Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

This review article examines the application of electrochemical methods for detecting four prevalent antibiotics - azithromycin (AZM), amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TC), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) - in environmental monitoring. Although, antibiotics are essential to contemporary treatment, their widespread usage has contaminated the environment and given rise to antibiotic resistance. Electrochemical techniques offer sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective solutions for monitoring these antibiotics, addressing the limitations of traditional methods. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of various electrochemical approaches, including voltammetry, amperometry, photoelectrochemical and so on, highlighting their principles, advantages, and limitations. Key findings underscore the effectiveness of these methods in detecting antibiotics at trace levels in complex environmental matrices. Implications for environmental health and policy are discussed, emphasizing the importance of reliable detection techniques in mitigating antibiotic resistance and safeguarding ecosystems. Lastly, the article outlines future research directions aimed at enhancing the sensitivity, selectivity, and field-applicability of electrochemical sensors, thus advancing their utility in environmental monitoring and public health protection.

This review presents a critical examination of the interface for coupling high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) since 2010. This coupling offers a robust analytical approach characterized by exceptional chemical specificity and the capacity to analyze complex multi-component mixtures qualitatively and quantitatively with high sensitivity, particularly in low limit of detection ranges. This coupling enables the identification of individual components of a mixture by IR after their separation by HPLC, although challenges arise from the potential distortion of infrared spectra by mobile phase components. Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of suitable interfaces, such as flow cells or off-line indirect measurement methods like hot inert gas streams or ultrasonic nebulizers. The key parameters influencing the coupling of HPLC-FTIR include the solvent elimination methods, mode of FTIR technique, and IR background for accurate analyte identification. Moreover, the composition of the mobile phase and the utilization of buffer solutions in the HPLC mobile phase profoundly impact analyte identification by FTIR.

The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.

The unregulated use of antibiotic residues in meat samples poses a significant threat to society, as it facilitates the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial species and negatively impacts the human immune system. The regulatory agencies created the maximum residue levels for individual growth promoters, including steroids, β-agonists, and various veterinary drugs. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the antibiotics and growth promoters in the meat samples for the safety of public health. To identify the sub - therapeutic level of antibiotic residues in animal-originated food samples, sample preparation techniques play a vital role because of its complex nature of the sample matrix and, subsequently, various regulation bodies set the stringent minimum criterion limits. Liquid-liquid extraction, Solid-phase extraction, and QuEChERS are the most common analytical techniques for antibiotic detection in meat. In this review, we highlighted the recent advances in sample preparation techniques such as traditional and microextraction techniques to monitor growth promoters in meat samples, emphasizing their applications, limitations, and future perspectives. The review also aligns with the sustainable development goals by promoting action that enhance life on land, ensure good health and well-being, and encourage industry innovation for sustainable establishment in related studies.

The recent developments of analytical methods have brought about far-reaching and remarkable benefits that have positively impacted our lives. This significant and broad influence extends to areas, including medical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Electrochemical techniques are commonly used as efficient sensing approaches due to several advantages such as sensitivity, selectivity, and a wide linear dynamic range. Another high-throughput technique is the colorimetric method which possesses simplicity, affordability, rapid response time, and a high ability to introduce a portable sensing platform. While colorimetric and electrochemical biosensors are widely used as efficient analytical methods, both can be influenced by false results due to instrument error, environmental factors, and interfering substances. The integration of electrochemical and colorimetric techniques into dual-mode biosensors has introduced powerful and high-performance sensing platforms that enable cross-validation and enhance reliability. Particularly, the pivotal role of nanozymes as a bridge to connect in these dual-mode biosensors is undeniable. Nanozymes, with the ability to mimic enzyme activity, have triggered both signals and these nanomaterials stability, in comparison to enzymes, have provided efficient sensing approaches for real-world applications. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of colorimetric-electrochemical dual-mode biosensors based on nanozymes for various applications, including biomarkers, chemical compounds, heavy metals, ions, neurotransmitters, antibiotics, and bacteria detection.

Psychoactive substances pose significant challenges and dangers to society due to their impact on perception, mood, and behavior, leading to health and life disturbances. The consumption of these substances is largely influenced by their legal status, cultural norms, and religious beliefs. Continuous development and chemical modifications of psychoactive substances complicate their control, detection, and determination in the human body. This paper addresses the terminological distinctions between psychoactive and psychotropic substances and drugs. It provides a comprehensive review of analytical methods used to identify and quantify 25 psychoactive substances in various biological matrices, including blood, urine, saliva, hair, and nails. The analysis categorizes these substances into four primary groups: stimulants, neuroleptics, depressants, and hallucinogens. The study specifically focuses on chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, as well as other novel analytical techniques. Methodology includes a review of scientific articles containing validation studies of these methods and innovative approaches to psychoactive substance determination. Articles were sourced from the PubMed database, with most research originating from the twenty first century. The paper discusses the limits of detection and quantitation for each method, along with current trends and challenges in the analytical determination of evolving psychoactive substances.

Organic residue analyses have long been the primary focus and challenge in the fields of scientific archaeology and cultural heritage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has emerged as a valuable method for detecting organic residues owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. Organic components have been observed within four categories of archaeological artifacts: mortars, adhesives, animal and plant remains, and daily use artifacts. Therefore, in this article, we critically analyzed the advantages and limitations of ELISA in detecting organic residues by tracking its recent application in the abovementioned categories. The current focus of ELISA applications is on the preparation of customized antibodies, development of multicomponent detection methods, and meeting on-site identification demands. Additionally, understanding organic residue degradation mechanisms and the proper handling of archaeological samples are also key factors in these applications. Integration of ELISA with biomolecular science and electrochemistry has allowed the development of comprehensive detection and analyses. In the future, ELISA will be capable of handling more complex and diverse analyses, revealing highly intricate information from archaeological samples.

Mass spectrometry (MS) enables precise identification and quantification of molecules, particularly when combined with chromatography. The advent of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allowed the efficient coupling of liquid chromatography with MS (LC-MS), extending analyses to nonvolatile and thermolabile compounds. API techniques present limitations such as low informative capacity and reproducibility of mass spectra, increasing instrument complexity and costs. Other challenges include analyzing poorly polar molecules and matrix effects (ME), which negatively impact quantitative analyses, necessitating extensive sample purification or using expensive labeled standards. These limitations prompted the exploration of alternative solutions, leading to the development of the Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI) interface. The system has demonstrated excellent robustness and reproducibility. LEI has been employed to analyze various compounds, including pesticides, drugs of abuse, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and many others. Its versatility has been validated with single quadrupole, triple quadrupole, and QToF detectors, operating in electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) modes and with both reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC). LEI has also been successfully integrated with the Microfluidic Open Interface (MOI), Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS), and Microfluidic Water-Assisted Trap Focusing (M-WATF), broadening its application scope and consistently demonstrating promising results in terms of sensitivity and identification power. The most recent advancement is the development of Extractive-Liquid Sampling Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (E-LEI-MS), a surface sampling and real-time analysis technique based on the LEI concept. This review article offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the potential of LEI.

In this era of emerging pathogenic diseases, prompt and accurate detection of pathogens is crucial. Disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and food safety all rely heavily on the identification of pathogens. Peptide-based electrochemical sensors due to their rapid response times, specificity and sensitivity have emerged as promising tools in the identification of pathogens. This review emphasizes the importance of peptides in detection of pathogens and different peptide-based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of pathogens. Peptides offer several advantages including strong binding affinity to a diverse array of pathogens including bacteria, viruses and fungi, tunable specificity and simple synthesis. Peptide-based electrochemical sensors employ different electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), amperometry and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The efficacy of peptide-based biosensors in detecting low concentrations of pathogens is highlighted, demonstrating the promising applications of these biosensors in early diagnosis and real-time monitoring. In addition, the review also addresses the current challenges in the field such as peptide stability, sensor reproducibility and interference from complex biological matrices. This review suggests potential resolutions and avenues for progress such as the development of multiplexed detection systems that can concurrently identify multiple pathogens and developments in peptide design and sensor miniaturization. In summary, this review highlights the substantial advancements and potential possibilities of peptide-based electrochemical biosensors in the realm of pathogen detection, thereby facilitating the development of safer and more effective diagnostic tools.

Nearly 10 million deaths from cancer occurred in 2020, making it a major cause of death globally, according to the WHO and other important statistics. Given that lung cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer, it accounts for around 25% of all deaths from cancer-related causes. The two forms of lung cancer that are treated and characterized differently are small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer. To identify malignant cells, several techniques have been used in recent decades, including MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography scans), and PET (positron emission tomography). The standard detection threshold of conventional assays is insufficient for early-stage detection. As a result, numerous detection techniques have been used to identify lung cancer early. The stages of lung cancer are indicated by the amounts of these biomarkers. As a result, lung cancer screening and clinical diagnosis can be accomplished by the identification of biomarkers. EGFR, CEA, CYFRA 21-1, ENO1, NSE, CA 19-9, CA 125, and VEGF are among the many biomarkers for lung cancer. To identify lung cancer disease biomarkers, an organized summary of several biosensing platforms is given in this article. In particular, it addresses the most recent advancements in optical and electrochemical biosensors, the analytical capabilities of various biosensors, the challenges, and potential directions for future study in regular clinical analysis. Therefore, this study reviews the latest developments and enhancements (2011-2025) in biosensors for the identification of biomarkers for lung cancer.