Pub Date : 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113446
John Tyler Daspit , Jacob M. Neiderer , Farhad Mohammadi-Koumleh , Xiaodong Li
Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are favorable candidates for structural applications in extreme environments. SiC fiber-matrix interfaces are engineered to enhance mechanical performance. The influence of an inner monolithic SiC layer on hoop tensile performance has not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated single-layer monolithic SiC tubes and multilayer SiC CMC tubes using hoop tensile loading following ASTM C1819-21. The multilayer tube is comprised of a monolithic inner SiC layer, a graphitic layer, a woven CMC layer, and a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC environmental barrier coating (EBC) layer. The single-layer tubes failed at a hoop stress of 158 ± 21 MPa, and fracture toughness was evaluated using new crack spacing and shielding-informed analysis to be 3.21-3.41 MPa m1/2. The multilayer tubes exhibited a bimodal response due to the premature failure of the monolithic inner layer. The multilayer tubes ultimately failed at 185 ± 10 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of through-thickness crack propagation and shielding-informed analysis of the crack behavior are provided. The non-hydrostatic stress state resulted in both radial and shear failure modes, and the failure of the inner monolith dominated performance. Mechanics-guided design implications for nuclear fuel cladding and other high-pressure vessels include optimization of layer geometry and material properties to balance ultimate performance with failure response.
{"title":"Mechanics of an inner monolithic SiC layer in multilayer SiC/SiC composite tubes","authors":"John Tyler Daspit , Jacob M. Neiderer , Farhad Mohammadi-Koumleh , Xiaodong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are favorable candidates for structural applications in extreme environments. SiC fiber-matrix interfaces are engineered to enhance mechanical performance. The influence of an inner monolithic SiC layer on hoop tensile performance has not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated single-layer monolithic SiC tubes and multilayer SiC CMC tubes using hoop tensile loading following ASTM C1819-21. The multilayer tube is comprised of a monolithic inner SiC layer, a graphitic layer, a woven CMC layer, and a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC environmental barrier coating (EBC) layer. The single-layer tubes failed at a hoop stress of 158 ± 21 MPa, and fracture toughness was evaluated using new crack spacing and shielding-informed analysis to be 3.21-3.41 MPa m<sup>1/2</sup>. The multilayer tubes exhibited a bimodal response due to the premature failure of the monolithic inner layer. The multilayer tubes ultimately failed at 185 ± 10 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of through-thickness crack propagation and shielding-informed analysis of the crack behavior are provided. The non-hydrostatic stress state resulted in both radial and shear failure modes, and the failure of the inner monolith dominated performance. Mechanics-guided design implications for nuclear fuel cladding and other high-pressure vessels include optimization of layer geometry and material properties to balance ultimate performance with failure response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 113446"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113518
Shuo Zhang , Feiyue Hu , Peng Zeng , Peiying Hu , Peigen Zhang , Jin Wang , Jian Liu , Wei Zheng , Qiuhua Zhang , Longzhu Cai , ZhengMing Sun
With the rapid advancement of intelligent wearable electronics and morphing stealth platforms, there is an urgent demand for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers that simultaneously ensure structural integrity and functional adaptability, and thermal resilience. Conventional electromagnetic absorbing materials are typically limited by static response characteristics and insufficient mechanical performance, which restricts their integration into reconfigurable systems. Herein, we developed multiscale-reinforced PES/MXene/ANF (PMA) composite aerogels, in which deprotonated aramid nanofibers (ANF) form a high-strength skeletal framework, polyethersulfone (PES) creates thermally induced interfacial crosslinks to enhance mechanical robustness and facilitate the uniform integration of surface-modified Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets into the three-dimensional porous network, and these nanosheets serve as highly efficient electromagnetic dissipation centers. Benefiting from its hierarchical structure and synergistic interfacial interactions, the PMA-2 aerogel achieves exceptional multifunctionality at an ultralow density of 0.0243 g cm−3, including remarkable mechanical stability (compressive strength of 0.972 MPa at 75% strain), low thermal conductivity (0.046 W m−1 K−1), minimal total heat release (1.6 kJ g−1), and efficient EMW absorption performance. Additionally, its electromagnetic response can be precisely modulated through mechanical deformation. As the compressive strain increases from 0% to 75%, the minimum reflection loss shifts from −64.63 dB to −39.52 dB, the effective absorption bandwidth (defined as RL ≤ −10 dB) narrows from 7.85 GHz to 4.82 GHz, and the primary absorption peak migrates continuously from the X-band to the Ku-band. This work presents a mechanically tunable, dynamically responsive electromagnetic absorber capable of reversible and continuous frequency modulation, establishing a novel strategy for designing adaptive multifunctional materials.
随着智能可穿戴电子产品和变形隐身平台的快速发展，人们迫切需要同时保证结构完整性、功能适应性和热弹性的电磁波（EMW）吸收器。传统电磁吸波材料通常受到静态响应特性和机械性能不足的限制，这限制了它们集成到可重构系统中。在此，我们开发了多尺度增强PES/MXene/ANF （PMA）复合气凝胶，其中去质子化芳纶纳米纤维（ANF）形成高强度骨架框架，聚醚砜（PES）产生热诱导界面交联以增强机械鲁棒性，并促进表面改性Ti3C2Tx MXene纳米片均匀集成到三维多孔网络中，这些纳米片作为高效的电磁耗散中心。得益于其分层结构和协同界面相互作用，PMA-2气凝胶在0.0243 g cm−3的超低密度下实现了卓越的多功能性，包括卓越的机械稳定性（75%应变时的抗压强度为0.972 MPa）、低导热系数（0.046 W m−1 K−1）、最小的总热释放（1.6 kJ g−1）和高效的EMW吸收性能。此外，它的电磁响应可以通过机械变形精确调制。当压缩应变从0%增加到75%时，最小反射损耗从- 64.63 dB增加到- 39.52 dB，有效吸收带宽（定义为RL≤- 10 dB）从7.85 GHz缩小到4.82 GHz，主吸收峰从x波段不断向ku波段迁移。本研究提出了一种机械可调谐、动态响应的电磁吸收器，能够进行可逆和连续的频率调制，为设计自适应多功能材料建立了一种新的策略。
{"title":"Multiscale mechanically–electromagnetically coupled aerogels for tunable electromagnetic wave absorption","authors":"Shuo Zhang , Feiyue Hu , Peng Zeng , Peiying Hu , Peigen Zhang , Jin Wang , Jian Liu , Wei Zheng , Qiuhua Zhang , Longzhu Cai , ZhengMing Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid advancement of intelligent wearable electronics and morphing stealth platforms, there is an urgent demand for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers that simultaneously ensure structural integrity and functional adaptability, and thermal resilience. Conventional electromagnetic absorbing materials are typically limited by static response characteristics and insufficient mechanical performance, which restricts their integration into reconfigurable systems. Herein, we developed multiscale-reinforced PES/MXene/ANF (PMA) composite aerogels, in which deprotonated aramid nanofibers (ANF) form a high-strength skeletal framework, polyethersulfone (PES) creates thermally induced interfacial crosslinks to enhance mechanical robustness and facilitate the uniform integration of surface-modified Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanosheets into the three-dimensional porous network, and these nanosheets serve as highly efficient electromagnetic dissipation centers. Benefiting from its hierarchical structure and synergistic interfacial interactions, the PMA-2 aerogel achieves exceptional multifunctionality at an ultralow density of 0.0243 g cm<sup>−3</sup>, including remarkable mechanical stability (compressive strength of 0.972 MPa at 75% strain), low thermal conductivity (0.046 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>), minimal total heat release (1.6 kJ g<sup>−1</sup>), and efficient EMW absorption performance. Additionally, its electromagnetic response can be precisely modulated through mechanical deformation. As the compressive strain increases from 0% to 75%, the minimum reflection loss shifts from −64.63 dB to −39.52 dB, the effective absorption bandwidth (defined as RL ≤ −10 dB) narrows from 7.85 GHz to 4.82 GHz, and the primary absorption peak migrates continuously from the X-band to the Ku-band. This work presents a mechanically tunable, dynamically responsive electromagnetic absorber capable of reversible and continuous frequency modulation, establishing a novel strategy for designing adaptive multifunctional materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113518"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113516
Yinghao Yin , Cheng Chen , Zhihan Li , Zhen Zhang , Yan Qing , Haibo Huang , Yiqiang Wu
Developing high-performance structural materials from fast-renewable biomass is an effective strategy to reduce dependence on fossil resources and mitigate CO2 emissions. Here, we report a scalable, water-only process that transforms fast-growing bamboo into robust structural materials through hydrothermal-assisted disintegration followed by thermal self-bonding. Subcritical water treatment softens cell walls and enables the controlled separation of high-aspect-ratio (>3000) macrofibers, while inducing the selective lignin migration and surface enrichment. During subsequent hot-pressing, this mobilized lignin undergoes in-situ condensation and interfacial crosslinking, forming a continuous, load-bearing network that reinforces a densely hydrogen-bonded cellulose microfiber framework. Reducing the macrofiber diameter to 100 μm significantly increases the specific interfacial area and promotes microfiber alignment, yielding fully adhesive-free structural materials with exceptional mechanical performance, including a tensile strength of 580 MPa, a flexural strength of 228 MPa, and a toughness of 4.35 MJ/m3, surpassing conventional adhesive-bonded fiberboard by 3–5 times. Life-cycle assessment reveals more than a 60% reduction in fossil carbon input and CO2 emissions relative to petroleum-based plastics. This work demonstrates a green and generalizable strategy for lignocellulosic biomass valorization through programmed lignin activation and chemical-free consolidation, providing sustainable production of high-performance bio-based structural materials with a minimized environmental footprint.
{"title":"Green and scalable transformation of bamboo into high-performance structural materials","authors":"Yinghao Yin , Cheng Chen , Zhihan Li , Zhen Zhang , Yan Qing , Haibo Huang , Yiqiang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing high-performance structural materials from fast-renewable biomass is an effective strategy to reduce dependence on fossil resources and mitigate CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Here, we report a scalable, water-only process that transforms fast-growing bamboo into robust structural materials through hydrothermal-assisted disintegration followed by thermal self-bonding. Subcritical water treatment softens cell walls and enables the controlled separation of high-aspect-ratio (>3000) macrofibers, while inducing the selective lignin migration and surface enrichment. During subsequent hot-pressing, this mobilized lignin undergoes in-situ condensation and interfacial crosslinking, forming a continuous, load-bearing network that reinforces a densely hydrogen-bonded cellulose microfiber framework. Reducing the macrofiber diameter to 100 μm significantly increases the specific interfacial area and promotes microfiber alignment, yielding fully adhesive-free structural materials with exceptional mechanical performance, including a tensile strength of 580 MPa, a flexural strength of 228 MPa, and a toughness of 4.35 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>, surpassing conventional adhesive-bonded fiberboard by 3–5 times. Life-cycle assessment reveals more than a 60% reduction in fossil carbon input and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions relative to petroleum-based plastics. This work demonstrates a green and generalizable strategy for lignocellulosic biomass valorization through programmed lignin activation and chemical-free consolidation, providing sustainable production of high-performance bio-based structural materials with a minimized environmental footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113516"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113512
Huanhuan Chen, Linghui Zhu, Hongfang Wang, Junhui Gong
Thermal anisotropy and wick effect (WE) pose great impact on flammability of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polymers, whereas little endeavor was made to quantitatively reveal their coupled affecting mechanism. To challenge this issue, polyamide 66 (PA66) and two CF/PA66 composites with CF normal and parallel to radiation, denoted as CF/PA66(n) and CF/PA66(p), were prepared to conduct ignition and combustion tests. A numerical model integrating pyrolysis, anisotropic heat transfer, and WE was developed to hierarchically determine unknown parameters. Pyrolysis kinetics of PA66 were extracted from TGA data using a hybrid PSO-GA algorithm. Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity (k), specific heat, and WE mass transport coefficient were derived by inversely modelling surface temperature (Ts) in ignition tests and mass loss rate (MLR) in combustion tests. Transient flame heat flux and effective heat of combustion (EHC) were quantified using measured MLR and heat release rate (HRR). The results showed that ignition of CF/PA66(n) was accelerated compared with neat PA66 due to the formation of a thin CF layer and a bubble layer featuring thermal barrier effect. CF/PA66(p) exhibited opposite ignition behaviors owing to the high longitudinal k of CF facilitating inward heat transfer. Ignition temperatures of both composites were much higher than that of PA66. Adding CF greatly decreased MLR and HRR during combustion, and their magnitudes were ranked as PA66>CF/PA66(p) > CF/PA66(n). Incorporating WE in numerical solver significantly improved its accuracy when modelling combustion. Finally, the parameterized model was verified by experimental data of validation cases, and good agreement was found.
{"title":"Revealing the coupled effects of thermal anisotropy and wick effect on flammability of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 66","authors":"Huanhuan Chen, Linghui Zhu, Hongfang Wang, Junhui Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal anisotropy and wick effect (WE) pose great impact on flammability of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polymers, whereas little endeavor was made to quantitatively reveal their coupled affecting mechanism. To challenge this issue, polyamide 66 (PA66) and two CF/PA66 composites with CF normal and parallel to radiation, denoted as CF/PA66<sub>(n)</sub> and CF/PA66<sub>(p)</sub>, were prepared to conduct ignition and combustion tests. A numerical model integrating pyrolysis, anisotropic heat transfer, and WE was developed to hierarchically determine unknown parameters. Pyrolysis kinetics of PA66 were extracted from TGA data using a hybrid PSO-GA algorithm. Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity (<em>k</em>), specific heat, and WE mass transport coefficient were derived by inversely modelling surface temperature (<em>T</em><sub><em>s</em></sub>) in ignition tests and mass loss rate (MLR) in combustion tests. Transient flame heat flux and effective heat of combustion (EHC) were quantified using measured MLR and heat release rate (HRR). The results showed that ignition of CF/PA66<sub>(n)</sub> was accelerated compared with neat PA66 due to the formation of a thin CF layer and a bubble layer featuring thermal barrier effect. CF/PA66<sub>(p)</sub> exhibited opposite ignition behaviors owing to the high longitudinal <em>k</em> of CF facilitating inward heat transfer. Ignition temperatures of both composites were much higher than that of PA66. Adding CF greatly decreased MLR and HRR during combustion, and their magnitudes were ranked as PA66>CF/PA66<sub>(p)</sub> > CF/PA66<sub>(n)</sub>. Incorporating WE in numerical solver significantly improved its accuracy when modelling combustion. Finally, the parameterized model was verified by experimental data of validation cases, and good agreement was found.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 113512"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113517
Running Wang , Caixin He , Chenglong Tan , Chen Cheng , Xiaohui Yang , Longteng Bai , Jiaping Zhang , Jie Fei , Qiangang Fu
The hoop tensile performance of ultra-high-temperature ceramic modified carbon/carbon (C/C) composites is critically important yet notoriously difficult to accurately assess for application in aerospace propulsion systems. This work systematically investigates the hoop tensile failure behavior and mechanism of 2.5D woven C/C–ZrC–SiC composites fabricated by reactive melt infiltration after exposure to oxidative environments at 1100-1500 °C. The composites exhibit the highest hoop tensile strength of 82.76 ± 6.76 MPa after oxidation at 1300 °C, corresponding to a strength retention rate of 98.43%. The formation of a dense in-situ Zr–Si–O oxide layer, along with an optimized fiber/matrix interface, aids in preserving fiber integrity and facilitating effective load transfer. These factors contribute to crack deflection and enhance energy dissipation compared to specimens oxidized at 1100 °C and 1500 °C. Finite element simulation reveals that the macroscopic hoop geometry of the specimen itself results in a stress gradient across the cross-section, with the maximum tensile stress consistently located at the inner surface, which becomes the failure origin. Crucially, a synergistic effect of oxidation-induced intrinsic damage and geometry-driven extrinsic stress concentration accelerates failure. This study advances the engineering application of C/C–ZrC–SiC tubular components in aerospace propulsion systems and provides critical insights for the reliable design of ceramic matrix composites operating in extreme thermal-oxidative environments.
{"title":"Unraveling the oxidation-induced hoop tensile failure mechanism of 2.5D woven C/C–ZrC–SiC composites at 1100-1500°C","authors":"Running Wang , Caixin He , Chenglong Tan , Chen Cheng , Xiaohui Yang , Longteng Bai , Jiaping Zhang , Jie Fei , Qiangang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hoop tensile performance of ultra-high-temperature ceramic modified carbon/carbon (C/C) composites is critically important yet notoriously difficult to accurately assess for application in aerospace propulsion systems. This work systematically investigates the hoop tensile failure behavior and mechanism of 2.5D woven C/C–ZrC–SiC composites fabricated by reactive melt infiltration after exposure to oxidative environments at 1100-1500 °C. The composites exhibit the highest hoop tensile strength of 82.76 ± 6.76 MPa after oxidation at 1300 °C, corresponding to a strength retention rate of 98.43%. The formation of a dense in-situ Zr–Si–O oxide layer, along with an optimized fiber/matrix interface, aids in preserving fiber integrity and facilitating effective load transfer. These factors contribute to crack deflection and enhance energy dissipation compared to specimens oxidized at 1100 °C and 1500 °C. Finite element simulation reveals that the macroscopic hoop geometry of the specimen itself results in a stress gradient across the cross-section, with the maximum tensile stress consistently located at the inner surface, which becomes the failure origin. Crucially, a synergistic effect of oxidation-induced intrinsic damage and geometry-driven extrinsic stress concentration accelerates failure. This study advances the engineering application of C/C–ZrC–SiC tubular components in aerospace propulsion systems and provides critical insights for the reliable design of ceramic matrix composites operating in extreme thermal-oxidative environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113517"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113513
Qiang Chen , Jian Huang , Daokui Li , Yicong Ye , Shuxin Bai
The evaluations of the thermomechanical properties and multiscale correlation between the effective elastic response and the thermal response of the chopped carbon fibers (c-Cf(MP)) reinforced silicon carbide ceramic matrix (c-Cf(MP)/C–SiC) composites, are investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. Unlike composites with continuous fibers, this study focuses on the unique multiscale architecture formed by randomly distributed chopped fibers, pyrolytic carbon interface, and SiC–Si effective matrix derived from reactive melt infiltration (RMI). The thermomechanical coupling mechanism across fiber-matrix interface, and the microstructural evolution from nanoscale interphases to mesoscale fiber networks determining the thermomechanical response, were demonstrated through a combined experiments and multiscale modeling approach. As a result, the use of shortened, highly graphitized fibers benefits to creating continuous thermal pathways while minimizing anisotropy of the composites. And then, the interfacial modification by the CPyC is conducive to balancing stress dissipation in c-Cf(MP)/C–SiC composite. Moreover, the appropriate amount of residual Si and the continuous distribution of SiC matrix determine the thermal conductivity of the composites. This work provides a foundational framework for the predictive design of Cf/C–SiC composites, moving beyond empirical approaches by linking tailored constituent architecture to predictable, coupled thermomechanical performance.
{"title":"The thermomechanical coupling and multiscale correlation mechanism of Cf/C–SiC composites reinforced with chopped carbon fibers","authors":"Qiang Chen , Jian Huang , Daokui Li , Yicong Ye , Shuxin Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evaluations of the thermomechanical properties and multiscale correlation between the effective elastic response and the thermal response of the chopped carbon fibers (c-Cf<sub>(MP)</sub>) reinforced silicon carbide ceramic matrix (c-Cf<sub>(MP)</sub>/C–SiC) composites, are investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. Unlike composites with continuous fibers, this study focuses on the unique multiscale architecture formed by randomly distributed chopped fibers, pyrolytic carbon interface, and SiC–Si effective matrix derived from reactive melt infiltration (RMI). The thermomechanical coupling mechanism across fiber-matrix interface, and the microstructural evolution from nanoscale interphases to mesoscale fiber networks determining the thermomechanical response, were demonstrated through a combined experiments and multiscale modeling approach. As a result, the use of shortened, highly graphitized fibers benefits to creating continuous thermal pathways while minimizing anisotropy of the composites. And then, the interfacial modification by the C<sub>PyC</sub> is conducive to balancing stress dissipation in c-Cf<sub>(MP)</sub>/C–SiC composite. Moreover, the appropriate amount of residual Si and the continuous distribution of SiC matrix determine the thermal conductivity of the composites. This work provides a foundational framework for the predictive design of Cf/C–SiC composites, moving beyond empirical approaches by linking tailored constituent architecture to predictable, coupled thermomechanical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113513"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113511
Hao Song , Zhiheng Wang , Haojie Xu , Kangmei Li , Jun Hu
The temperature dependence of compressive behavior in notched and unnotched specimens is crucial for the structural design and application of braided composite tubes. This study examines the compressive damage mechanisms of three-dimensional four-directional(3D4D) braided composite tubes with different hole sizes at both room and elevated temperatures and develops a strength prediction model. Employing multiscale experimental techniques including Digital Image Correlation (DIC), Infrared Thermal Imaging (IRT), and X-ray Computer Tomography (XCT), the study comprehensively captured the material's full-field deformation, thermal response, and internal damage evolution. Findings reveal that elevated temperatures fundamentally alter the failure mode: the brittle fracture observed at room temperature transforms into ductile instability dominated by fibre micro-buckling and extensive debonding at fibre-matrix interfaces. Increased hole size significantly accelerates strain concentration, leading to the formation of macroscale shear zones and triggering non-linear degradation in strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity. Notably, under quasi-static loading, IRT revealed pronounced cold spots around the hole, indicating that energy absorption from damage exceeded heat generation. This phenomenon fundamentally reverses the expected hot-spot response pattern. 3D-DIC revealed heightened strain distribution inhomogeneity with increasing temperature. CT analysis uncovered a sequential failure mechanism: interfacial delamination and matrix cracking initiated near the hole, followed by coordinated fibre bundle buckling, culminating in shear band propagation. The strength prediction model established in this study integrates hole size and temperature effects, exhibiting good agreement with experimental data. This work elucidates the coupled effects of high-temperature softening and geometric discontinuities on damage localization, laying the foundation for damage tolerance design of braided composites in thermomechanical environments.
{"title":"Compression damage evolution and strength prediction model for 3D braided composites with cutouts at room and high temperature","authors":"Hao Song , Zhiheng Wang , Haojie Xu , Kangmei Li , Jun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temperature dependence of compressive behavior in notched and unnotched specimens is crucial for the structural design and application of braided composite tubes. This study examines the compressive damage mechanisms of three-dimensional four-directional(3D4D) braided composite tubes with different hole sizes at both room and elevated temperatures and develops a strength prediction model. Employing multiscale experimental techniques including Digital Image Correlation (DIC), Infrared Thermal Imaging (IRT), and X-ray Computer Tomography (XCT), the study comprehensively captured the material's full-field deformation, thermal response, and internal damage evolution. Findings reveal that elevated temperatures fundamentally alter the failure mode: the brittle fracture observed at room temperature transforms into ductile instability dominated by fibre micro-buckling and extensive debonding at fibre-matrix interfaces. Increased hole size significantly accelerates strain concentration, leading to the formation of macroscale shear zones and triggering non-linear degradation in strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity. Notably, under quasi-static loading, IRT revealed pronounced cold spots around the hole, indicating that energy absorption from damage exceeded heat generation. This phenomenon fundamentally reverses the expected hot-spot response pattern. 3D-DIC revealed heightened strain distribution inhomogeneity with increasing temperature. CT analysis uncovered a sequential failure mechanism: interfacial delamination and matrix cracking initiated near the hole, followed by coordinated fibre bundle buckling, culminating in shear band propagation. The strength prediction model established in this study integrates hole size and temperature effects, exhibiting good agreement with experimental data. This work elucidates the coupled effects of high-temperature softening and geometric discontinuities on damage localization, laying the foundation for damage tolerance design of braided composites in thermomechanical environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113511"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113504
Qisen Chen , Yaping Xiao , Zezhong Li , Mengze Li , Di Yang , Weiwei Qu , Han Wang
This study concerns the effect of tow-to-tow gaps and their distribution induced by automated fiber placement on the mechanical performance of large composite structures. A gap volume element (GVE) model is first presented for cross-scale analysis of the mechanical behavior of composite panels with tow gaps under realistic engineering conditions. In the GVE model, the mesh elements containing gap defects can be homogenized to account comprehensively for the effects of the geometric volume fraction and spatial distribution of gaps within the solid elements, along with the influence of tow angle deviation. Based on simulated tests under elastic property identification loading and micromechanical theory, the equivalent in-plane elastic stiffness matrix and strength matrix of the elements containing gap defects were reconstructed. Subsequently, the GVE model was validated against the available uniaxial tensile tests on specimens containing triangular gaps, and excellent agreement was obtained. Finally, based on the GVE model, a sequential hierarchical multiscale evaluation framework was established to assess the influence of different gap distribution schemes on the mechanical behavior of composite panels. The evaluation results indicate that a more uniform distribution of gaps within the panel is beneficial to the structural load-bearing capacity.
{"title":"Gap volume element model for cross-scale analysis of mechanical behavior of composite panels with AFP-induced gaps","authors":"Qisen Chen , Yaping Xiao , Zezhong Li , Mengze Li , Di Yang , Weiwei Qu , Han Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study concerns the effect of tow-to-tow gaps and their distribution induced by automated fiber placement on the mechanical performance of large composite structures. A gap volume element (GVE) model is first presented for cross-scale analysis of the mechanical behavior of composite panels with tow gaps under realistic engineering conditions. In the GVE model, the mesh elements containing gap defects can be homogenized to account comprehensively for the effects of the geometric volume fraction and spatial distribution of gaps within the solid elements, along with the influence of tow angle deviation. Based on simulated tests under elastic property identification loading and micromechanical theory, the equivalent in-plane elastic stiffness matrix and strength matrix of the elements containing gap defects were reconstructed. Subsequently, the GVE model was validated against the available uniaxial tensile tests on specimens containing triangular gaps, and excellent agreement was obtained. Finally, based on the GVE model, a sequential hierarchical multiscale evaluation framework was established to assess the influence of different gap distribution schemes on the mechanical behavior of composite panels. The evaluation results indicate that a more uniform distribution of gaps within the panel is beneficial to the structural load-bearing capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113504"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113503
Ananya Panda , Jui-Cheng Kao , Jagabandhu Patra , Chun-Wei Pao , Chun-Chen Yang , Chien-Te Hsieh , Fu-Ming Wang , Wei-Ren Liu , Ju Li , Ching-Yuan Su , Yu-Chieh Lo , Jeng-Kuei Chang
Solid-state Li-metal batteries (SSLMBs) are attractive for their safety and high energy density characteristics, enabled by solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) and lithium metal anodes. However, SSEs face challenges in ionic conductivity and interfacial stability. Herein, we develop composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) incorporating functionalized 2D graphene-based fillers, such as reduced graphene oxide, graphene oxide, and fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO), into a solid polymer electrolyte for LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM-811)-based SSLMBs. Among them, FGO exhibits the best performance, offering superior ionic conductivity (9.4 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C), a high Li+ transference number (0.60), and a wide electrochemical window (∼4.8 V). The Li+ transport behavior in the CSEs with various functionalized graphene materials is examined via density functional theory calculations. The improved Li+ mobility can be attributed to the positively charged C atoms bonded with fluorine groups. The calculations indicate stronger TFSI− binding on FGO, which facilitates Li+ dissociation and enhances Li+ transport. The Li||1FGO-CSE||NCM-811 cell delivers a high cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 at 25 °C, retaining 95% of its capacity after 350 cycles. While the filler-free SSE exhibits relatively low Li+ conductivity and poor cyclability, the FGO-CSE enhances Li+ conduction and stabilizes both the anode and cathode interfaces, thereby achieving outstanding cell performance.
固态锂金属电池（sslmb）因其安全性和高能量密度特性而具有吸引力，这是由固态电解质（sse）和锂金属阳极实现的。然而，ssi在离子电导率和界面稳定性方面面临挑战。在此，我们开发了复合固体电解质（cse），将功能化的二维石墨烯基填料，如还原氧化石墨烯，氧化石墨烯和氟化氧化石墨烯（FGO）纳入到基于LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 （NCM-811）的sslmb的固体聚合物电解质中。其中，FGO表现出最好的性能，具有优异的离子电导率（在25°C时为9.4 × 10−4 S cm−1），高Li+转移数（0.60）和宽电化学窗口（~ 4.8 V）。通过密度泛函理论计算，研究了Li+在具有不同功能化石墨烯材料的CSEs中的输运行为。Li+迁移率的提高可归因于带正电的C原子与氟基团的键合。计算表明，FGO上的TFSI−结合更强，有利于Li+解离并增强Li+的输运。Li||1FGO-CSE||NCM-811电池在25°C下提供200 mAh g - 1的高阴极容量，在350次循环后保持95%的容量。无填料SSE具有相对较低的Li+导电性和较差的可循环性，而FGO-CSE增强了Li+导电性，稳定了阳极和阴极界面，从而实现了出色的电池性能。
{"title":"Functionalized two-dimensional carbon fillers for enhancing Li+ conduction and interface stability of solid electrolyte for lithium batteries","authors":"Ananya Panda , Jui-Cheng Kao , Jagabandhu Patra , Chun-Wei Pao , Chun-Chen Yang , Chien-Te Hsieh , Fu-Ming Wang , Wei-Ren Liu , Ju Li , Ching-Yuan Su , Yu-Chieh Lo , Jeng-Kuei Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid-state Li-metal batteries (SSLMBs) are attractive for their safety and high energy density characteristics, enabled by solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) and lithium metal anodes. However, SSEs face challenges in ionic conductivity and interfacial stability. Herein, we develop composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) incorporating functionalized 2D graphene-based fillers, such as reduced graphene oxide, graphene oxide, and fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO), into a solid polymer electrolyte for LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NCM-811)-based SSLMBs. Among them, FGO exhibits the best performance, offering superior ionic conductivity (9.4 × 10<sup>−4</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup> at 25 °C), a high Li<sup>+</sup> transference number (0.60), and a wide electrochemical window (∼4.8 V). The Li<sup>+</sup> transport behavior in the CSEs with various functionalized graphene materials is examined via density functional theory calculations. The improved Li<sup>+</sup> mobility can be attributed to the positively charged C atoms bonded with fluorine groups. The calculations indicate stronger TFSI<sup>−</sup> binding on FGO, which facilitates Li<sup>+</sup> dissociation and enhances Li<sup>+</sup> transport. The Li||1FGO-CSE||NCM-811 cell delivers a high cathode capacity of 200 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 25 °C, retaining 95% of its capacity after 350 cycles. While the filler-free SSE exhibits relatively low Li<sup>+</sup> conductivity and poor cyclability, the FGO-CSE enhances Li<sup>+</sup> conduction and stabilizes both the anode and cathode interfaces, thereby achieving outstanding cell performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113503"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113492
Weijie Zhang , Yiding Li , Ying Yan , Xi Zou , Xueliang Xiao , Shibo Yan
Mesoscale simulation of woven composite laminates offers high-fidelity stress analysis but is limited by the meshing complexity and high computational cost of conformal models. Embedded element methods (EEM) alleviate these challenges by embedding yarn representations within a solid host mesh. Using shell elements for yarns further reduces computational effort, but conventional shell-in-solid EEM couple only translational degrees of freedom (DOFs), leading to kinematic incompatibility and significant stiffness underestimation for laminates under bending and transverse-shear loading. This work develops an improved shell-in-solid EEM with full kinematic constraints that couple both translational and rotational DOFs of the embedded shell elements to solid elements in the host mesh. The method restores bending and transverse-shear fidelity at a fraction of the computational cost of solid-in-solid EEM. Under small deformation assumptions, consistent constraint and overlap-stiffness formulations are derived and implemented within a standard finite element workflow. The method is firstly tested on a cantilever beam model with span-to-thickness ratios from 32 to 4. Results show less than 0.8% deflection error compared with conformal references, while a translational-only scheme produces about 40% error in the most shear-dominated case. In addition, in a quasi-static three-point bending test of plain-woven laminates, the method is validated in comparison to the experimental load–displacement envelope, and the results agree with a solid-in-solid baseline model in global response and local strain distributions. The proposed approach achieves 17.6 times speedup over solid-in-solid EEM, enabling accurate and efficient mesoscale simulation. The method is also readily implemented in commercial finite element packages.
{"title":"An improved embedded element method using shell elements with full kinematic constraints for efficient mesoscale simulation of woven laminates","authors":"Weijie Zhang , Yiding Li , Ying Yan , Xi Zou , Xueliang Xiao , Shibo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mesoscale simulation of woven composite laminates offers high-fidelity stress analysis but is limited by the meshing complexity and high computational cost of conformal models. Embedded element methods (EEM) alleviate these challenges by embedding yarn representations within a solid host mesh. Using shell elements for yarns further reduces computational effort, but conventional shell-in-solid EEM couple only translational degrees of freedom (DOFs), leading to kinematic incompatibility and significant stiffness underestimation for laminates under bending and transverse-shear loading. This work develops an improved shell-in-solid EEM with full kinematic constraints that couple both translational and rotational DOFs of the embedded shell elements to solid elements in the host mesh. The method restores bending and transverse-shear fidelity at a fraction of the computational cost of solid-in-solid EEM. Under small deformation assumptions, consistent constraint and overlap-stiffness formulations are derived and implemented within a standard finite element workflow. The method is firstly tested on a cantilever beam model with span-to-thickness ratios from 32 to 4. Results show less than 0.8% deflection error compared with conformal references, while a translational-only scheme produces about 40% error in the most shear-dominated case. In addition, in a quasi-static three-point bending test of plain-woven laminates, the method is validated in comparison to the experimental load–displacement envelope, and the results agree with a solid-in-solid baseline model in global response and local strain distributions. The proposed approach achieves 17.6 times speedup over solid-in-solid EEM, enabling accurate and efficient mesoscale simulation. The method is also readily implemented in commercial finite element packages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113492"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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