Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

Automation in sample preparation improves accuracy, productivity, and precision in bioanalysis. Moreover, it reduces resource consumption for repetitive procedures. Automated sample analysis allows uninterrupted handling of large volumes of biological samples originating from preclinical and clinical studies. Automation significantly helps in management of complex testing methods where generation of large volumes of data is required for process monitoring. Compared to traditional sample preparation processes, automated procedures reduce associated expenses and manual error, facilitate laboratory transfers, enhance data quality, and better protect the health of analysts. Automated sample preparation techniques based on robotics potentially increase the throughput of bioanalytical laboratories. Robotic liquid handler, an automated sample preparation system built on a robotic technique ensures optimal laboratory output while saving expensive solvents, manpower, and time. Nowadays, most of the traditional extraction processes are being automated using several formats of online techniques. This review covered most of the automated sample preparation techniques reported till date, which accelerated and simplified the sample preparation procedure for bioanalytical sample analysis. This article critically analyzed different developmental aspects of automated sample preparation techniques based on robotics as well as conventional sample preparation methods that are accelerated using automated technologies.

Recent technological advancement in AI modeling of molecular property databases has significantly expanded the opportunities for drug design and development. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are shown to provide more accurate predictions with regards to biological activity as well as toxicological assessment. By using a combination of in-silico models or by combining disparate structure-activity databases, researchers have been able to improve accuracy for a variety of drug discovery and analysis methods, generating viable compounds, which in certain cases, can be synthesized and further studied in vitro to find candidates for potential development. Additionally, the development of compounds of determined toxicology can be discontinued earlier, allowing alternative routes to be evaluated, preventing wasted time and resources. Although the progress that has been made is tremendous, expert review is still necessary for most in-silico generated predictions. Regardless, the scientific community continues to move ever closer to completely automated drug discovery and evaluation.

To maintain a green and sustainable environment for human beings, rapid detection of potentially toxic heavy metals like mercury (Hg(II)) has attracted great attention. Recently, sensors have been designed which can selectively detect Hg(II) over other common available cations and give a naked eye or fluorometric response. In the last two decades, the trend is shifting from bulky organic chemosensors toward nanoparticles due to their rapid response, low cost, eco-friendly and easy synthesis. In this review, promising nanoparticles-based sensors for Hg(II) detection are discussed. The nano-sensors are functionalized with nucleotide or other suitable materials which coordinate with Hg(II) ions and give clear color or fluorescence change. The operational mechanisms are discussed focusing on its four basic types. The nanoparticles-based sensors are even able to detect Hg in three different oxidation states (Hg(II), Hg(I) and Hg(0)). Recently, the trend has been shifted from ordinary nanoparticles to magnetic nanoparticles to simultaneously detect and remove Hg(II) ions from environmental samples. Furthermore, the nano-sensors for Hg(II) are compared with each other and with the reported organic chemosensors.

Vitamins are one of the most essential organic compounds that are necessary for the human body, in order to develop and grow in a healthy way. The aim of this mini-review is to bring together a series of electrochemical sensors (voltametric and amperometric) developed for the determination of vitamins from the families of B, D and K in biological, pharmaceutical or food-related samples. For this mini-review, 16 articles published between 2016 and 2021 were taken into consideration.

Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical method in every sector of science and technology. Because of its unique ability to provide direct molecular structure information on analytes, an extra method is rarely required. This review describes fabrication of a variable-pressure hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion source for MS in detection, quantification and investigation of gas-phase ion molecule reactions of explosives and related compounds using air as a carrier gas. The HCD ion source has been designed in such a way that by altering the ion source pressures, the system can generate both HCD and conventional GD. This design enables for the selective detection and quantification of explosives at trace to ultra-trace levels. The pressure-dependent HCD ion source has also been used to investigate ion-molecule reactions in the gas phase of explosives and related compounds. The mechanism of ion formation in explosive reactions is also discussed.

Miniaturized NIR instruments have been increasingly used in the last years, and they have become useful tools for many applications on a broad variety of samples. This review focuses on miniaturized NIR instruments from an analytical point of view, to give an overview of the analytical strategies used in order to help the reader to set up their own analytical methods, from the sampling to the data analysis. It highlights the uses of these instruments, providing a critical discussion including current and future trends.

The current work is devoted to a comparative analysis of enhanced co-factors in solidified floating organic drop microextraction methods (SFODME) and an environmental assessment. Also, the description of SFODME, with a focus on its applications in the determination of metals in different matrices, was explained. The impact of several parameters, developments, and greenness evaluations was introduced. Especially, the review provides a concise overview of the multiple approaches to SFODME, with an emphasis on environmentally friendly, supported co-factors. These mods include ultrasound, vortex, and air-assisted SFODME procedures. The selectivity and sensitivity increase when co-factors are added to SFODME. Lastly, the analysis also aims to select tools (Analytic GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE), Red-Green-Blue (RGB12), and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI)) that have been described as environmentally friendly. Additionally provide an explanation of the data collected, compare, and emphasize the advantages of certain characteristics in each tool. Furthermore, case studies and comparisons for three tools were shown.

One of the lessons we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that the need for ultrasensitive detection systems is now more critical than ever. While sensors' sensitivity, portability, selectivity, and low cost are crucial, new ways to couple synergistic methods enable the highest performance levels. This review article critically discusses the synergetic combinations of optical and electrochemical methods. We also discuss three key application fields-energy, biomedicine, and environment. Finally, we selected the most promising approaches and examples, the open challenges in sensing, and ways to overcome them. We expect this work to set a clear reference for developing and understanding strategies, pros and cons of different combinations of electrochemical and optical sensors integrated into a single device.

This review paper critically examines the current state of research concerning the analysis and derivatization of aldehyde, aromatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids components in foods and drinks samples, with a specific focus on the application of Chromatographic techniques. These diverse components, as vital contributors to the sensory attributes of food, necessitate accurate and sensitive analytical methods for their identification and quantification, which is crucial for ensuring food safety and compliance with regulatory standards. In this paper, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatographic (GC) methods for the separation, identification, and quantification of aldehydes in complex food matrices were reviewed. In addition, the review explores derivatization strategies employed to enhance the detectability and stability of aldehydes during chromatographic analysis. Derivatization methods, when applied judiciously, improve separation efficiency and increase detection sensitivity, thereby ensuring a more accurate and reliable quantification of aldehyde aromatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids species in food samples. Furthermore, methodological aspects encompassing sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and derivatization techniques are discussed. Validation was carried out in term of limit of detections are highlighted as crucial elements in achieving accurate quantification of compounds content. The discussion presented by emphasizing the significance of the combined HPLC and GC chromatography methods, along with derivatization strategies, in advancing the analytical capabilities within the realm of food science.

Molecular information can be acquired from sample surfaces in real time using a revolutionary molecular imaging technique called mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). The technique can concurrently provide high spatial resolution information on the spatial distribution and relative proportion of many different compounds. Thus, many scientists have been drawn to the innovative capabilities of the MSI approach, leading to significant focus in various fields during the past few decades. This review describes the sampling protocol, working principle and applications of a few non-ambient and ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging techniques. The non-ambient techniques include secondary ionization mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, while the ambient techniques include desorption electrospray ionization, laser ablation electrospray ionization, probe electro-spray ionization, desorption atmospheric pressure photo-ionization and femtosecond laser desorption ionization. The review additionally addresses the advantages and disadvantages of ambient and non-ambient MSI techniques in relation to their suitability, particularly for biological samples used in tissue diagnostics. Last but not least, suggestions and conclusions are made regarding the challenges and future prospects of MSI.