Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

Psychoactive substances pose significant challenges and dangers to society due to their impact on perception, mood, and behavior, leading to health and life disturbances. The consumption of these substances is largely influenced by their legal status, cultural norms, and religious beliefs. Continuous development and chemical modifications of psychoactive substances complicate their control, detection, and determination in the human body. This paper addresses the terminological distinctions between psychoactive and psychotropic substances and drugs. It provides a comprehensive review of analytical methods used to identify and quantify 25 psychoactive substances in various biological matrices, including blood, urine, saliva, hair, and nails. The analysis categorizes these substances into four primary groups: stimulants, neuroleptics, depressants, and hallucinogens. The study specifically focuses on chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, as well as other novel analytical techniques. Methodology includes a review of scientific articles containing validation studies of these methods and innovative approaches to psychoactive substance determination. Articles were sourced from the PubMed database, with most research originating from the twenty first century. The paper discusses the limits of detection and quantitation for each method, along with current trends and challenges in the analytical determination of evolving psychoactive substances.

The continuing development of heavy industry worldwide has led to an exponential increase in the amount of wastewater discharged from factories and entering the natural world in the form of rivers and air. As the top of the food chain in the natural world, toxic ions penetrate the human body through the skin, nose, and a few milligrams of toxic ions can often cause irreversible damage to the human body, so ion detection and adsorption is related to the health and safety of human beings. Hydrogel is a hydrophilic three-dimensional reticulated polymer material that first synthesized by Wichterle and Lim in 1960, which is rich in porous structure and has a variety of active adsorption sites as a new type of adsorbent and can be used to detect ions through the introduction of photonic crystals, DNA, fluorescent probe, and other materials. This review describes several synthetic and natural hydrogels for the adsorption and detection of ions and discusses the mechanism of ion adsorption by hydrogels, and provide a perspective for the future development.

The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.

MXenes (M_n+1X_nT_x), a subgroup of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, specifically comprise transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides. They exhibit exceptional electrocatalytic and photocatalytic properties, making them well-suited for the detection and removal of pollutants from aqueous environments. Because of their high surface area and remarkable properties, they are being utilized in various applications, including catalysis, sensing, and adsorption, to combat pollution and mitigate its adverse effects. Different characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the structural elucidation of 2D MXene. Current responses against applied potential were measured during the electrochemical sensing of the hazardous pollutants in an aqueous system using a variety of electroanalytical techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, etc. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on structural patterns, synthesis, properties of MXene and their application for electrochemical detection of lethal pollutants like hydroquionone, phenol, catechol, mercury and lead, etc. are presented. This review will be helpful to critically understand the methods of synthesis and application of MXenes for the removal of environmental pollutants.

Mass spectrometry (MS) enables precise identification and quantification of molecules, particularly when combined with chromatography. The advent of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allowed the efficient coupling of liquid chromatography with MS (LC-MS), extending analyses to nonvolatile and thermolabile compounds. API techniques present limitations such as low informative capacity and reproducibility of mass spectra, increasing instrument complexity and costs. Other challenges include analyzing poorly polar molecules and matrix effects (ME), which negatively impact quantitative analyses, necessitating extensive sample purification or using expensive labeled standards. These limitations prompted the exploration of alternative solutions, leading to the development of the Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI) interface. The system has demonstrated excellent robustness and reproducibility. LEI has been employed to analyze various compounds, including pesticides, drugs of abuse, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and many others. Its versatility has been validated with single quadrupole, triple quadrupole, and QToF detectors, operating in electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) modes and with both reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC). LEI has also been successfully integrated with the Microfluidic Open Interface (MOI), Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS), and Microfluidic Water-Assisted Trap Focusing (M-WATF), broadening its application scope and consistently demonstrating promising results in terms of sensitivity and identification power. The most recent advancement is the development of Extractive-Liquid Sampling Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (E-LEI-MS), a surface sampling and real-time analysis technique based on the LEI concept. This review article offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the potential of LEI.

Food additives are essential constituents of food products in the modern world. The necessity of food processing went up rapidly as to meet requirements including, imparting desirable properties like preservation, enhancement and regulation of color and taste. The methods of identification and analysis of such substances are crucial. With the advancement of technology, a variety of techniques are emerging for this purpose which have many advantages over the existing conventional ways. This review is on different kinds of additives used in the food industry and few prominent methods for their determination ranging from conventional chromatographic techniques to the recently evolved nano-sensor techniques.

Chirality represents a fundamental attribute within living systems and is a pervasive phenomenon in the natural world. The identification and analysis of chiral materials within natural environments and biological systems hold paramount importance in clinical, chemical, and biological sciences. Within chiral analysis, there is a burgeoning focus on developing chiral sensors exhibiting exceptional selectivity, sensitivity, and stability, marking it as a forefront area of research. In the past decade (2013-2023), approximately 1990 papers concerning the application of various chiral materials in chiral sensors have been published. Biological materials and nanomaterials have important applications in the development of chiral sensors, which accounting for 26.67% and 45.24% of the material-related applications in these sensors, respectively; moreover, the development of chiral nanomaterials is closely related to the development of portable and stable chiral sensors. Natural chiral materials, utilized as selective recognition units, are combined with carriers characterized by good physical and chemical properties through functionalization to form various functional chiral materials, which improve the recognition efficiency of chiral sensors. In this article, from the perspective of biological materials, polymer materials, nanomaterials, and other functional chiral materials, the applications of chiral sensors are summarized and the research prospects of chiral sensors are discussed.

Organic residue analyses have long been the primary focus and challenge in the fields of scientific archaeology and cultural heritage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has emerged as a valuable method for detecting organic residues owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. Organic components have been observed within four categories of archaeological artifacts: mortars, adhesives, animal and plant remains, and daily use artifacts. Therefore, in this article, we critically analyzed the advantages and limitations of ELISA in detecting organic residues by tracking its recent application in the abovementioned categories. The current focus of ELISA applications is on the preparation of customized antibodies, development of multicomponent detection methods, and meeting on-site identification demands. Additionally, understanding organic residue degradation mechanisms and the proper handling of archaeological samples are also key factors in these applications. Integration of ELISA with biomolecular science and electrochemistry has allowed the development of comprehensive detection and analyses. In the future, ELISA will be capable of handling more complex and diverse analyses, revealing highly intricate information from archaeological samples.

Plant metabolomics, a rapidly advancing field within plant biology, is dedicated to comprehensively exploring the intricate array of small molecules in plant systems. This entails precisely gathering comprehensive chemical data, detecting numerous metabolites, and ensuring accurate molecular identification. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, with its detailed chemical insights, is crucial in obtaining metabolite profiles. Its widespread application spans various research disciplines, aiding in comprehending chemical reactions, kinetics, and molecule characterization. Biotechnological advancements have further expanded NMR's utility in metabolomics, particularly in identifying disease biomarkers across diverse fields such as agriculture, medicine, and pharmacology. This review covers the stages of NMR-based metabolomics, including historical aspects and limitations, with sample preparation, data acquisition, spectral processing, analysis, and their application parts.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer globally, predominantly affecting men. Early detection and treatment are crucial due to high recurrence rates and poor prognosis for advanced stages. Traditional diagnostic methods like cystoscopy and imaging have limitations, leading to the exploration of noninvasive methods such as liquid biopsy. This review highlights the application of biosensors in BC, including electrochemical and optical sensors for detecting tumor markers like proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, noting their clinical relevance. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-drug conjugates, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy, are also explored, the role of biosensors in detecting corresponding biomarkers to guide these treatments is examined. Finally, the review addresses the current challenges and future directions for biosensor applications in BC, highlighting the need for large-scale clinical trials and the integration of advanced technologies like deep learning to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy.