Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

Gastrodia elata Bl. still widely known as a medicinal plant due to its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection etc. Additionally, these medical applications cannot be separated from its antioxidant, anti-aging, regulating cell apoptosis ability, which make it have potential as a functional food as well as it has been eaten for more than 2,000 years in China. At present, although Gastrodia elata Bl. has appeared in a large number of studies, much of the research is based on drugs rather than foods. The review of Gastrodia elata Bl. from the perspective of food is one of the necessary steps to promote related development, by reviewing the literature on analytical methods of Gastrodia elata Bl. in recent years, critical components change in the extraction, analytical methods and improvement of food applications, all of aspects of it was summarized. Based on the report about physical and chemical changes in Gastrodia elata Bl. to discover the pathway of Gastrodia elata Bl. functional food development from current to the future.

This review article examines the application of electrochemical methods for detecting four prevalent antibiotics - azithromycin (AZM), amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TC), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) - in environmental monitoring. Although, antibiotics are essential to contemporary treatment, their widespread usage has contaminated the environment and given rise to antibiotic resistance. Electrochemical techniques offer sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective solutions for monitoring these antibiotics, addressing the limitations of traditional methods. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of various electrochemical approaches, including voltammetry, amperometry, photoelectrochemical and so on, highlighting their principles, advantages, and limitations. Key findings underscore the effectiveness of these methods in detecting antibiotics at trace levels in complex environmental matrices. Implications for environmental health and policy are discussed, emphasizing the importance of reliable detection techniques in mitigating antibiotic resistance and safeguarding ecosystems. Lastly, the article outlines future research directions aimed at enhancing the sensitivity, selectivity, and field-applicability of electrochemical sensors, thus advancing their utility in environmental monitoring and public health protection.

This review presents a critical examination of the interface for coupling high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) since 2010. This coupling offers a robust analytical approach characterized by exceptional chemical specificity and the capacity to analyze complex multi-component mixtures qualitatively and quantitatively with high sensitivity, particularly in low limit of detection ranges. This coupling enables the identification of individual components of a mixture by IR after their separation by HPLC, although challenges arise from the potential distortion of infrared spectra by mobile phase components. Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of suitable interfaces, such as flow cells or off-line indirect measurement methods like hot inert gas streams or ultrasonic nebulizers. The key parameters influencing the coupling of HPLC-FTIR include the solvent elimination methods, mode of FTIR technique, and IR background for accurate analyte identification. Moreover, the composition of the mobile phase and the utilization of buffer solutions in the HPLC mobile phase profoundly impact analyte identification by FTIR.

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is a pivotal technique in modern atomic spectroscopy, distinguished by its capability for multi-element simultaneous determination, a wide dynamic concentration range, samples do not require acid digestion. Additionally, TXRF exhibits negligible matrix effects when samples are prepared as thin films. Based on these unique features, recent research efforts have increasingly employed laboratory-built TXRF systems for the determination of major and trace elements in various samples. Given the diverse and intricate nature of TXRF systems components, this paper provides an overview of critical components that constitute these systems, compares the influence of various parameters on analytical performance, and offers recommendations for component selection. Additionally, recent applications of laboratory-built TXRF in fields such as environmental monitoring, nuclear energy, and food safety are discussed, with a focus on sample preparation, analyzed elements, and quantitative analysis are presented together with analytical parameters such as detection limits and recoveries. By introducing the instrument components and their practical applications, this paper aims to guide researchers in the construction and optimization of TXRF systems, thereby promoting the advancement of TXRF in future research and practical applications.

The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.

The unregulated use of antibiotic residues in meat samples poses a significant threat to society, as it facilitates the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial species and negatively impacts the human immune system. The regulatory agencies created the maximum residue levels for individual growth promoters, including steroids, β-agonists, and various veterinary drugs. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the antibiotics and growth promoters in the meat samples for the safety of public health. To identify the sub - therapeutic level of antibiotic residues in animal-originated food samples, sample preparation techniques play a vital role because of its complex nature of the sample matrix and, subsequently, various regulation bodies set the stringent minimum criterion limits. Liquid-liquid extraction, Solid-phase extraction, and QuEChERS are the most common analytical techniques for antibiotic detection in meat. In this review, we highlighted the recent advances in sample preparation techniques such as traditional and microextraction techniques to monitor growth promoters in meat samples, emphasizing their applications, limitations, and future perspectives. The review also aligns with the sustainable development goals by promoting action that enhance life on land, ensure good health and well-being, and encourage industry innovation for sustainable establishment in related studies.

Camellia oil is a high-value edible seed oil, recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It is essential to develop accurate and rapid analytical methods to authenticate camellia oil due to its susceptibility to adulteration. Recently, hyphenated chromatography-mass spectrometry, especially high-resolution mass spectrometry using chemometrics, has become a promising platform for the identification of camellia oil. Based on the compositional analysis, the fatty acid, sterol, phenol, and tocopherol profiles (or fingerprints) were utilized as predictor variables for assessing authenticity. The review systematically summarizes the workflow of chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies and comprehensively investigates recent metabolomic applications combined with chemometrics for camellia oil authentication. Metabolomics has significantly improved our understanding of camellia oil composition at the molecular level, contributing to its identification and full characterization. Hence, its integration with standard analytical methods is essential to enhance the tools available for public and private laboratories to assess camellia oil authenticity. Integrating metabolomics with artificial intelligence is expected to accelerate drug discovery by identifying new metabolic pathways and biomarkers, promising to revolutionize medicine.

Microplastic particles have been found in a variety of food commodities, and fisheries and aquaculture products seem to be one of the main contributors to the dietary exposure of microplastics, which are complex mixes of chemicals, containing polymers, plastics additivities, and environmental contaminants. The implications for food safety are not well understood. The lack of simple and efficient analytical techniques for the determination of microplastics as well as their additives in food are some of the challenges. To improve the understanding of the methods available for the determination of plastic additives, a systematic literature review was conducted focusing on methods to determine those plastic additives known for their possible endocrine disruption and/or carcinogenic activity, such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), 4- nonylphenol (NP-4), nonylphenol (NP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in fisheries and aquaculture products. The review aimed to identify the most common extraction and determination methods used for these analytes and assess their efficiency. The findings of this review shed light on the current state of analytical methodologies in this field and provide insights that could inform and guide further research.

The recent developments of analytical methods have brought about far-reaching and remarkable benefits that have positively impacted our lives. This significant and broad influence extends to areas, including medical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Electrochemical techniques are commonly used as efficient sensing approaches due to several advantages such as sensitivity, selectivity, and a wide linear dynamic range. Another high-throughput technique is the colorimetric method which possesses simplicity, affordability, rapid response time, and a high ability to introduce a portable sensing platform. While colorimetric and electrochemical biosensors are widely used as efficient analytical methods, both can be influenced by false results due to instrument error, environmental factors, and interfering substances. The integration of electrochemical and colorimetric techniques into dual-mode biosensors has introduced powerful and high-performance sensing platforms that enable cross-validation and enhance reliability. Particularly, the pivotal role of nanozymes as a bridge to connect in these dual-mode biosensors is undeniable. Nanozymes, with the ability to mimic enzyme activity, have triggered both signals and these nanomaterials stability, in comparison to enzymes, have provided efficient sensing approaches for real-world applications. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of colorimetric-electrochemical dual-mode biosensors based on nanozymes for various applications, including biomarkers, chemical compounds, heavy metals, ions, neurotransmitters, antibiotics, and bacteria detection.

Immunoassays based on the specific antigen-antibody interactions are efficient tools to detect various compounds and estimate their content. Usually, these assays are implemented in water-saline media with composition close to physiological conditions. However, many substances are insoluble or cannot be molecularly dispersed in such media, which objectively creates problems when interacting in aquatic environments. Thus, obtaining immunoreactants and implementing immunoassays of these substances need special methodological solutions. Hydrophobicity of antigens as well as their limited ability to functionalization and conjugation are often overlooked when developing immunoassays for these compounds. The main key finding is the possibility to influence the behavior of hydrophobic compounds for immunoassays, which requires specific approaches summarized in the review. Using the examples of two groups of compounds-surfactants (alkyl- and bisphenols) and fullerenes, we systematized the existing knowledge and experience in the development of immunoassays. This review addresses the challenges of immunodetection of poorly soluble substances and proposes solutions such as the use of hydrotropes, other solubilization techniques, and alternative receptors (aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers).