Current drug metabolism最新文献

Background: Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disease. As a famous traditional Chinese medicine with significant anti-depressive and sleep-promoting effects, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) has attracted the attention of many researchers. Although it is well known that Magnoflorine (MAG) and Spinosin (SPI) were the main active components isolated from ZSS, there is a lack of research on the combined treatment of depression with these two ingredients.

Methods: The shaking bottle method was used to simulate the human environment for detecting the changes in oil-water partition coefficient before and after the drug combination. Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT assay. To establish a mouse model of depression and insomnia by CUMS method, and then to explore the effect of combined administration of MAG and SPI on depression in CUMS model by observing behavior and analyzing pharmacokinetics.

Results: The change in LogP values affected the lipid solubility of MAG and increased the water solubility of SPI, allowing them to penetrate more easily through the blood-brain barrier into the brain. Compared with the model group, MAG-SPI with a concentration of 60 μM significantly increased cell survival rate. In both the TST and FST experiments, the mice showed a decrease in immobilization time. Pharmacokinetic results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters, C_max and AUC of MAG and SPI, were increased in the case of combination, which resulted in enhancement of their relative bioavailability and improvement of in vivo effects.

Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that a combination of MAG and SPI had a synergistic antidepressant effect in CUMS mouse model.

Background: Fluoropyrimidine-induced toxicity is a main limitation of therapy. Currently, polymorphisms in the DPYD gene, which encodes the 5-FU activation enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), are used to adjust the dosage and prevent toxicity. Despite the predictive value of DPYD genotyping, a great proportion of fluoropyrimidine toxicity cannot be solely explained by DPYD variations.

Objective: We herein summarize additional sources of DPD enzyme activity variability, spanning from epigenetic regulation of DPYD expression, factors potentially inducing protein modifications, as well as drug-enzyme interactions that contribute to fluoropyrimidine toxicity.

Results: While seminal in vitro studies provided evidence that DPYD promoter methylation downregulates DPD expression, the association of DPYD methylation with fluoropyrimidine toxicity was not replicated in clinical studies. Different non-coding RNA molecules, such as microRNA, piwi-RNAs, circular-RNAs and long non-coding RNAs, are involved in post-transcriptional DPYD regulation. DPD protein modifications and environmental factors affecting enzyme activity may also add a proportion to the pooled variability of DPD enzyme activity. Lastly, DPD-drug interactions are common in therapeutics, with the most well-characterized paradigm the withdrawal of sorivudine due to fluoropyrimidine toxicity deaths in 5-FU treated cancer patients; a mechanism involving DPD severe inhibition.

Conclusions: DPYD polymorphisms are the main source of DPD variability. A study on DPYD epigenetics (both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally) holds promise to provide insights into molecular pathways of fluoropyrimidine toxicity. Additional post-translational DPD modifications, as well as DPD inhibition by other drugs, may explain a proportion of enzyme activity variability. Therefore, there is still a lot we can learn about the DPYD/DPD fluoropyrimidine-induced toxicity machinery.

Background: The effects of Isopsoralen (ISO) in promoting osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclast formation are well-established, but the mechanism underlying ISO's improvement of Glucocorticoid- Induced Osteoporosis (GIOP) by regulating metabolism remains unclear.

Methods: This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of ISO treatment for GIOP through non-targeted metabolomics based on ISO's efficacy in GIOP. Initially, we established a GIOP female mouse model and assessed ISO's therapeutic effects using micro-CT detection, biomechanical testing, serum calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) level detection, along with histological analyses using hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson, and tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Subsequently, non-targeted metabolomics was employed to investigate ISO's impact on serum metabolites in GIOP mice. RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were conducted to measure the levels of enzymes associated with these metabolites. Building on the metabolomic results, we explored the effects of ISO on the cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)/Protein Kinase G (PKG) pathway and its role in mediating osteoblast differentiation.

Results: Our findings demonstrate that ISO intervention effectively enhances the bone microarchitecture and strength of GIOP mice. It mitigates pathological damage, such as structural damage in bone trabeculae, reduced collagen fibers, and increased osteoclasts, while improving serum Ca and P levels in GIOP mice. Non-- targeted metabolomics revealed purine metabolism as a common pathway between the Control and GIOP groups, as well as between the ISO high-dose (ISOH) group and the GIOP group. ISO intervention upregulated inosine and adenosine levels, downregulated guanosine monophosphate levels, increased Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) expression, and decreased cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase (PDE5) expression. Additionally, ISO intervention elevated serum cGMP levels, upregulated PKGI and PKGII expression in bone tissues, as well as the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix, and increased serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity.

Conclusion: In summary, ISO was able to enhance the bone microstructure and bone strength of GIOP mice and improve their Ca, P, and ALP levels, which may be related to ISO's regulation of purine metabolism and promotion of osteoblast differentiation mediated by the cGMP/PKG pathway. This suggests that ISO is a potential drug for treating GIOP. However, further research is still needed to explore the specific targets and clinical applications of ISO.

Drug metabolizing enzymes play a crucial role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic drugs, influencing their efficacy and safety. This review explores the impact of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing genes on drug response within Arab populations. We examine the genetic diversity specific to Arab countries, focusing on the variations in key drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP450, GST, and UGT families. The review highlights recent research on polymorphisms in these genes and their implications for drug metabolism, including variations in allele frequencies and their effects on therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the paper discusses how these genetic variations contribute to the variability in drug response and adverse drug reactions among individuals in Arab populations. By synthesizing current findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacogenetic landscape in Arab countries and offer insights into personalized medicine approaches tailored to genetic profiles. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating pharmacogenetic data into clinical practice to enhance drug efficacy and minimize adverse effects, ultimately paving the way for more effective and individualized treatment strategies in the region.

Aims: Pharmacogenomics has been identified to play a crucial role in determining drug response. The present study aimed to identify significant genetic predictor variables influencing the therapeutic effect of paracetamol for new indications in preterm neonates.

Background: Paracetamol has recently been preferred as a first-line drug for managing Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in preterm neonates. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 have been observed to influence the therapeutic concentrations of paracetamol.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate various Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs) and bioinformatics tools for identifying the key genotype predictor of therapeutic outcomes following paracetamol administration in neonates with PDA.

Methods: Preterm neonates with hemodynamically significant PDA were recruited in this prospective, observational study. The following SNPs were evaluated: CYP2E1*5B, CYP2E1*2, CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*2, CYP3A4*3, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*7, CYP3A5*11, CYP1A2*1C, CYP1A2*1K, CYP1A2*3, CYP1A2*4, CYP1A2*6, and CYP2D6*10. Amongst the MLAs, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), C5.0 algorithm, Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CART), discriminant analysis, and logistic regression were evaluated for successful closure of PDA. Generalized linear regression, ANN, CART, and linear regression were used to evaluate maximum serum acetaminophen concentrations. A two-step cluster analysis was carried out for both outcomes. Area Under the Curve (AUC) and Relative Error (RE) were used as the accuracy estimates. Stability analysis was carried out using in silico tools, and Molecular Docking and Dynamics Studies were carried out for the above-mentioned enzymes.

Results: Two-step cluster analyses have revealed CYP2D6*10 and CYP1A2*1C to be the key predictors of the successful closure of PDA and the maximum serum paracetamol concentrations in neonates. The ANN was observed with the maximum accuracy (AUC = 0.53) for predicting the successful closure of PDA with CYP2D6*10 as the most important predictor. Similarly, ANN was observed with the least RE (1.08) in predicting maximum serum paracetamol concentrations, with CYP2D6*10 as the most important predictor. Further MDS confirmed the conformational changes for P34A and P34S compared to the wildtype structure of CYP2D6 protein for stability, flexibility, compactness, hydrogen bond analysis, and the binding affinity when interacting with paracetamol, respectively. The alterations in enzyme activity of the mutant CYP2D6 were computed from the molecular simulation results.

Conclusion: We have identified CYP2D6*10 and CYP1A2*1C polymorphisms to significantly predict the therapeutic outcomes following the administration of paracetamol in preterm neonates with PDA. Prospective studies are required

Objective: 5-Methoxy-α-Methyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT) is a new psychoactive substance which is abused due to its hallucinogenic and euphoric effects. This study aimed to study the metabolic characteristics of 5-MeO-AMT.

Methods: Five rats were given intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 50 mg/kg of 5-MeO-AMT, and their urine was subsequently collected at different times within 7 days. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographytandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap) was used to detect the precise molecular weight and fragment ions of 5-MeO-AMT and its possible metabolites in the urine sample extracted with benzene-ethyl acetate.

Results: Three metabolites, including OH-5-MeO-AMT, α-Me-5-HT, and N-Acetyl-5-MeO-AMT were identified in rats' urine. The major metabolic pathways involved O-demethylation, hydroxylation of indole ring, and Acetylation on aliphatic amines.

Conclusion: The results of this study are an important reference for the identification and screening of toxicants of 5-MeO-AMT.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the major causes of poor health in women and the most devastating disease after lung cancer. The term "cancer" refers to a collection of problems resulting from abnormal cell proliferation, particularly cells that can spread to other parts of the body. Surgery, followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy, is now accepted for BC-related cancers. However, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are rarely effective in the treatment of BC due to the adverse effects of these treatments on healthy tissues and organs. Consequently, the use of NPs in targeted Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) has emerged as a promising strategy for BC treatment. This review provides a summary of recent clinical investigations of nanoparticle-mediated DDS that offer a novel therapeutic strategy commonly used for the treatment of breast cancer.

Introduction: This study aims to develop co-amorphous Solid Dispersion (SD) system containing antimalarials Artesunate (ARS) and Amodiaquine (AMQ) to improve its oral bioavailability employing the Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) technique. Soluplus^® was selected as a polymeric excipient, whereas Lutrol F127, Lutrol F68, TPGS, and PEG400 as surfactants were incorporated along with Soluplus^® to enhance extrudability, improve hydrophilicity, and improve the blend viscosity during HME. Soluplus^® with surfactant combination successfully stabilizes both drugs during extrusion by generating SD because of its lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and viscoelastic behavior.

Methods: Physicochemical characterizations were performed using FTIR, DSC, TGA, and XRD, which confirmed the amorphousization of drugs in the SD system. The molecular level morphology of the optimized formulation was quantified using high-resolution techniques such as Atomic-Force Microscopy (AFM), Raman spectral, and mapping analysis. The transition of the crystalline drugs into a stable amorphous form has been demonstrated by 1H-NMR and 2D-NMR studies. The in vivo pharmacokinetics study in rats showed that the SD-containing drug-Soluplus-TPGS (FDC10) formulation has 36.63-56.13 (ARS-AMQ) folds increase in the Cmax and 41.87-54.34 (ARS-AMQ) folds increase AUC (0-72) as compared to pure drugs.

Results: Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that a fixed-dose combination of 50:135 mg of both APIs (ARSAMQ) significantly increased oral bioavailability by elevating Cmax and AUC, in comparison to pure APIs and also better than the marketed product Coarsucam^®.

Conclusion: Therefore, the developed melt extruded co-amorphous formulation has enhanced bioavailability and has more effectiveness than the marketed product Coarsucam^®. .

Background: The global obese population is rapidly increasing, urgently requiring the development of effective and safe weight-loss medications. The classic Chinese medicine formulation Lingguizhugan Decoction has exerted a significant anti-obesity effect. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the mechanism of LGZGD in the treatment of obesity based on the gut microbiota and its metabolites.

Methods: Three different dosages of LGZGD were gavaged to ob/ob mice for 8 weeks. Body mass and visceral fat mass were evaluated. Additionally, the changes in gut microbiota, fecal and plasma metabolites in mice after LGZGD treatment were analyzed by metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics.

Results: The results demonstrated a significant anti-obesity effect of LGZGD treatment in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, the metagenomic analysis revealed that LGZGD reduced the ratio of Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes (F to B) in the gut, restored gut microbiota diversity, and identified 3 enriched KEGG pathways, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy production and conversion pathways. Based on non-targeted metabolomics analysis, 20 key metabolites in the feces and 30 key metabolites in the plasma responding to LGZGD treatment were identified, and the levels of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Myristoleic acid (MA) might be the metabolites related to gut microbiota after LGZGD treatment. Their biological functions were mainly related to the metabolism pathway.

Conclusions: These findings suggested that LGZGD had therapeutic potential for obesity. The mechanism of LGZGD alleviating obesity was associated with improving dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. LDZGD affected gut microbiota-derived metabolites of EPA and MA and may act on energy metabolism pathways.

Asunaprevir, daclatasvir, and beclabuvir are direct-acting antiviral agents used in the treatment of patients infected with hepatitis C genotype 1b. This article reviews the biotransformation and disposition of these drugs in relation to the safety and efficacy of therapy. CYP3A4 and 3A5 catalyze the oxidative biotransformation of the drugs, while P-glycoprotein mediates their efflux from tissues. Asunaprevir is also a substrate for the influx transporters OATP1B1 and OATP2B1 and the efflux transporter MRP2, while beclabuvir is also a substrate for the efflux transporter BCRP. Liver disease decreases the expression of CYPs and transporters that mediate drug metabolism and disposition. Serum asunaprevir concentrations, but not those of daclatasvir or beclabuvir, are increased in patients with severe liver disease, which may produce toxicity. Pharmacogenomic variation in CYPs and transporters also has the potential to disrupt therapy with asunaprevir, daclatasvir and beclabuvir; some variants are more prevalent in certain racial groups. Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions, especially where asunaprevir, daclatasvir, and beclabuvir are victim drugs, are mediated by coadministered rifampicin, ketoconazole and ritonavir, and are attributable to inhibition and/or induction of CYPs and transporters. Conversely, there is also evidence that asunaprevir, daclatasvir and beclabuvir are perpetrators of drug interactions with coadministered rosuvastatin and dextromethorphan. Together, liver disease, pharmacogenomic variation and drug-drug interactions may disrupt therapy with asunaprevir, daclatasvir and beclabuvir due to the impaired function of important CYPs and transporters.