Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622090
A. Daouadji, K. Nguyen, M. Lemay, M. Cheriet
Using smart grids to build low carbon networks is one of the most challenging topics in ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) industry. One of the first worldwide initiatives is the GreenStar Network, completely powered by renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and hydroelectricity across Canada. Smart grid techniques are deployed to migrate data centers among network nodes according to energy source availabilities, thus CO2 emissions are reduced to minimal. Such flexibility requires a scalable resource management support, which is achieved by virtualization technique. It enables the sharing, aggregation, and dynamic configuration of a large variety of resources. A key challenge in developing such a virtualized management is an efficient resource description and discovery framework, due to a large number of elements and the diversity of architectures and protocols. In addition, dynamic characteristics and different resource description methods must be addressed. In this paper, we present an ontology-based resource description framework, developed particularly for ICT energy management purpose, where the focus is on energy-related semantic of resources and their properties. We propose then a scalable resource discovery method in large and dynamic collections of ICT resources, based on semantics similarity inside a federated index using a Bayesian belief network. The proposed framework allows users to identify the cleanest resource deployments in order to achieve a given task, taking into account the energy source availabilities. Experimental results are shown to compare the proposed framework with a traditional one in terms of GHG emission reductions.
{"title":"Ontology-Based Resource Description and Discovery Framework for Low Carbon Grid Networks","authors":"A. Daouadji, K. Nguyen, M. Lemay, M. Cheriet","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622090","url":null,"abstract":"Using smart grids to build low carbon networks is one of the most challenging topics in ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) industry. One of the first worldwide initiatives is the GreenStar Network, completely powered by renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and hydroelectricity across Canada. Smart grid techniques are deployed to migrate data centers among network nodes according to energy source availabilities, thus CO2 emissions are reduced to minimal. Such flexibility requires a scalable resource management support, which is achieved by virtualization technique. It enables the sharing, aggregation, and dynamic configuration of a large variety of resources. A key challenge in developing such a virtualized management is an efficient resource description and discovery framework, due to a large number of elements and the diversity of architectures and protocols. In addition, dynamic characteristics and different resource description methods must be addressed. In this paper, we present an ontology-based resource description framework, developed particularly for ICT energy management purpose, where the focus is on energy-related semantic of resources and their properties. We propose then a scalable resource discovery method in large and dynamic collections of ICT resources, based on semantics similarity inside a federated index using a Bayesian belief network. The proposed framework allows users to identify the cleanest resource deployments in order to achieve a given task, taking into account the energy source availabilities. Experimental results are shown to compare the proposed framework with a traditional one in terms of GHG emission reductions.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116735419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622013
D. Bakken, C. Hauser, H. Gjermundrød
The bulk power system faces many challenges as load growth continues to far outstrip new transmission capacity, utility operators are retiring in large numbers, and renewable sources of energy and microgrids with very different power characteristics must be integrated into electricity grids and be actively managed. NASPInet holds great promise to help improve the reliability, efficiency, and cyber-security of the bulk power system. In order to achieve this potential, NASPInet must support a wide range of guarantees for latency, rate, and availability. It also must support delivery with extremely stringent values of low latency and high availability, and do so across a wide area even in the face of potential IT failures and cyber-attacks. In this paper, we describe the baseline delivery requirements for performance and fault-tolerance that NASPInet must provide if it is to meet those goals. We then offer twenty implementation guidelines that we argue must be met if the delivery requirements are to be implementable and at reasonable cost. These guidelines are based on a number of sources, including our 11 years of designing and developing GridStat (an implementation of the NASPInet Data Bus), the experience of us and others on projects by DARPA and others involving wide-area, real-time, fault-tolerant, and secure middleware for wide-area networks, and the state of the art and practice in networking and distributed computing. Finally, we summarize the coverage of those delivery requirements and implementation guidelines that middleware, networking protocols IP Multicast and MPLS, and power protocols C37.118 and IEC 61850, provide.
{"title":"Delivery Requirements and Implementation Guidelines for the NASPInet Data Bus","authors":"D. Bakken, C. Hauser, H. Gjermundrød","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622013","url":null,"abstract":"The bulk power system faces many challenges as load growth continues to far outstrip new transmission capacity, utility operators are retiring in large numbers, and renewable sources of energy and microgrids with very different power characteristics must be integrated into electricity grids and be actively managed. NASPInet holds great promise to help improve the reliability, efficiency, and cyber-security of the bulk power system. In order to achieve this potential, NASPInet must support a wide range of guarantees for latency, rate, and availability. It also must support delivery with extremely stringent values of low latency and high availability, and do so across a wide area even in the face of potential IT failures and cyber-attacks. In this paper, we describe the baseline delivery requirements for performance and fault-tolerance that NASPInet must provide if it is to meet those goals. We then offer twenty implementation guidelines that we argue must be met if the delivery requirements are to be implementable and at reasonable cost. These guidelines are based on a number of sources, including our 11 years of designing and developing GridStat (an implementation of the NASPInet Data Bus), the experience of us and others on projects by DARPA and others involving wide-area, real-time, fault-tolerant, and secure middleware for wide-area networks, and the state of the art and practice in networking and distributed computing. Finally, we summarize the coverage of those delivery requirements and implementation guidelines that middleware, networking protocols IP Multicast and MPLS, and power protocols C37.118 and IEC 61850, provide.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126249955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622002
V. Vyatkin, G. Zhabelova, M. Ulieru, D. McComas
Universal, intelligent and multifunctional devices controlling power distribution and measurement will become the enabling technology of the ICT-driven SmartGrid. In this paper we discuss a design and simulation environment which provides a virtual model of such devices and at the same time enables their interoperability and configurability. The solution is based on the combination of IEC 61850 interoperable communication and IEC 61499 executable specification. Using the simulation environment we demonstrate the possibility of multi-agent control to achieve self-healing through fault location and power restoration.
{"title":"Toward Digital Ecologies: Intelligent Agent Networks Controlling Interdependent Infrastructures","authors":"V. Vyatkin, G. Zhabelova, M. Ulieru, D. McComas","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622002","url":null,"abstract":"Universal, intelligent and multifunctional devices controlling power distribution and measurement will become the enabling technology of the ICT-driven SmartGrid. In this paper we discuss a design and simulation environment which provides a virtual model of such devices and at the same time enables their interoperability and configurability. The solution is based on the combination of IEC 61850 interoperable communication and IEC 61499 executable specification. Using the simulation environment we demonstrate the possibility of multi-agent control to achieve self-healing through fault location and power restoration.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132087079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622069
Amir-Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, A. Leon-Garcia
The emergence of cloud computing has established a trend towards building massive, energy-hungry, and geographically distributed data centers. Due to their enormous energy consumption, data centers are expected to have major impact on the electric grid by significantly increasing the load at locations where they are built. However, data centers and cloud computing also provide opportunities to help the grid with respect to robustness and load balancing. To gain insights into these opportunities, we formulate the service request routing problem in cloud computing jointly with the power flow analysis in smart grid and explain how these problems can be related. Simulation results based on the standard setting in the IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System show that a grid-aware service request routing design in cloud computing can significantly help in load balancing in the electric grid and making the grid more reliable and more robust with respect to link breakage and load demand variations.
{"title":"Coordination of Cloud Computing and Smart Power Grids","authors":"Amir-Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, A. Leon-Garcia","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622069","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of cloud computing has established a trend towards building massive, energy-hungry, and geographically distributed data centers. Due to their enormous energy consumption, data centers are expected to have major impact on the electric grid by significantly increasing the load at locations where they are built. However, data centers and cloud computing also provide opportunities to help the grid with respect to robustness and load balancing. To gain insights into these opportunities, we formulate the service request routing problem in cloud computing jointly with the power flow analysis in smart grid and explain how these problems can be related. Simulation results based on the standard setting in the IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System show that a grid-aware service request routing design in cloud computing can significantly help in load balancing in the electric grid and making the grid more reliable and more robust with respect to link breakage and load demand variations.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116997571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622076
Lijun Chen, Na Li, S. Low, J. Doyle
In this paper, we consider two abstract market models for designing demand response to match power supply and shape power demand, respectively. We characterize the resulting equilibria in competitive as well as oligopolistic markets, and propose distributed demand response algorithms to achieve the equilibria. The models serve as a starting point to include the appliance-level details and constraints for designing practical demand response schemes for smart power grids.
{"title":"Two Market Models for Demand Response in Power Networks","authors":"Lijun Chen, Na Li, S. Low, J. Doyle","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622076","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider two abstract market models for designing demand response to match power supply and shape power demand, respectively. We characterize the resulting equilibria in competitive as well as oligopolistic markets, and propose distributed demand response algorithms to achieve the equilibria. The models serve as a starting point to include the appliance-level details and constraints for designing practical demand response schemes for smart power grids.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122127148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622016
Miao He, Junshan Zhang
Fault localization in the nation's power grid networks is known to be challenging, due to the massive scale and inherent complexity. In this study, we model the phasor angles across the buses as a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF), where the partial correlation coefficients of GMRF are quantified in terms of the physical parameters of power systems. We then take the GMRF-based approach for fault diagnosis, through change detection and localization in the partial correlation matrix of GMRF. Specifically, we take advantage of the topological hierarchy of power systems, and devise a multi-resolution inference algorithm for fault localization, in a distributed manner. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach
{"title":"Fault Detection and Localization in Smart Grid: A Probabilistic Dependence Graph Approach","authors":"Miao He, Junshan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622016","url":null,"abstract":"Fault localization in the nation's power grid networks is known to be challenging, due to the massive scale and inherent complexity. In this study, we model the phasor angles across the buses as a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF), where the partial correlation coefficients of GMRF are quantified in terms of the physical parameters of power systems. We then take the GMRF-based approach for fault diagnosis, through change detection and localization in the partial correlation matrix of GMRF. Specifically, we take advantage of the topological hierarchy of power systems, and devise a multi-resolution inference algorithm for fault localization, in a distributed manner. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128072166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622028
J. Berardino, C. Nwankpa
A new dynamic electrical load model for an HVAC chiller for use in demand response applications is presented. The coupling of a building's electrical and thermal characteristics is not adequately captured using existing static models. Therefore a dynamic model is proposed. This allows for more accurate planning of the dispatching of load for demand side response. The model in this paper is derived from tests performed on an actual HVAC system at Drexel University.
{"title":"Dynamic Load Modeling of an HVAC Chiller for Demand Response Applications","authors":"J. Berardino, C. Nwankpa","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622028","url":null,"abstract":"A new dynamic electrical load model for an HVAC chiller for use in demand response applications is presented. The coupling of a building's electrical and thermal characteristics is not adequately captured using existing static models. Therefore a dynamic model is proposed. This allows for more accurate planning of the dispatching of load for demand side response. The model in this paper is derived from tests performed on an actual HVAC system at Drexel University.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125718198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622082
V. Bakker, Maurice G. C. Bosman, A. Molderink, J. Hurink, G. Smit
In order to keep a proper functional electricity grid and to prevent large investments in the current grid, the creation, transmission and consumption of electricity needs to be controlled and organized in a different way as done nowadays. Smart meters, distributed generation and -storage and demand side management are novel technologies introduced to reach a sustainable, more efficient and reliable electricity supply. Although these technologies are very promising to reach these goals, coordination between these technologies is required. It is therefore expected that ICT is going to play an important role in future smart grids. In this paper, we present the results of our three step control strategy designed to optimize the overall energy efficiency and to increase the amount of generation based on renewable resources with the ultimate goal to reduce the CO2 emission resulting from generation electricity. The focus of this work is on the control algorithms used to reshape the energy demand profile of a large group of buildings and their requirements on the smart grid. In a use case, steering a large group of freezers, we are able to reshape a demand profile full of peaks to a nicely smoothed demand profile, taking into the account the amount of available communication bandwidth and exploiting the available computation power distributed in the grid.
{"title":"Demand Side Load Management Using a Three Step Optimization Methodology","authors":"V. Bakker, Maurice G. C. Bosman, A. Molderink, J. Hurink, G. Smit","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622082","url":null,"abstract":"In order to keep a proper functional electricity grid and to prevent large investments in the current grid, the creation, transmission and consumption of electricity needs to be controlled and organized in a different way as done nowadays. Smart meters, distributed generation and -storage and demand side management are novel technologies introduced to reach a sustainable, more efficient and reliable electricity supply. Although these technologies are very promising to reach these goals, coordination between these technologies is required. It is therefore expected that ICT is going to play an important role in future smart grids. In this paper, we present the results of our three step control strategy designed to optimize the overall energy efficiency and to increase the amount of generation based on renewable resources with the ultimate goal to reduce the CO2 emission resulting from generation electricity. The focus of this work is on the control algorithms used to reshape the energy demand profile of a large group of buildings and their requirements on the smart grid. In a use case, steering a large group of freezers, we are able to reshape a demand profile full of peaks to a nicely smoothed demand profile, taking into the account the amount of available communication bandwidth and exploiting the available computation power distributed in the grid.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134428954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1504/IJSN.2011.039632
Jianqing Zhang, Carl A. Gunter
We propose an application-aware approach to setting up secure multicast groups for power grid communications that automatically derives group memberships and verifies configuration conformance from data dependencies in system specifications. We design an abstract multicast model, analysis algorithms, and configuration derivation techniques. These are implemented in a prototype system, SecureSCL. We also provide experimental evidence that IPsec multicast can address latency constraints in power substation networks.
{"title":"Application-Aware Secure Multicast for Power Grid Communications","authors":"Jianqing Zhang, Carl A. Gunter","doi":"10.1504/IJSN.2011.039632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSN.2011.039632","url":null,"abstract":"We propose an application-aware approach to setting up secure multicast groups for power grid communications that automatically derives group memberships and verifies configuration conformance from data dependencies in system specifications. We design an abstract multicast model, analysis algorithms, and configuration derivation techniques. These are implemented in a prototype system, SecureSCL. We also provide experimental evidence that IPsec multicast can address latency constraints in power substation networks.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133139259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-04DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622084
S. Kishore, L. Snyder
We consider mechanisms to optimize electricity consumption both within a home and across multiple homes in a neighborhood. The homes are assumed to use energy management controllers (EMCs) to control the operation of some of their appliances. EMCs, which are a feature of the emerging SmartGrid, use both prices and user preferences to control power usage across the home. We first present a simple optimization model for determining the timing of appliance operation to take advantage of lower electricity rates during off-peak periods. We then demonstrate, using simulation, that the resulting solution may in fact be more peaky than the ``non-scheduled'' solution, thereby negating some of the benefits (for the utility) of off-peak pricing models. We then propose a distributed scheduling mechanism to reduce peak demand within a neighborhood of homes. The mechanism provides homes a guaranteed base level of power and allows them to compete for additional power to meet their needs. Finally, we introduce a more powerful EMC optimization model, based on dynamic programming, which, unlike our first optimization model, accounts for the potential for electricity capacity constraints.
{"title":"Control Mechanisms for Residential Electricity Demand in SmartGrids","authors":"S. Kishore, L. Snyder","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRID.2010.5622084","url":null,"abstract":"We consider mechanisms to optimize electricity consumption both within a home and across multiple homes in a neighborhood. The homes are assumed to use energy management controllers (EMCs) to control the operation of some of their appliances. EMCs, which are a feature of the emerging SmartGrid, use both prices and user preferences to control power usage across the home. We first present a simple optimization model for determining the timing of appliance operation to take advantage of lower electricity rates during off-peak periods. We then demonstrate, using simulation, that the resulting solution may in fact be more peaky than the ``non-scheduled'' solution, thereby negating some of the benefits (for the utility) of off-peak pricing models. We then propose a distributed scheduling mechanism to reduce peak demand within a neighborhood of homes. The mechanism provides homes a guaranteed base level of power and allows them to compete for additional power to meet their needs. Finally, we introduce a more powerful EMC optimization model, based on dynamic programming, which, unlike our first optimization model, accounts for the potential for electricity capacity constraints.","PeriodicalId":106908,"journal":{"name":"2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124818811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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