Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.

The unregulated use of antibiotic residues in meat samples poses a significant threat to society, as it facilitates the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial species and negatively impacts the human immune system. The regulatory agencies created the maximum residue levels for individual growth promoters, including steroids, β-agonists, and various veterinary drugs. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the antibiotics and growth promoters in the meat samples for the safety of public health. To identify the sub - therapeutic level of antibiotic residues in animal-originated food samples, sample preparation techniques play a vital role because of its complex nature of the sample matrix and, subsequently, various regulation bodies set the stringent minimum criterion limits. Liquid-liquid extraction, Solid-phase extraction, and QuEChERS are the most common analytical techniques for antibiotic detection in meat. In this review, we highlighted the recent advances in sample preparation techniques such as traditional and microextraction techniques to monitor growth promoters in meat samples, emphasizing their applications, limitations, and future perspectives. The review also aligns with the sustainable development goals by promoting action that enhance life on land, ensure good health and well-being, and encourage industry innovation for sustainable establishment in related studies.

Camellia oil is a high-value edible seed oil, recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It is essential to develop accurate and rapid analytical methods to authenticate camellia oil due to its susceptibility to adulteration. Recently, hyphenated chromatography-mass spectrometry, especially high-resolution mass spectrometry using chemometrics, has become a promising platform for the identification of camellia oil. Based on the compositional analysis, the fatty acid, sterol, phenol, and tocopherol profiles (or fingerprints) were utilized as predictor variables for assessing authenticity. The review systematically summarizes the workflow of chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies and comprehensively investigates recent metabolomic applications combined with chemometrics for camellia oil authentication. Metabolomics has significantly improved our understanding of camellia oil composition at the molecular level, contributing to its identification and full characterization. Hence, its integration with standard analytical methods is essential to enhance the tools available for public and private laboratories to assess camellia oil authenticity. Integrating metabolomics with artificial intelligence is expected to accelerate drug discovery by identifying new metabolic pathways and biomarkers, promising to revolutionize medicine.

Microplastic particles have been found in a variety of food commodities, and fisheries and aquaculture products seem to be one of the main contributors to the dietary exposure of microplastics, which are complex mixes of chemicals, containing polymers, plastics additivities, and environmental contaminants. The implications for food safety are not well understood. The lack of simple and efficient analytical techniques for the determination of microplastics as well as their additives in food are some of the challenges. To improve the understanding of the methods available for the determination of plastic additives, a systematic literature review was conducted focusing on methods to determine those plastic additives known for their possible endocrine disruption and/or carcinogenic activity, such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), 4- nonylphenol (NP-4), nonylphenol (NP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in fisheries and aquaculture products. The review aimed to identify the most common extraction and determination methods used for these analytes and assess their efficiency. The findings of this review shed light on the current state of analytical methodologies in this field and provide insights that could inform and guide further research.

The recent developments of analytical methods have brought about far-reaching and remarkable benefits that have positively impacted our lives. This significant and broad influence extends to areas, including medical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Electrochemical techniques are commonly used as efficient sensing approaches due to several advantages such as sensitivity, selectivity, and a wide linear dynamic range. Another high-throughput technique is the colorimetric method which possesses simplicity, affordability, rapid response time, and a high ability to introduce a portable sensing platform. While colorimetric and electrochemical biosensors are widely used as efficient analytical methods, both can be influenced by false results due to instrument error, environmental factors, and interfering substances. The integration of electrochemical and colorimetric techniques into dual-mode biosensors has introduced powerful and high-performance sensing platforms that enable cross-validation and enhance reliability. Particularly, the pivotal role of nanozymes as a bridge to connect in these dual-mode biosensors is undeniable. Nanozymes, with the ability to mimic enzyme activity, have triggered both signals and these nanomaterials stability, in comparison to enzymes, have provided efficient sensing approaches for real-world applications. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of colorimetric-electrochemical dual-mode biosensors based on nanozymes for various applications, including biomarkers, chemical compounds, heavy metals, ions, neurotransmitters, antibiotics, and bacteria detection.

This review highlights recent advancements and challenges in fluorescence-based chemical sensors for selective and sensitive detection of perchlorate, a persistent environmental pollutant and global concern due to its health and safety implications. Perchlorate is a highly persistent inorganic pollutant found in drinking water, soil, and air, with known endocrine-disruptive properties due to its interference with iodide uptake by the thyroid gland. Human exposure mainly occurs through contaminated water and food. Additionally, perchlorates are prevalent in improvised explosives, causing numerous civilian casualties, making their detection important in a worldwide aspect. Fluorescence-based chemical sensors provide a valuable tool for the selective detection of perchlorate ions due to their simplicity and applicability across various fields, including biology, pharmacology, military, and environmental science. This review article overviews perchlorate chemistry, occurrence, and remediation strategies, compares regulatory limits, and examines fluorescence-based detection mechanisms. It systematically summarizes recent advancements in designing at least a dozen fluorescence-based chemical materials for detecting perchlorate in the environment over the past decade. Key focus areas include the design and molecular architecture of synthetic chemical chromophores for perchlorate sensing and the photochemistry mechanisms driving their effectiveness. The main findings indicate that there has been significant progress in the development of reliable and robust fluorescence-based sensors with higher selectivity and sensitivity for perchlorate detection. However, several challenges remain, such as improving detection limits and sensor stability. The review outlines potential future research directions, emphasizing the need for further innovation in sensor design and development. It aims to enhance understanding and spur advances that could create more efficient and robust chemical scaffolds for perchlorate sensing. By addressing current limitations and identifying opportunities for improvement, the review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers working to develop better detection methods for this significant environmental pollutant.

Immunoassays based on the specific antigen-antibody interactions are efficient tools to detect various compounds and estimate their content. Usually, these assays are implemented in water-saline media with composition close to physiological conditions. However, many substances are insoluble or cannot be molecularly dispersed in such media, which objectively creates problems when interacting in aquatic environments. Thus, obtaining immunoreactants and implementing immunoassays of these substances need special methodological solutions. Hydrophobicity of antigens as well as their limited ability to functionalization and conjugation are often overlooked when developing immunoassays for these compounds. The main key finding is the possibility to influence the behavior of hydrophobic compounds for immunoassays, which requires specific approaches summarized in the review. Using the examples of two groups of compounds-surfactants (alkyl- and bisphenols) and fullerenes, we systematized the existing knowledge and experience in the development of immunoassays. This review addresses the challenges of immunodetection of poorly soluble substances and proposes solutions such as the use of hydrotropes, other solubilization techniques, and alternative receptors (aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers).

Aroma is one of the important indexes to evaluate food quality. The formation of food aroma is based on the interaction of complex substances. The accurate quantification of aroma substances in food has significance in the analysis of aroma substances in food. In this review, the basic principle and significance of stable isotope dilution analysis is introduced, general steps for flavor analysis and its historical progress in food flavor analysis is discussed. Additionally, the application progress of stable isotope dilution analysis in food flavor analysis from 2019 to 2023 has been described in detail, which is also categorized by food. Finally, the accuracy and superiority of stable isotope dilution analysis as an accurate quantitative analysis method were discussed.

Psychoactive substances pose significant challenges and dangers to society due to their impact on perception, mood, and behavior, leading to health and life disturbances. The consumption of these substances is largely influenced by their legal status, cultural norms, and religious beliefs. Continuous development and chemical modifications of psychoactive substances complicate their control, detection, and determination in the human body. This paper addresses the terminological distinctions between psychoactive and psychotropic substances and drugs. It provides a comprehensive review of analytical methods used to identify and quantify 25 psychoactive substances in various biological matrices, including blood, urine, saliva, hair, and nails. The analysis categorizes these substances into four primary groups: stimulants, neuroleptics, depressants, and hallucinogens. The study specifically focuses on chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, as well as other novel analytical techniques. Methodology includes a review of scientific articles containing validation studies of these methods and innovative approaches to psychoactive substance determination. Articles were sourced from the PubMed database, with most research originating from the twenty first century. The paper discusses the limits of detection and quantitation for each method, along with current trends and challenges in the analytical determination of evolving psychoactive substances.

Organic residue analyses have long been the primary focus and challenge in the fields of scientific archaeology and cultural heritage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has emerged as a valuable method for detecting organic residues owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. Organic components have been observed within four categories of archaeological artifacts: mortars, adhesives, animal and plant remains, and daily use artifacts. Therefore, in this article, we critically analyzed the advantages and limitations of ELISA in detecting organic residues by tracking its recent application in the abovementioned categories. The current focus of ELISA applications is on the preparation of customized antibodies, development of multicomponent detection methods, and meeting on-site identification demands. Additionally, understanding organic residue degradation mechanisms and the proper handling of archaeological samples are also key factors in these applications. Integration of ELISA with biomolecular science and electrochemistry has allowed the development of comprehensive detection and analyses. In the future, ELISA will be capable of handling more complex and diverse analyses, revealing highly intricate information from archaeological samples.