying factors. The study concludes that while increasing molding pressure minimally affects absolute void content, it slightly increases relative void content due to reduced product thickness. Additionally, higher internal release agent content and resin injection velocity increase void formation due to altered flow dynamics. However, using a nip edge reduces void size and variation, ensuring more consistent product quality. By optimizing key factors such as vacuum, normal pressing force, and injection parameters in HP-RTM, void content can be consistently maintained at 1 % or lower. These findings will contribute to the practical application of HP-RTM in the AAM industry and provide valuable insights into the manufacturing process of CFRP parts.

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of interfacial adhesion and mechanical performance of flax fiber-based eco-composites through fiber fluorination treatment

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112228

Olivier Téraube , Jean-Charles Agopian , Monica Francesca Pucci , Pierre-Jacques Liotier , Pierre Conchon , Éric Badel , Samar Hajjar-Garreau , Honorine Leleu , Jean-Baptiste Baylac , Nicolas Batisse , Karine Charlet , Marc Dubois

Natural fibers, such as flax, are more and more used as biobased reinforcement for eco-composites manufacturing but their natural polarity makes them incompatible with most polymers (mostly dispersive). Nowadays, treatments such as torrefaction are known to reduce the polarity of natural fibers and thus increase the mechanical performance of the reinforced composites. However, these treatments could harm fibers and limit the gain in performance. Thereby, the use of a controlled fluorination treatment allowed, via the grafting of fluorine on the fiber surface, to decrease the polarity of these fibers while maintaining an equivalent Young's modulus and limiting the reduction of at break performance to just ∼30 %. Therefore, by incorporating these fluorinated reinforcements in an epoxy matrix and by mechanically testing these composites, not only superior mechanical performances to those reinforced by raw fibers, but also superior to torrefied fiber-reinforced composites were measured, e.g.: the flexural modulus increased by 25 % after fluorination vs. 10 % after torrefaction and the flexural strain at break was enhanced by 10 % after fluorination vs. decrease by 35 % after torrefaction).

{"title":"Optimization of interfacial adhesion and mechanical performance of flax fiber-based eco-composites through fiber fluorination treatment","authors":"Olivier Téraube , Jean-Charles Agopian , Monica Francesca Pucci , Pierre-Jacques Liotier , Pierre Conchon , Éric Badel , Samar Hajjar-Garreau , Honorine Leleu , Jean-Baptiste Baylac , Nicolas Batisse , Karine Charlet , Marc Dubois","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural fibers, such as flax, are more and more used as biobased reinforcement for eco-composites manufacturing but their natural polarity makes them incompatible with most polymers (mostly dispersive). Nowadays, treatments such as torrefaction are known to reduce the polarity of natural fibers and thus increase the mechanical performance of the reinforced composites. However, these treatments could harm fibers and limit the gain in performance. Thereby, the use of a controlled fluorination treatment allowed, <em>via</em> the grafting of fluorine on the fiber surface, to decrease the polarity of these fibers while maintaining an equivalent Young's modulus and limiting the reduction of at break performance to just ∼30 %. Therefore, by incorporating these fluorinated reinforcements in an epoxy matrix and by mechanically testing these composites, not only superior mechanical performances to those reinforced by raw fibers, but also superior to torrefied fiber-reinforced composites were measured, <em>e.g.</em>: the flexural modulus increased by 25 % after fluorination <em>vs.</em> 10 % after torrefaction and the flexural strain at break was enhanced by 10 % after fluorination <em>vs.</em> decrease by 35 % after torrefaction).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 112228"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical bionic compression resistant fiber/hydrogel composite artificial heart valve suitable for transcatheter surgery

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112234

Yajuan Wang , Yuxin Chen , Wenshuo Wang , Xiaofan Zheng , Shiping Chen , Shengzhang Wang , Fujun Wang , Lu Wang , Yongtai Hou , Chaojing Li

The heart valve is a key structure for human blood circulation, and the development of artificial heart valves (AHVs) has become one of the research hotspots in the field of cardiovascular diseases. Compared to the vulnerability of biological valves to compression damage in transcatheter aortic valve replacement surgery (TAVR), polymer valves have shown superior performance in research. However, its structural differences from natural valves have limited its development. In this study, polycaprolactone gelatin (PCL-Gel) co-spinning directional nanofibers (FIB) were used to construct a three-layer structure of orientation layer-random layer-orientation layer imitating natural valves. Then, PCL-Gel/PAAm-co-PAA-Fe composite (COM-Fe) was prepared by iron ion crosslinking the oriented fiber membrane wrapped by polyacrylamide polyacrylic acid copolymer hydrogel (COM). The COM-Fe material has anisotropy similar to that of native valves and fully meets the thickness requirements for transcatheter surgery. In vitro simulated compression results showed that the COM-Fe material has no significant structural or strength loss after short-term curling compression. In vitro fluid dynamics results showed that the COM-Fe samples could fully achieve the parameters specified in ISO 5840–3:2021. In addition, COM-Fe materials showed excellent biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrated anti-inflammation potential in a rat subcutaneous embedding model. It can be seen that biomimetic COM-Fe composite materials with good curling compression resistance and valve function have great potential for application in the direction of transcatheter AHVs.

心脏瓣膜是人体血液循环的关键结构，人工心脏瓣膜（AHV）的开发已成为心血管疾病领域的研究热点之一。在经导管主动脉瓣置换手术（TAVR）中，生物瓣膜易受挤压损伤，相比之下，聚合物瓣膜在研究中表现出更优越的性能。然而，聚合物瓣膜与天然瓣膜在结构上的差异限制了其发展。本研究利用聚己内酯明胶（PCL-Gel）共纺定向纳米纤维（FIB）构建了仿天然瓣膜的定向层-随机层-定向层三层结构。然后，通过铁离子交联聚丙烯酰胺-聚丙烯酸共聚物水凝胶（COM）包裹的定向纤维膜，制备出 PCL-Gel/PAAm-co-PAA-Fe 复合材料（COM-Fe）。COM-Fe 材料的各向异性与原生瓣膜相似，完全符合经导管手术对厚度的要求。体外模拟压缩结果表明，COM-Fe 材料在短期卷曲压缩后没有明显的结构或强度损失。体外流体动力学结果表明，COM-Fe 样品能完全达到 ISO 5840-3:2021 中规定的参数。此外，COM-Fe 材料在体外和体内均表现出良好的生物相容性，并在大鼠皮下包埋模型中显示出抗炎潜力。由此可见，具有良好抗卷曲压缩性和瓣膜功能的仿生物 COM-Fe 复合材料在经导管人工血管方向的应用潜力巨大。

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引用次数: 0

Machine learning-driven interfacial characterization and dielectric breakdown prediction in polymer nanocomposites

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112226

Qi Wang , Wanxin He , Yuheng Deng , Yue Zhang , Wen Kwang Chern , Zepeng Lv , Zhong Chen

The development of polymer nanocomposites has emerged as a promising approach for achieving higher-density energy storage. However, challenges in directly characterizing the interface between the matrix and nanoparticles, a pivotal factor for performance enhancement, have led to a shortfall in effective modeling methods. In this work, we propose a novel interfacial modeling approach that quantitatively describes the continuous transition of dielectric properties across the interface, capturing the inhomogeneous nature observed experimentally. A finely tuned Polynomial Chaos Neural Network (PCNN) with a determination coefficient exceeding 0.999 is developed to elucidate the relationship between model parameters and nanocomposite permittivity. The finite element model employing the proposed interface model demonstrates improved accuracy in predicting the permittivity of various nanocomposite systems with a physical insight into the interface. Built upon the interface model, a developed phase field model is then incorporated to investigate the dielectric breakdown mechanism in nanocomposites, highlighting the interface's capacity to repel the breakdown path. 3D phase field simulations on electrical treeing successfully forecast the electrical tree structures in pure epoxy and nanocomposites with new insights into the dielectric breakdown. This research addresses a crucial need in the numerical modeling of nanocomposite interfaces and their role in dielectric breakdown analysis, providing a valuable tool for the design of next-generation dielectric materials with improved energy storage capabilities.

{"title":"Machine learning-driven interfacial characterization and dielectric breakdown prediction in polymer nanocomposites","authors":"Qi Wang , Wanxin He , Yuheng Deng , Yue Zhang , Wen Kwang Chern , Zepeng Lv , Zhong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of polymer nanocomposites has emerged as a promising approach for achieving higher-density energy storage. However, challenges in directly characterizing the interface between the matrix and nanoparticles, a pivotal factor for performance enhancement, have led to a shortfall in effective modeling methods. In this work, we propose a novel interfacial modeling approach that quantitatively describes the continuous transition of dielectric properties across the interface, capturing the inhomogeneous nature observed experimentally. A finely tuned Polynomial Chaos Neural Network (PCNN) with a determination coefficient exceeding 0.999 is developed to elucidate the relationship between model parameters and nanocomposite permittivity. The finite element model employing the proposed interface model demonstrates improved accuracy in predicting the permittivity of various nanocomposite systems with a physical insight into the interface. Built upon the interface model, a developed phase field model is then incorporated to investigate the dielectric breakdown mechanism in nanocomposites, highlighting the interface's capacity to repel the breakdown path. 3D phase field simulations on electrical treeing successfully forecast the electrical tree structures in pure epoxy and nanocomposites with new insights into the dielectric breakdown. This research addresses a crucial need in the numerical modeling of nanocomposite interfaces and their role in dielectric breakdown analysis, providing a valuable tool for the design of next-generation dielectric materials with improved energy storage capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 112226"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DLP-based additive manufacturing of hollow 3D structures with surface activated silicone carbide-polymer composite

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112236

Anasheh Khecho, M.M Towfiqur Rahman, Deepshika Reddy, Ahmed El-Ghannam, Erina Baynojir Joyee

Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the fabrication of ceramic (Silicon Carbide, SiC)-polymer composites, offering enhanced material properties such as lighter weight, toughness, and thermal characteristics. Despite these advancements, a significant knowledge gap persists in effectively processing SiC with high solid loading to achieve desired mechanical and thermal behaviors. This paper addresses this gap by exploring material properties and addressing two major challenges: adequate rheology and avoiding printing failure for excessive separation force in photopolymerization-based AM processes.

In this study, high solid loading SiC-polymer composite resins were successfully developed for direct light projection (DLP)-based AM. Resin processability was determined by rheological properties and curing parameters, with resin preparation involving orthogonal optimization of compositions to achieve suitable viscosity, stability, and homogeneity. Experimental determination of photocuring parameters (curing time and critical exposure) was also conducted. Viscosity was found to increase with particle size reduction, with higher solid loading resulting in exponential viscosity growth. Additionally, a 3D part with a hollow structure and fine resolution, featuring densified uniform particle distribution, was successfully fabricated.

This study further developed a DLP prototype and SiC-polymer composites with varied particle size and loading concentrations were additively manufactured. The influence of SiC particles on compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the 3D printed samples was investigated. Results revealed a proportional relationship between compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and solid loading, demonstrating significant improvements compared to pure polymer matrices. This study provides a material basis for polymerization-based 3D printing of porous structures, demonstrating the potential for advanced applications in various industries.

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引用次数: 0

Artificial precursor for alkaline cements

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112216

P. Martín-Rodríguez , I. García-Lodeiro , L. Fernández-Carrasco , M.T. Blanco-Varela , A. Palomo , A. Fernández-Jiménez

One of the main challenges for the future development of alkaline cements is the availability of precursors. Traditional precursors (such as coal FA and the BFS) have some limitations concerning quality and quantity (the long term supply is not guaranteed). The progressive closure of coal-fired power plants and changes in steel production in many countries exacerbate the problem. The present work addresses the challenge of fabricating an artificial precursor (via thermal treatment) with a chemical composition similar to a type- C fly ash (∼20 % CaO and SiO₂/CaO≈ 3 and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ≈ 3). Three temperatures of synthesis were tested: 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1250 °C. The precursors obtained after thermal treatment of a mixture of chemicals were activated with a 8 M NaOH solution. The temperature of synthesis obviously affected the degree of vitrification. Nevertheless, it can be said that partially amorphous/vitreous precursors, were produced at 1000 °C, developing good mechanical performance. In all cases, compressive strengths above 20 MPa were obtained, after 1 day curing. In cements made with precursors synthesized at 1000 and 1100 °C (amorphous content <70 %), a (N,C)-A-S-H type gel was formed, as the main product of hydration. However, in those cements made with precursors synthesized at 1250 °C (amorphous content ≥99 %), a mixture of (N)–C-A-S-H and (N,C)-A-S-H gels were observed after the hydration process.

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引用次数: 0

FePO4 battery waste as set retarder and insights into the reaction products

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112229

Zhiyu Luo , Caijun Shi , Hongjian Du

Global electric vehicles (EVs) are projected to increase more than tenfold by 2035, raising significant concerns about battery disposal. This paper explores valorizing FePO₄-dominated waste (FPW) from the LiFePO₄ battery recycling industry as a set retarder, offering insights into the phases derived from its reaction with hydration products. The addition of 3–5% FPW meets BS EN 934–2 requirements for setting time and compressive strength in retarding admixtures. Investigations on cement pastes concluded that FePO₄ (FP) reacted over time, as indicated by the decrease in FP and the reduction in CH content compared to the control group, though no new phases were detected. Through selective dissolution of cement pastes and studies on FPW in simulated reaction conditions, experimental evidence confirmed the generation of siliceous hydrogarnet (Si–Hg) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) from FPW, consistent with thermodynamic predictions. The addition of 5 % FPW increased Si–Hg by 1.45 % at 1 day and 4.36 % at 28 days, and produced HAp at 1.72 % and 4.03 % over the same intervals. EDS analysis of partially reacted FP lumps consistently suggested the presence of HAp and Si–Hg. Inside the FP lumps, P was partially leached out, and Fe–Si–Hg was detected. Near the edges, a pronounced reaction region of typically 5–8 μm displayed increased Al/Fe–Si–Hg and mixed hydration phases such as C–S–H. Beyond its retarding effects, FPW demonstrates potential through rapid reactions with CH to generate HAp with cementitious properties, occurring much faster than the pozzolanic reaction of glass powder.

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引用次数: 0