Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, demanding rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic technologies. For instance, Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are important myocardial infarction and heart failure biomarkers, respectively. Traditional immunoassay-based methods, although accurate, often suffer from complex procedures, high cost, and delayed response times. In this context, hybrid nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful alternatives, integrating plasmonic nanostructures, graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, and metal-organic or polymeric frameworks to enhance signal recognition, electron transfer, and analytical productivity. This review comprehensively discusses recent progress in label-free electrochemical platforms, including impedance spectroscopy, differential pulse voltammetry, and constant current techniques, alongside the role of bio-nanohybrid materials in amplifying sensitivity and selectivity. It dives into the constitutive elements of the devices, such as smartphone-based analytical systems and microfluidic and portable lab-on-chip devices, and outline the analytical parameters including detection in the femtogram ranges, diverse concentration ranges, and response time. The paper scrutinizes the level of selectivity to different samples of blood and urine and also discuss the practical aspects, including the low bioreceptor adsorption, control of random coupling, and administrative substances to limit fragmentation. Finally, emerging trends involving wireless arrays, multiplexed signal processing, and real-time monitoring are outlined, emphasizing future directions toward scalable, sustainable, and translational electrochemical biosensing systems for cardiovascular health management.

Etoposide (ETO) is a semi-synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that is a common topoisomerase II inhibitor in the care of testicular cancer, small-cell lung cancer, leukemias, and lymphomas. Though the utility of ETO is extensive, it is constrained by variable bioavailability, a narrow therapeutic index, and potential for severe toxicities, which necessitate accurate quantification of ETO in pharmaceutical, clinical, and environmental applications. For more than four decades, measures of ETO have been described and developed. Spectrophotometric methods offer simplicity and low cost but lack specificity for complex matrices. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) remains the reference standard, particularly when coupled with UV, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry (LC-MS or MS/MS), and also serves as the established method for pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring. Other techniques, including capillary electrophoresis and emerging analytical methods, offer complementary advantages for resolution-challenged applications, thereby enhancing quality in ultra-trace and portable approaches. This review provides a narrative account of all aspects of these measures, specifically considering the basic operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each, the complexity of stability, matrix challenges, and ultra-trace measures. The future perspective is the need for greener, cost-effective, and clinically adapted clinical technologies, which will ultimately improve etoposide monitoring practices and patient outcomes.

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) emerged as a revolutionary spatial molecular imaging approach for antibiotic spatial distribution and drug resistance mechanism, leveraging its capabilities for label-free, high-resolution and simultaneous multi-molecule detection. This study systematically reviews the progress of MSI technology, with a particular focus on the technological innovation of ionizations sources (MALDI, DESI, SIMS) and high-throughput intelligent data analysis systems; and explores the multi-dimensional applications in antibiotic research, highlighting its potential to reveal spatial and temporal dynamics of antibiotics through spatial pharmacokinetics (drug-metabolite colocalization, barrier penetration assessment, and optimization of nano-delivery systems). Furthermore, this study discusses the incorporation of MSI with tracking metabolic reprogramming within resistant bacteria, and mapping spatiotemporal drug-microbe interactions in resistant bacterial populations; and its expansion into microbial identification, environmental residue monitoring, and novel drug discovery and development. Despite the technical bottlenecks such as sensitivity, quantitative standardization and multimodal integration, MSI is anticipated to break through the paradigm of antibiotic research through the development of probes, the construction of clinical translational standards, and the fusion of multi-omics intelligence, providing precise solutions for the prevention and control of the drug resistance crisis. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework and technological insights for MSI-driven antibiotic research.

Analyzing complex mixtures is essential across numerous scientific fields, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy stands out as a powerful technique due to its nondestructive nature, high resolution, and ability to analyze samples in their native state, providing both structural and quantitative insights. Rather than detailing hardware advancements, this review proposes a modular analytical strategy, an adaptable workflow designed to guide the selection and combination of methods for any mixture-analysis challenge. Key advancements, such as multinuclear and multidimensional correlation experiments, solvent suppression, virtual filtration (diffusion- and relaxation-based), homonuclear decoupling, and selective excitation, are highlighted for their contributions to improved spectral resolution through enhanced signal separation and reduced peak overlap. These techniques can be applied to diverse samples, from complex molecules to complex food matrices, biofluids, and environmental mixtures. We highlight their strengths and limitations with examples to guide optimal NMR strategy design for complex mixture analysis.

Analytical methods for Olmesartan Medoxomil (OM) have gained significant attention in pharmaceutical analysis, aligning with the green chemistry principles. Various spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques have been developed to ensure accurate, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly quantification of the OM. UV spectroscopic strategies offer simplicity, rapidity, and minimal solvent consumption, making them ideal for routine pharmaceutical analysis. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric methods have several limitations includes need of chromophores, overlapping spectra, and less sensitivity. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods remain the gold standard for OM quantification because of their excessive sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility but having draw backs of expensive nature of the equipment, the necessity for trained personnel, the extended duration required for analysis, the use of costly and occasionally hazardous solvents, and the complexity of sample preparation. The greenness of analytical methods is assessed using tools such as Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and the AGREE metric, which evaluate solvent consumption, energy efficiency, and waste generation. Whiteness assessment and the use of the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) provides an additional holistic assessment, integrating performance, sustainability, and analytical performance. This review highlights the greenness and blueness assessment of the analytical methods available for the determination of Olmesartan Medoxomil from 2008 to date. Overall, UV spectroscopy (Method 8) is the most practical and sustainable method, with the best AGREE (0.67) and BAGI scores (75). HPLC (Method 20) is fairly green with an AGREE score (0.67) and HPLC (Method 16 and Method 24) practical with BAGI scores (77.5).

Daptomycin (DAP) is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic indicated for the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections, including complicated skin and soft tissue infections, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, and right-sided infective endocarditis. Due to its clinical significance, the reliable quantification of DAP in both biological and pharmaceutical matrices is essential for therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies, and quality control. This review provides a comprehensive and structured overview of analytical methods developed for DAP determination, based on literature search of Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect encompassing publications from 2008 to 2025, and including fifty-one studies involving biological matrices - such as plasma, serum, urine, bone, wound fluid, and muscle - and eight studies focused on pharmaceutical formulations. The reviewed methods include liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet or mass spectrometric detection, as well as alternative techniques such as spectrofluorimetry, spectrophotometry, voltammetry, and capillary-zone electrophoresis. Sample preparation strategies for analyzing biological matrices, viz. protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction, have also been systematically discussed. By offering a comparative perspective grounded in experimental evidence, this review aims to guide researchers and laboratory professionals in selecting appropriate DAP quantification strategies for both clinical and pharmaceutical applications.

This study provides a comprehensive review of millifluidic devices, the devices that handle liquids on the millimeter scale. Millifluidics is being developed as an extension of microfluidic technology. Millifluidic devices share a similar design, fabrication, and characterization approach compared to microfluidics; however, millifluidic devices have the advantages of low cost, high throughput, and visible fluid flow, and are much more accessible to researchers in various fields. The application fields of millifluidics are also similar to those of microfluidics, for example, chemical/bio reactions, micro/nanoparticle synthesis, droplet generation, and detection. According to recent developments in microfluidics and millifluidics, in certain fields, millifluidics tends to partially replace microfluidics, e.g., particle synthesis. In addition, more fluidics handling devices (e.g., test cartridges) have combined features of fluid manipulation structures in the micrometer and millimeter ranges. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have also been used for the design and control of millifluidic devices. This study provides a new insight into the conventional application field of microfluidics, which could be a low-cost, more accessible, high-throughput solution to real-world tasks in the chemical, biomedical, and environmental fields.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are highly toxic, persistent organic pollutants that pose severe environmental and public health risks due to their widespread distribution in air, water, and soil. Although global emissions have decreased from 287 kg I-TEQ to 97 kg I-TEQ by 2025, concerning concentrations persist in environmental matrices, with soil contamination ranging from 0.017 ppt in China to 540,000 ppt in Japanese paddy fields. These observations highlight the urgent need for sensitive, selective, and rapid detection strategies capable of addressing trace-level dioxin contamination. Conventional analytical approaches, including gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), biosensors, and optical detection techniques, have facilitated monitoring efforts but remain limited by high cost, operational complexity, restricted stability, and suboptimal selectivity. Cyclodextrin (CD)-based sensing platforms have demonstrated significant success in detecting a wide range of environmental pollutants owing to their well-defined hydrophobic cavities and lipophilic interiors, which enable the formation of stable inclusion complexes in aqueous environments. Given the strongly lipophilic nature of dioxins, CDs are conceptually well-suited as recognition scaffolds for selective molecular binding. However, to date, no experimental CD-based fluorescent or colorimetric systems have been reported for dioxin detection, and investigations have been limited to computational simulations predicting binding affinity and selectivity. These insights underscore a critical gap in sensor development and highlight the potential of CD-derived optical sensors as a next-generation platform for highly selective, sensitive, and rapid dioxin monitoring.

Effective treatment, lower long-term expenses, and the avoidance of significant consequences, such as tooth loss, depend on the early identification of periodontitis (PD) and other dental diseases. Dentists can significantly enhance patient outcomes by implementing preventive measures and individualized treatment regimens through early diagnosis and treatment. Novel biosensors are crucial because they identify specific biomarkers in biofluids, including saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), enabling early, precise, and noninvasive diagnosis. Compared to traditional approaches, our methodology provides a faster and more accurate assessment of periodontal health. For this reason, electrochemical biosensors are a game-changing technology that provides quick, noninvasive, and reasonably priced point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. These sensors detect disease-specific biomarkers in GCF and saliva, enabling the accurate and real-time evaluation of periodontal health. The use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), such as graphene (GPH), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which improve sensor performance due to their large surface area and improved electrical conductivity, is a significant development in this sector. This study highlights the importance of CNPs in the development of highly sensitive and accurate electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and other oral disorders. Lastly, we discuss the present drawbacks and potential future developments of this intriguing diagnostic methodology.

N-nitrosamine drug-substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) pose an important safety challenge in the pharmaceutical industry due to their potential carcinogenic and genotoxic properties. Their formation from secondary or tertiary amines within active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their structural similarity to the parent drug make their detection at trace levels a complex analytical task. Recognizing these risks, the nitrosamine class of impurities has been classified as a "cohort of concern" by global regulatory bodies, thereby requiring stringent control. This review provides a concise overview of the key factors driving NDSRI formation and highlights state-of-the-art analytical techniques, such as LC-MS/MS, for their precise quantification. In response to this risk, global regulatory authorities have mandated rigorous risk assessment and mitigation strategies. This review is an essential resource for pharmaceutical scientists and manufacturers, offering the critical knowledge needed to control these impurities and ensure the safety of manufactured medicines. It also addresses regulatory considerations for establishing the acceptable intake (AI) of NDSRIs, incorporating the recently approved CPCA concepts, and includes an overview of LC-MS/MS quantification methods for NDSRIs published between January 2022 and April 2025.