Composites Part B: Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A novel architecture of soft magnetoelectric composites for human-machine interaction","authors":"Zhangbo Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Xiao ,&nbsp;Yihua Xiao ,&nbsp;Hanlin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft magnetoelectric composites have great potential in energy harvesting, flexible sensing, and human-machine interaction (HMI). However, their electrical output capacity is limited, as mechanical deformation typically induces only minimal changes in magnetic flux. Herein, a new soft magnetoelectric composite (SMEC) is proposed to enhance voltage output. The SMEC integrates a coil, a soft scaffold, and a soft magnetoelastic block. Under axial load, the soft magnetoelastic block rotates while approaching the coil. The rotation of the magnetic field and the changed distance between the magnetoelastic block and the coil collectively induce a significant variation in magnetic flux, thereby enhancing voltage output. Furthermore, the continued axial load induces elastic deformation of the soft magnetoelastic block, further modulating the magnetic flux. The maximum voltage density and current density that SMEC can achieve are 9.87 mV/cm² and 0.75 mA/cm², respectively. Both indicators are higher than those of previous soft magnetoelectric composites. Additionally, the SMEC can output three voltage signals with different peak values as the direction of the applied pressure is different. Leveraging this characteristic, the SMEC is integrated into two HMI systems, successfully enabling precise controls such as light switching, PPT page turning, virtual button switching, and playing video games. This study proposes a novel strategy to induce magnetic field rotation via mechanical loads, providing a new pathway for breaking the performance limitations of soft magnetoelectric composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113484"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High toughness and heat-resistant polypropylene composites enabled by ethylene-propylene elastomer for high-voltage cable screen layer","authors":"Zhi-Xing Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Lin ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Hou ,&nbsp;Yi-Xuan Wu ,&nbsp;Run-Pan Nie ,&nbsp;Ding-Xiang Yan ,&nbsp;Li-Chuan Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semi-conductive screen composites (SSCs) are indispensable components for polypropylene (PP) based high-voltage cable. However, it is still a huge challenge to balance the mechanical toughness and heat resistance of PP-based SSCs. Herein, ethylene-propylene elastomer (EPE) is utilized as a highly efficient toughening agent to impart the PP-SSCs with well-balanced mechanical toughness and heat resistance. The incorporation of only 30 wt% EPE content into the EPE/PP matrix enables the PP-SSCs to achieve a high elongation at break of 392.0% and a remarkable tensile toughness of 46.5 MJ m⁻³ at 27 wt% carbon black (CB) content. The PP-SSCs also present desirable heat resistance, as evidenced by a low thermal elongation (6.1%) under 0.2 MPa at 130 °C and a small permanent deformation (2.0%). Meanwhile, the optimal PP-SSCs maintain superior electrical performance, with low volume resistivities of 14.2 Ω cm and 47.3 Ω cm at 23 °C and 90 °C, respectively. It is worth noting that all the performance indicators could meet the application requirements. This work offers a viable strategy for fabricating high performance PP-SSCs, which would contribute to the development of recyclable thermoplastic PP power cables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113488"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel milling cutter structure for high-quality milling of CF/PEEK composites via enhanced shear cutting","authors":"Pengcheng Ju ,&nbsp;Rao Fu ,&nbsp;Gang Wei ,&nbsp;Fuji Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohang Hu ,&nbsp;Yuntong Sun ,&nbsp;Dekun Yin ,&nbsp;Peng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) composites have increasingly attracted attention in the fields of aviation and aerospace owing to their high specific strength, excellent impact resistance, and recyclability. Consequently, they are considered promising alternatives to conventional carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. However, due to the thermal sensitivity and high ductility of the PEEK matrix, the surface-layer fibers are prone to significant deformation under weak constraints during milling. This makes it challenging for conventional CFRP cutters to effectively cut the fibers, leading to severe damage. Especially under continuous cutting conditions, significant chip adhesion further aggravates the machining damage and results in the deterioration of surface accuracy. To address this issue, this study proposes a surface-layer damage suppression principle via enhanced shear cutting. By establishing cutting models of surface-layer fibers under different conditions, it is found that progressive enhanced shear cutting enabled by cutting edges with varied inclination angles can effectively limit the deformation of surface-layer fibers in CF/PEEK, enhance the compressive effect of the cutting edge on the fibers, facilitate fiber fracture, and suppress surface-layer damage during milling. Based on this principle, a novel milling cutter with a variable helix angle was developed. The structure and arrangement of its cutting edges are optimized accordingly through finite element simulation. The developed milling cutter can simultaneously suppress upper and lower surface-layer damage in CF/PEEK. Milling experiments show that, compared to a conventional CFRP milling cutter, the novel milling cutter achieves a reduction of over 60.2 % in surface-layer burr damage. Furthermore, owing to the positive effect of the novel cutter on fiber severing, it effectively reduces the occurrence of fiber and resin adhesion on the machined surface, achieving a 23.6 % reduction in surface roughness. The damage suppression principle and cutter structure optimization methodology proposed in this study can provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for achieving high-quality machining of CF/PEEK composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113465"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the oxidation-induced hoop tensile failure mechanism of 2.5D woven C/C–ZrC–SiC composites at 1100-1500°C","authors":"Running Wang ,&nbsp;Caixin He ,&nbsp;Chenglong Tan ,&nbsp;Chen Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Yang ,&nbsp;Longteng Bai ,&nbsp;Jiaping Zhang ,&nbsp;Jie Fei ,&nbsp;Qiangang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hoop tensile performance of ultra-high-temperature ceramic modified carbon/carbon (C/C) composites is critically important yet notoriously difficult to accurately assess for application in aerospace propulsion systems. This work systematically investigates the hoop tensile failure behavior and mechanism of 2.5D woven C/C–ZrC–SiC composites fabricated by reactive melt infiltration after exposure to oxidative environments at 1100-1500 °C. The composites exhibit the highest hoop tensile strength of 82.76 ± 6.76 MPa after oxidation at 1300 °C, corresponding to a strength retention rate of 98.43%. The formation of a dense in-situ Zr–Si–O oxide layer, along with an optimized fiber/matrix interface, aids in preserving fiber integrity and facilitating effective load transfer. These factors contribute to crack deflection and enhance energy dissipation compared to specimens oxidized at 1100 °C and 1500 °C. Finite element simulation reveals that the macroscopic hoop geometry of the specimen itself results in a stress gradient across the cross-section, with the maximum tensile stress consistently located at the inner surface, which becomes the failure origin. Crucially, a synergistic effect of oxidation-induced intrinsic damage and geometry-driven extrinsic stress concentration accelerates failure. This study advances the engineering application of C/C–ZrC–SiC tubular components in aerospace propulsion systems and provides critical insights for the reliable design of ceramic matrix composites operating in extreme thermal-oxidative environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113517"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superior compressive energy absorption and ultra-high damping via synergistic effects in an inoculated Zn–22Al alloy foam-filled CFRP tube composite","authors":"Jianjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhengqi Lu ,&nbsp;Guangli Bi ,&nbsp;Weirong Li ,&nbsp;Zhixian Jiao ,&nbsp;Yuandong Li ,&nbsp;Tijun Chen ,&nbsp;Qingzhou Wang ,&nbsp;Le Gao ,&nbsp;Chunhua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern aerospace design demands lightweight materials capable of simultaneous energy absorption and vibration suppression. To address this demand, a grain-refined Zn–22Al (ZA22) alloy foam-filled carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) tube composite (ZA22-CFRP FFTC) was developed, featuring a robust interface between the CFRP tube and ZA22 foam core. The foam pore walls consist of fine equiaxed α-phase and reticular η-phase, achieved via grain refinement with an (Al₃Ni + Al₃Ti)/Al inoculant. Quasi-static and dynamic compression tests indicate the FFTC exhibits superior and more stable load-bearing capacity and energy absorption compared to the theoretical superposition of its individual constituents, confirming a significant synergistic effect. Under quasi-static loading, the 1.0 mm wall-thickness FFTC achieves optimal performance, with a specific energy absorption (SEA) 50.25% higher than that of pure ZA22 foam. Under dynamic loading, the 0.5 mm wall-thickness FFTC shows an extended, stable compression plateau, leading to a 114.4% increase in SEA. The composites also display distinct strain-rate sensitivity, with mechanical properties following a non-monotonic“increase-then-decrease”trend. Furthermore, the FFTC demonstrates ultra-high damping capacity over wide ranges of strain amplitudes (10⁻⁵–10⁻³) and temperatures (30–100 °C), with room-temperature damping enhanced by up to 401.9% relative to the theoretical superposition with increasing CFRP volume fraction. These enhancements in compressive energy absorption and damping, exceeding the sum of individual components, are attributed to the coupling effect induced by synergistic component interactions. The underlying mechanisms are thoroughly elucidated through in-depth microstructural analysis and finite element analysis (FEA).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113493"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on synergistic effects of acoustic and mechanical properties of 3D-Printed continuous flax fiber reinforced PLA composites through controlling impregnation speed and printing parameters","authors":"Zhixiong Bi ,&nbsp;Qian Li ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongsen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Long ,&nbsp;Weidong Yang ,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant fibers have attracted growing interest as sustainable acoustic materials owing to their remarkable sound absorption properties and biodegradability. In this study, a systematic control strategy involving impregnation speed and fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing parameters was implemented to optimize the acoustic and mechanical performance of continuous flax fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites (CFFRCs). Firstly, a physics-based infiltration numerical model was developed to characterize the relationship between impregnation speed and resin penetration depth by solving the Brinkman-Forchheimer equations. The resin flow process was illustrated through incorporating the inherent non-uniform fiber distributions arising from natural discontinuities and the hierarchical structure of flax yarns to guide the preparation of pre-impregnated flax yarns with different impregnation speeds. The continuous nature of the flax fibers was maintained throughout the printing and impregnating process, forming the structural backbone of the final CFFRCs. Subsequently, the influence of impregnation speed on void formation was investigated by evaluating the tensile and sound absorption properties of CFFRCs fabricated using pre-impregnated flax yarns at various impregnation speeds. Finally, the relationships between the critical printing parameters (i.e., printing orientations, line width, and infill layers), voids formation, and acoustic and mechanical performances of CFFRCs were established. The experimental and numerical results demonstrated a fundamental trade-off where increased porosity significantly improved sound absorption coefficients through enhanced viscous friction and resonance effects within the void networks, while concurrently reducing tensile strength due to disrupted load transfer pathways. The non-uniform fiber distributions in the flax yarns exhibited significant sensitivity to impregnation speed during the impregnation process. Through precise control of impregnation parameters, substantial improvements in fiber-matrix interfacial bonding were achieved in 3D-printed CFFRCs, accompanied by a remarkable reduction in porosity. Both the enhanced mechanical properties and maintained sound absorption capabilities were achieved by designing the printing parameters. Printing orientations was critical for mechanical optimization, while acoustic performance depended on line width. The findings provided a clear pathway for designing the 3D-printed CFFRCs integrated with load-bearing and functionality in future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113487"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A semi-empirical model for predicting tensile strength of metallic glass matrix composites at room temperature by nanoindentation","authors":"Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xi Jin ,&nbsp;Peter K. Liaw ,&nbsp;Junwei Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) derive their overall strength from the amorphous matrix, while the dendrites control the plasticity. Here, nanoindentation experiments were conducted to quantitatively bridge microscopic deformation and the macroscopic response of MGMCs. A pronounced orientation dependence of dendrites was observed, in agreement with molecular dynamics simulations. Based on cumulative distribution functions, the activation volume for different dendrite orientations were determined, indicating the dislocation nucleation through heterogeneous nucleation via cooperative multi-atomic motion. Within a mean-field theory framework, the relationship between the critical maximum shear stress and the activation volume of the dendrite phase was established. This relationship was further extended to propose a criterion for the critical threshold of the maximum shear stress of multi-principal element alloys with two important caveats. The activation volume of the amorphous matrix was found to be nearly twice that of the dendrite phase. From this trend, a direct correlation between the ultra-tensile strength of the dendrite phase and that of the amorphous matrix was derived. Based on this relationship, a semi-empirical tensile strength model was formulated using a rule of mixtures, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mtext>UTS</mtext><mtext>MGMC</mtext></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.08</mn><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mtext>UTS</mtext><mi>M</mi></msubsup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>4.16</mn></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>M</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mtext>UTS</mtext><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>M</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>. The model was validated across a broad range of MGMC systems, where 92.5% of the predicted UTS values fall within the 92.5% confidence interval of experiments. The model exhibits particularly high accuracy for Ti- and Zr-based MGMCs, underscoring the strong compositional dependence of the UTS. The model provides practical guidelines for designing high-performance composites with optimized strength and ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113472"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-art review on the flexural behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum laminates (CARALL)","authors":"Chaoqun Liang ,&nbsp;Jiangwen Chen ,&nbsp;Jiawei Gu ,&nbsp;Xin Luo ,&nbsp;Sergei Alexandrovich Evsyukov","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber–reinforced aluminum laminates (CARALL) combine the high specific stiffness/strength of CFRP with the ductility and damage tolerance of aluminum, offering strong potential for weight-critical transportation structures. Yet, reported flexural responses remain fragmented across studies that separately address laminate architecture, thermo-assisted forming, and damage mechanisms, limiting unified and transferable design guidance. This review consolidates state-of-the-art knowledge on CARALL bending, covering laminate constituents and stacking design, manufacturing and forming routes, experimental characterization, coupled flexural mechanics and damage evolution, and numerical/multiscale modeling. We emphasize how stacking sequence and ply orientation, metal-to-composite thickness ratio, and interface integrity govern stiffness/strength, springback, and delamination-dominated failure, and we compare cohesive-zone and progressive damage implementations against experimental evidence with consistent verification/validation practices. Emerging directions are highlighted in interface–process–performance co-design, open benchmarking datasets and standardized reporting for reproducible calibration from coupon to component scales, digital-twin and data-driven frameworks for forming and crash-relevant structures, and sustainability-oriented end-of-life considerations, including lessons transferable from non-aluminium FML systems (e.g., Ti-FML interfaces). Overall, this review provides an integrated basis for optimizing CARALL flexural performance and accelerating robust deployment in complex service environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113444"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-guided machine learning with an early-age durability fingerprint for GFRP long-term evaluation","authors":"Zhi-Hao Hao,&nbsp;Shaojie Zhang,&nbsp;Peng Feng,&nbsp;Yuqi Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars are a promising corrosion-resistant alternative for marine structures, but their wider adoption is constrained by complex, product-dependent degradation behaviors that hinder reliable durability assessment. To address this challenge, this study develops a physics-guided machine learning framework for evaluating the long-term performance of GFRP bars. Built upon an artificial neural network (ANN), the proposed model integrates physics-driven feature engineering and an attention mechanism. Another key innovation is introducing the 30-day tensile strength retention (S30P) as an early-age durability fingerprint, which encodes intrinsic product-specific quality and enables the model to differentiate degradation trajectories among different GFRP bars. Trained on a comprehensive experimental dataset, the model outperforms conventional ANN approaches in predictive accuracy and provides clearer insights into the relative importance of degradation drives through attention-based feature attribution. To ensure the robustness of the predictions, extensive sensitivity analyses, including 10-fold cross-validation, bootstrap uncertainty quantification, and perturbation-based testing of S30P values, demonstrate that the model exhibits stable and reliable performance across multiple sources of uncertainty. Leveraging this model, a practical durability-evaluation workflow is proposed. As an illustrative application, allowable limits for one-month tensile strength reduction at 60 °C are proposed to meet 20-year marine durability requirements. The methodology provides a practical, interpretable, and reliable basis for GFRP selection and durability-oriented design in engineering practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113435"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of hot water aging on the mechanical performance and shape memory behavior of 4D-printed flax fiber-reinforced PLA/PETG composites","authors":"Karima Bouguermouh ,&nbsp;Mohamed Habibi ,&nbsp;Luc Laperrière ,&nbsp;Daniel Monplaisir","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates how hot-water aging affects the mechanical and shape-memory properties of flax fibre-reinforced PLA/PETG composites for 4D printing. While flax reinforcement increases stiffness (Young's modulus from 3.6 GPa to ≈ 4.0 GPa at 15 wt%), it also markedly increases water uptake because of fibre hygroscopicity: the neat PLA/PETG absorbed &lt;2 % at saturation, whereas the 15 wt% composite reached ≈ 20 % after 67 days. Aging at 45 °C caused pronounced stiffness and strength losses (up to 44 % and 69 %, respectively), consistent with SEM evidence of fibre swelling, interfacial debonding, matrix fragmentation and increased porosity. FTIR revealed intensified O–H bands and XRD revealed structural reorganization, including secondary recrystallization in PLA, corroborating hydrolytic degradation. Despite these degradation phenomena, the shape-memory functionality remained largely preserved, with high initial performance (fixity ≈ 100 % and recovery ≈ 100 % for the neat blend) and only a moderate reduction in shape fixity (S_f ≈ 90 % at 15 wt%), accompanied by a slight decrease in shape recovery (S_r) after aging. These results demonstrate that shape-memory performance can be maintained even under severe hydrothermal exposure, addressing a critical knowledge gap in the functional durability of 4D-printed natural fiber–reinforced composites and providing a foundation for the development of more robust structures operating in humid environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 113477"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}