Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

Metoclopramide (MCP) is a commonly prescribed prokinetic and antiemetic agent used to manage gastrointestinal motility disorders as well as nausea and vomiting. Given its extensive clinical use and the risk of dose-related adverse effects, reliable quantitative determination of MCP in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices is crucial for quality control, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and therapeutic monitoring. This review compiles English-language studies published over the past 25 years, retrieved from major scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed. It provides a critical overview of analytical techniques applied to MCP determination, focusing on chromatographic, spectrometric, and electroanalytical methods. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) remains the most widely used approach because of its robustness, accuracy, and suitability for diverse sample matrices. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) offers superior sensitivity, achieving detection limits in the pg-ng/mL range, and is particularly valuable for advanced bioanalytical studies. Although less sensitive, HPLC-UV methods are still favored for routine pharmaceutical quality control due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Spectrometric and electrochemical techniques, especially those employing nanostructured electrodes, present promising alternatives. Nonetheless, challenges such as MCP instability, matrix interferences, and cost-performance trade-offs remain, highlighting the need for robust, affordable, and portable analytical strategies.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics remain crucial for treating severe Gram-negative infections, yet their highly polar, polycationic nature presents ongoing analytical challenges. Traditional reversed-phase chromatography often proves inadequate, offering insufficient retention and poor peak symmetry due to limited interactions with hydrophobic stationary phases. Consequently, analytical techniques have increasingly shifted toward hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which offers improved retention, enhanced selectivity, and better compatibility with mass spectrometric detection. This review critically explores the development of chromatographic methods for aminoglycoside quantification, emphasizing methodological advancements, practical challenges, and the application of modern HILIC-MS/MS systems. Key structural elements of aminoglycosides, such as multiple amino and hydroxyl groups and the presence of 2-deoxystreptamine, significantly affect chromatographic behavior. Understanding these molecular features is essential for optimizing mobile-phase pH, buffer strength, and organic solvent composition to achieve effective separation. Recent research indicates that optimized HILIC methods can address previous issues related to ion suppression, low retention, and complex sample matrices, particularly in biological, pharmaceutical, and food safety analyses. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in method standardization, consistency across laboratories, and the development of universally applicable chromatographic conditions. This review compiles existing evidence, highlighting the strengths and limitations of current analytical methods, and suggests future directions for creating more sensitive, reproducible, and high-throughput methodologies. By integrating structural insights with modern chromatographic advancements, the review offers a comprehensive perspective aimed at enhancing aminoglycoside analysis across various research and regulatory settings.

Nitrosamines are a class of potent carcinogenic compounds with nitroso and amine group. They are present in various environments, including processed meats, drinking water, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Their widespread occurrence and high toxicological profile have led to increasing regulatory scrutiny worldwide. Accurate, sensitive and rapid detection of nitrosamines at trace levels remains a major analytical challenge due to their typically low concentrations and the complexity of sample matrices. This review explores the current state of nitrosamines sensor platforms such as electrochemical, optical, and nanomaterial-enhanced systems. It also identifies practical difficulties during detection by sensors including sensitivity, matrix interference, reaction with atmospheric nitrogen oxides and in-situ generation of nitrosamines. Finally, global regulations and future prospects are also discussed to highlight the acceptance limits and support the development of effective and robust sensors for monitoring of nitrosamines in consumer products and the environment.

Drug development is a highly regulated process with direct implications for human health and well-being. This complex, multi-phase procedure relies heavily on advances in analytical methodologies. Instrumental techniques are now widely preferred over classical methods, offering enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. The success of these approaches is intrinsically linked to sample preparation, which plays a decisive role in minimizing matrix interferences and ensuring reliable results. While traditional pharmaceutical analysis often employs extraction-based strategies, modern quantitative analysis in complex matrices increasingly emphasizes sustainable extraction procedures with reduced solvent and energy consumption. Critical factors in method development include achieving adequate sensitivity and selectivity, maintaining accuracy and precision, employing accessible and cost-effective instrumentation and reagents, and ensuring time efficiency. Furthermore, rapid advances in instrumentation, data analysis, and computerization have introduced innovative strategies that address the growing complexity of drug design while meeting stringent regulatory requirements. The current critical review presents an update on the state-of-the-art of analytical techniques in the broader field of drug development and validation practices in pharmaceutical and affiliated research.

Ensuring food safety and quality is critical for public health, regulatory compliance, and consumer confidence. Biosensors represent a new generation of affordable analytical tools that couple a biological recognition component with a signal-generating transducer, enabling rapid, quantitative detection of target biomolecules with high selectivity. Following the general classification of biosensor types, there are three principal types: electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors. The latter have demonstrated the capacity to identify a broad spectrum of hazards, including major foodborne pathogens, chemical contaminants, and antimicrobial resistance determinants. Hence, biosensors have emerged as promising alternatives, offering rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective real-time solutions for meat quality. Unlike previous reviews that focus on single sensor types or isolated hazards, this work provides a holistic context that extends the scientific fundamentals of biosensor mechanisms and their deployment for detecting key contaminants. Significantly, it extends beyond technical performance to address commercialization pathways, consumer acceptance, regulatory frameworks, and ethical considerations that outline practical adoption. By coupling these multidisciplinary insights with a progressive analysis of emerging challenges and future perspectives, this review uniquely positions itself as a comprehensive roadmap for advancing biosensing technologies in meat safety.

Piroxicam (PX), a widely used oxicam-class nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), remains highly relevant in pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental research due to its extensive clinical use, low solubility, strong plasma protein binding, and the formation of multiple metabolites. The literature evaluated in this review was collected from major scientific databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, limited to peer-reviewed English-language studies. This review critically summarizes and compares the chromatographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methodologies developed for the determination of PX and its metabolites. Chromatographic techniques, especially high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS/MS, remain the benchmark for PX detection due to their exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and suitability for complex matrices. Spectroscopic methods provide rapid, simple, and low-cost alternatives but show reduced capability for ultra-trace analysis. In contrast, electrochemical and voltammetric approaches, particularly those employing nanomaterial-modified electrodes, offer excellent sensitivity, portability, and operational simplicity, making them promising candidates for real-time and on-site applications. Looking ahead, progress is expected to be driven by greener analytical technologies, miniaturized and automated platforms, and the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in data processing, pattern recognition, and method optimization, ultimately improving the sustainability, accessibility, and regulatory relevance of PX analysis.

Sildenafil (SIL), a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, has gained popularity in the clinical management of erectile dysfunction and is being detected more frequently in counterfeit supplements and in environmental samples, which has driven the need for robust analytical techniques. The reviewed articles were retrieved from major scientific databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed, and were limited to English-language publications. This review will evaluate chromatographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methodologies, along with sample preparation techniques (protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction), and will account for their principles, merits, and challenges in the pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental research spaces. Overall, chromatography, particularly high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, will continue to provide the benchmark for detection due to its extremely high sensitivity, selectivity, and capacity. Meanwhile, spectroscopic and electrochemical methods could potentially offer rapid, relatively low-cost alternatives, but they exhibit limited ultra-trace detection capacity. Nevertheless, several key challenges remain with SIL, including instability, complex sample matrices, and the high cost or limited accessibility of advanced analytical tools. Emerging directions will involve integrating green chemistry principles to lessen solvent use and impact, while advancing automation and miniaturized platforms for field applications. In parallel with these perspectives, artificial intelligence, machine learning, or similar approaches could become crucial players in data evaluation, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling, accelerating method optimization and increasing accuracy in complex matrices. Together, these issues could revolutionize the assessment of sustainability, accessibility, clinical, and regulatory aspects of SIL.

Plant metabolomics, a rapidly advancing field within plant biology, is dedicated to comprehensively exploring the intricate array of small molecules in plant systems. This entails precisely gathering comprehensive chemical data, detecting numerous metabolites, and ensuring accurate molecular identification. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, with its detailed chemical insights, is crucial in obtaining metabolite profiles. Its widespread application spans various research disciplines, aiding in comprehending chemical reactions, kinetics, and molecule characterization. Biotechnological advancements have further expanded NMR's utility in metabolomics, particularly in identifying disease biomarkers across diverse fields such as agriculture, medicine, and pharmacology. This review covers the stages of NMR-based metabolomics, including historical aspects and limitations, with sample preparation, data acquisition, spectral processing, analysis, and their application parts.

Gastrodia elata Bl. still widely known as a medicinal plant due to its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection etc. Additionally, these medical applications cannot be separated from its antioxidant, anti-aging, regulating cell apoptosis ability, which make it have potential as a functional food as well as it has been eaten for more than 2,000 years in China. At present, although Gastrodia elata Bl. has appeared in a large number of studies, much of the research is based on drugs rather than foods. The review of Gastrodia elata Bl. from the perspective of food is one of the necessary steps to promote related development, by reviewing the literature on analytical methods of Gastrodia elata Bl. in recent years, critical components change in the extraction, analytical methods and improvement of food applications, all of aspects of it was summarized. Based on the report about physical and chemical changes in Gastrodia elata Bl. to discover the pathway of Gastrodia elata Bl. functional food development from current to the future.

This review article examines the application of electrochemical methods for detecting four prevalent antibiotics - azithromycin (AZM), amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TC), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) - in environmental monitoring. Although, antibiotics are essential to contemporary treatment, their widespread usage has contaminated the environment and given rise to antibiotic resistance. Electrochemical techniques offer sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective solutions for monitoring these antibiotics, addressing the limitations of traditional methods. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of various electrochemical approaches, including voltammetry, amperometry, photoelectrochemical and so on, highlighting their principles, advantages, and limitations. Key findings underscore the effectiveness of these methods in detecting antibiotics at trace levels in complex environmental matrices. Implications for environmental health and policy are discussed, emphasizing the importance of reliable detection techniques in mitigating antibiotic resistance and safeguarding ecosystems. Lastly, the article outlines future research directions aimed at enhancing the sensitivity, selectivity, and field-applicability of electrochemical sensors, thus advancing their utility in environmental monitoring and public health protection.