Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

The analysis of recognized biomarkers associated with certain diseases typically occurs in centralized laboratories, leading to considerable delays and elevated expenses. This is particularly concerning for cancer, which continues to be a major global public health issue with high mortality rates. In response, oncological biomarker screening assays have garnered considerable interest as a cost-effective tool for real-time diagnosis, particularly for early detection applications. To address these challenges, the miniaturization of sensor devices has facilitated improved integration with monitoring systems. Label-free biosensors have recently gained popularity as an alternative for quantifying biomolecules owing to their notable advantages, including high sensitivity, rapid analysis, ease of use, minimal handling, simple pretreatment, and low cost. This study provides a thorough assessment of label-free biosensing platforms for cancer biomarkers based on the promising results reported in scientific literature. It emphasizes the application of various materials for each sensor and contrasts existing challenges, providing insights for future investigations into label-free sensing.

Since the successful preparation of black phosphorus (BP) field-effect transistors through liquid-phase exfoliation technology in 2014, BP has rapidly become a research hotspot in the field of two-dimensional nanomaterials due to its exceptionally unique structure and properties. BP has excellent electronic properties, good biocompatibility, and an adjustable band gap. It has great potential in various fields such as electronics, energy storage, sensing, and biomedicine. BP is a promising material in the field of sensors due to its advantages, such as good electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, numerous active sites, and low cytotoxicity. However, BP is prone to degradation in light and humid air, which poses some challenges for its application. In recent years, there have been various studies on the preparation and optimization of BP, and BP-based materials have been successfully extended to the field of sensors. This review first briefly introduces the properties, classification, and synthesis methods of BP, and then presents the research on its stability and modification. Furthermore, the latest research progress of BP in various sensing applications is summarized. The key technical bottlenecks currently faced by BP in the sensor field are analyzed. In addition, the current situation of BP sensors is summarized, and the future development is projected.

Efficient and sustainable analytical methods for the determination of ticagrelor are crucial for ensuring pharmaceutical quality while minimizing environmental impact. Various techniques, including UV spectroscopy, HPLC, RP-HPLC, UPLC, and LC-MS, have been assessed based on their efficiency, practicality, and greenness in the use of tools together with GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI. UV spectroscopy ia a cost-effective and on-hand approach with minimal solvent consumption, although it lacks the specificity of chromatographic techniques. HPLC remains a well-known method, presenting excessive sensitivity and reproducibility; however, its reliance on natural solvents increases environmental issues. Although RP-HPLC presents superior separation capabilities it contributes significantly to solvent waste. UPLC enhances the analysis speed and backbone, making it best choice for excessive-throughput environments; however its price restricts good-sized adoption.LC-MS, recognized for its notable specificity and sensitivity, is vital for pharmacokinetic and bioanalytical research, however, its complicated instrumentation and operational fees prevents its habitual use. Greenness examinations of the use of GAPI and AGREE equipment highlight UV spectroscopy as the most environmentally pleasant technique because of its lower strength and solvent requirements, whereas LC-MS and HPLC rank lower because of their better waste manufacturing.

Colorimetric sensors offer rapid, low-cost, and on-site halal food verification by visibly detecting non-halal meat adulterants (e.g., porcine derivatives) and ethanol. Unlike laboratory methods (PCR, HPLC, GC‑MS), colorimetric assays-using antibody‑ or DNA‑based formats, paper‑based devices, and smartphone integration-provide easy readouts with limits of detection in the ppb-ppm range and assay times of less than an hour. Advanced approaches employ chemometric or deep learning analysis of color patterns for broad adulterant profiling. Despite challenges in selectivity, reproducibility, and data standardization, emerging AI‑driven platforms and unified datasets promise portable multi‑analyte systems. Overall, colorimetric sensing has the potential to transform halal assurance by making it more accessible, transparent, and scalable.

A new fixed-dose combination of Efonidipine Hydrochloride Ethanolate (EFO) and Chlorthalidone (CHD) was approved by CDSCO in 2022 for the effective treatment of hypertension. While efonidipine is a dual L- and T-type calcium channel blocker, chlorthalidone is a thiazide-like diuretic. Numerous analytical techniques have been developed to enable accurate and dependable quantification in bulk, pharmaceutical dose forms, and biological matrices due to their combined therapeutic relevance. Several established analytical methods, including spectrofluorimetry, RP-HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS/MS, NMR, and UV-visible spectrophotometry, are the main emphasis of this review. HPLC is the most widely used of these techniques because to its exceptional specificity and sensitivity. In accordance with the increasing focus on resilience, certain methods also include stability-indicating methods, such as Analytical Quality by Design, or AQbD. Eco-friendly techniques have also been shown to lessen the utilization of solvents and its detrimental impact on the environment. The document provides detailed information on chromatographic conditions, solvents, linearity, LOD/LOQ, detection wavelengths, and other important validation parameters. This review is a priceless tool for researchers and analysts working on pharmaceutical formulation development and quality control, as it assists them in selecting the most effective methods for routine EFO and CHD analysis. The review relies on peer-reviewed and reproducible data, explicitly stating that methods were sourced from scientific databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier's ScienceDirect, alongside official sources like the Indian and US Pharmacopoeias. The review does include studies published after the 2022 CDSCO approval of Efonidipine-Chlorthalidone. It cites several papers from 2024 and projected 2025, covering HPLC, HPTLC and eco-friendly methods specifically for this combination, confirming the review's current relevance to the approved FDCs.

The field of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) encompasses the utilization of real-time and in-process analytical tools, the analysis and interpretation of the data, and the utilization of this data to control the process (e.g. product consistency). The PAT framework was originally derived from the pharmaceutical industry, where both product consistency and quality are of high importance, in addition to the developments in process automation. These concepts have been applied to the food manufacturing industry, enabling the integration of analytical methods and techniques closer to the production process for continuous monitoring of food safety and quality. The most common PAT tools or technologies include the implementation of mid- (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR), and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, developments in biosensors and the utilization of computer vision systems are also contributing to the implementation of PAT in the food industry. To extract and analyze the information from these tools, chemometrics and machine learning tools are required. This review provides a background of PAT, the advantages and limitations of its use, as well as a few examples of its applications in the food manufacturing industry.

Bile acids (BA) are traditionally recognized as detergents that facilitate lipid and glucose digestion and homeostasis. More recently, they have emerged as signaling molecules with the ability to influence metabolic processes via the gut-brain axis. BA are implicated in a wide range of diseases and conditions, including gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. Accurate quantification of total bile acids (TBA) and individual BA species is essential for understanding their roles in health and disease. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) offers the sensitivity and selectivity required to detect these metabolites at trace levels in human blood samples. This systematic review critically examines validated LC-MS methodologies for BA analysis in human blood, focusing on studies published between January 2010 and April 2024. It highlights experimental designs, validation criteria, and methodological differences, aiming to inform the development of standardized analytical protocols. By addressing current gaps and emphasizing comprehensive analytical validation, this review seeks to enhance the reliability of BA quantification and support future biomarker discovery and clinical applications.

With the increasing demands in forensic science for accurate, nondestructive, and high-sensitivity techniques, enhancing latent fingerprint visualization has emerged as a critical area of research. Traditional physical and chemical methods often prove inadequate due to challenges such as low contrast, background noise, and the irreversible alteration of fingerprint residues. In recent years, fluorescent nanomaterials have opened new avenues by harnessing their exceptional luminescent properties, high surface area, and effective interactions with fingerprint components. This review highlights recent advancements in the application of these materials (specifically quantum dots, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, inorganic nonmetals, rare-earth compounds, and carbon dots) in fingerprint detection. The discussion emphasizes their structural characteristics, luminescence behavior, and imaging performance. Additionally, developments in dual-mode imaging techniques, environmentally friendly synthesis methods, and advanced image analysis approaches are explored as promising directions for future research and practical applications.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, demanding rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic technologies. For instance, Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are important myocardial infarction and heart failure biomarkers, respectively. Traditional immunoassay-based methods, although accurate, often suffer from complex procedures, high cost, and delayed response times. In this context, hybrid nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful alternatives, integrating plasmonic nanostructures, graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, and metal-organic or polymeric frameworks to enhance signal recognition, electron transfer, and analytical productivity. This review comprehensively discusses recent progress in label-free electrochemical platforms, including impedance spectroscopy, differential pulse voltammetry, and constant current techniques, alongside the role of bio-nanohybrid materials in amplifying sensitivity and selectivity. It dives into the constitutive elements of the devices, such as smartphone-based analytical systems and microfluidic and portable lab-on-chip devices, and outline the analytical parameters including detection in the femtogram ranges, diverse concentration ranges, and response time. The paper scrutinizes the level of selectivity to different samples of blood and urine and also discuss the practical aspects, including the low bioreceptor adsorption, control of random coupling, and administrative substances to limit fragmentation. Finally, emerging trends involving wireless arrays, multiplexed signal processing, and real-time monitoring are outlined, emphasizing future directions toward scalable, sustainable, and translational electrochemical biosensing systems for cardiovascular health management.