Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107067
Aaron Becerra-Alvarez, Kassim Al-Khatib
Herbicides are an important tool for weed management in water-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.); however, the reduced efficacy from available herbicides and the lack of new herbicides have encouraged research on new use of older herbicides for this production system. This research evaluated weed control and water-seeded rice response to pendimethalin applied post-emergence in a field trial. Pendimethalin was applied alone and in herbicide mixtures at 1.1, 2.3 and 4.4 kg ai ha−1 with three graminicide or broad-spectrum foliar herbicides to rice at the 4- to 5-leaf stage. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate rice response to pendimethalin applied at 1.1 and 2.3 kg ai ha−1 at the 4- to 5-leaf stage grown under 5-cm and 10-cm flood depth conditions. Grass weed control at 14 days after treatment was 68%–86% when pendimethalin was applied in herbicide mixtures compared to 48%–63% when applied alone. The mixtures with bispyribac-sodium and propanil provided broad spectrum control of grass, sedge, and broadleaf weeds unlike the mixture with cyhalofop-butyl, a graminicide herbicide. All treatments resulted up to 8% of visual rice injury. Rice tiller counts and grain yield were not affected by pendimethalin. The 5-cm and 10-cm flood depth, in the greenhouse study, affected shoot length, root length, and root biomass but not shoot biomass averaged over pendimethalin applications; however, rice was normal by 14 or 21 days after treatment. Only shoot length was reduced by 12% at 21 days after treatment at 3.4 kg ai ha−1 of pendimethalin. The results from these studies demonstrate pendimethalin can be a potential herbicide for water-seeded rice and does not cause injury of concern on rice when applied at the 4- to 5-leaf stage rice.
除草剂是水种水稻（Oryza sativa L.）杂草治理的重要工具；然而，现有除草剂的有效性降低和缺乏新的除草剂，鼓励了对这种生产系统使用旧除草剂的新用途的研究。本研究在田间试验中评价了出苗后施用戊二甲基灵对水种水稻的杂草控制和反应。在水稻4 ~ 5叶期单独施用和与3种杀菌剂或广谱叶面除草剂分别以1.1、2.3和4.4 kg ai ha - 1的除草剂混合施用二甲甲烷。通过温室试验，研究了在5 cm和10 cm洪水深度条件下，水稻在4 ~ 5叶期施用1.1和2.3 kg / hm - 1杀虫剂对水稻的反应。与除草剂混合施用时，14 d的杂草防治率为68% ~ 86%，而单独施用时为48% ~ 63%。双嘧菌酯钠和丙烯的混合物提供了对草、莎草和阔叶杂草的广谱控制，而不像氯氟膦丁基（一种杀谷物除草剂）的混合物。所有处理导致高达8%的视觉损伤。对水稻分蘖数和籽粒产量没有影响。在温室研究中，5 cm和10 cm淹水深度对茎长、根长和根生物量有影响，但对喷二甲甲烷的平均茎生物量没有影响；然而，水稻在处理后14天或21天恢复正常。在3.4 kg / ha - 1的戊二甲基灵处理21天后，只有茎长减少了12%。这些研究结果表明，在水稻4 ~ 5叶期施用戊二甲基灵对水种水稻是一种潜在的除草剂，不会对水稻造成令人担忧的伤害。
{"title":"Weeds and rice response to post-emergence applications of pendimethalin alone and in herbicide mixtures in water-seeded rice","authors":"Aaron Becerra-Alvarez, Kassim Al-Khatib","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107067","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicides are an important tool for weed management in water-seeded rice (<ce:italic>Oryza sativa</ce:italic> L.); however, the reduced efficacy from available herbicides and the lack of new herbicides have encouraged research on new use of older herbicides for this production system. This research evaluated weed control and water-seeded rice response to pendimethalin applied post-emergence in a field trial. Pendimethalin was applied alone and in herbicide mixtures at 1.1, 2.3 and 4.4 kg ai ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> with three graminicide or broad-spectrum foliar herbicides to rice at the 4- to 5-leaf stage. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate rice response to pendimethalin applied at 1.1 and 2.3 kg ai ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> at the 4- to 5-leaf stage grown under 5-cm and 10-cm flood depth conditions. Grass weed control at 14 days after treatment was 68%–86% when pendimethalin was applied in herbicide mixtures compared to 48%–63% when applied alone. The mixtures with bispyribac-sodium and propanil provided broad spectrum control of grass, sedge, and broadleaf weeds unlike the mixture with cyhalofop-butyl, a graminicide herbicide. All treatments resulted up to 8% of visual rice injury. Rice tiller counts and grain yield were not affected by pendimethalin. The 5-cm and 10-cm flood depth, in the greenhouse study, affected shoot length, root length, and root biomass but not shoot biomass averaged over pendimethalin applications; however, rice was normal by 14 or 21 days after treatment. Only shoot length was reduced by 12% at 21 days after treatment at 3.4 kg ai ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> of pendimethalin. The results from these studies demonstrate pendimethalin can be a potential herbicide for water-seeded rice and does not cause injury of concern on rice when applied at the 4- to 5-leaf stage rice.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107059
Christiane A. da Costa, Ailton Reis, Eduardo S.G. Mizubuti, Valdir Lourenço Jr.
Disease management using synthetic fungicides is the main strategy used by tomato growers to prevent tomato yield reductions caused by Septoria leaf spot (SLS). Despite the importance of this plant disease, there is little information about the sensitivity of Septoria lycopersici isolates to fungicides. The sensitivity of 94 isolates of S. lycopersici to azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl was assessed in experiments using fungicide-amended 96-well microtiter plates. The highest EC 50 values above 100 mg/L were detected for azoxystrobin, thiophanate-methyl, and tebuconazole. Based on these results, five isolates classified as resistant and five as sensitive to each fungicide were selected for the experiments. Tomato plants were inoculated with sensitive (S) and resistant (R) isolates and sprayed by the fungicides in three greenhouse assays. The differences in the values of the area under the progress curve of Septoria leaf spot (AUDPC), disease severity progress, and progress rates were not so pronounced between tomato plants sprayed and non-sprayed with fungicides. The AUDPC values for plants inoculated with S and R isolates and treated with chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl ranged from 10 to 320, 0 to 80, and 50 to 150, respectively. For azoxystrobin, the AUDPC values were around 200 in plants inoculated with S and R isolates. There is evidence of reduced sensitivity of individuals of S. lycopersici to azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl in the population in Brazil. Therefore, tomato growers should rotate and combine fungicides with different mechanisms of action and low-risk of resistance to control SLS.
{"title":"Sensitivity of Septoria lycopersici Speg. isolates to fungicides in Brazil","authors":"Christiane A. da Costa, Ailton Reis, Eduardo S.G. Mizubuti, Valdir Lourenço Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107059","url":null,"abstract":"Disease management using synthetic fungicides is the main strategy used by tomato growers to prevent tomato yield reductions caused by Septoria leaf spot (SLS). Despite the importance of this plant disease, there is little information about the sensitivity of <ce:italic>Septoria lycopersici</ce:italic> isolates to fungicides. The sensitivity of 94 isolates of S<ce:italic>. lycopersici</ce:italic> to azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl was assessed in experiments using fungicide-amended 96-well microtiter plates. The highest EC 50 values above 100 mg/L were detected for azoxystrobin, thiophanate-methyl, and tebuconazole. Based on these results, five isolates classified as resistant and five as sensitive to each fungicide were selected for the experiments. Tomato plants were inoculated with sensitive (S) and resistant (R) isolates and sprayed by the fungicides in three greenhouse assays. The differences in the values of the area under the progress curve of Septoria leaf spot (AUDPC), disease severity progress, and progress rates were not so pronounced between tomato plants sprayed and non-sprayed with fungicides. The AUDPC values for plants inoculated with S and R isolates and treated with chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl ranged from 10 to 320, 0 to 80, and 50 to 150, respectively. For azoxystrobin, the AUDPC values were around 200 in plants inoculated with S and R isolates. There is evidence of reduced sensitivity of individuals of <ce:italic>S. lycopersici</ce:italic> to azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl in the population in Brazil. Therefore, tomato growers should rotate and combine fungicides with different mechanisms of action and low-risk of resistance to control SLS.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107057
V.P. Krithika , Anita Bellie , Ramkumar Haran , Deeikshana Thirunavukarasu , Shandeep Ganeshan , C. Sankaranarayanan , Prabhu Somasundaram , M. Suganthy , Gomathi V
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), presents a significant threat to global agricultural production. While chemical pesticides have traditionally been effective in controlling such pests, the increasing demand for organic products has spurred the search for environmentally friendly alternatives. Biopesticides have emerged as a promising solution, offering efficacy while minimizing health and environmental risks associated with synthetic chemicals. In the present study, the insecticidal potential of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) from Photorhabdus luminescens, sourced from Heterorhabditis indica, was evaluated against third-instar S. frugiperda larvae through in vitro bioassays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified key biomolecules in the CFS, which were further studied for their interaction with S. frugiperda protein targets using in silico methods. Additionally, a nanoemulsified formulation of the CFS was developed via., ultrasonication, demonstrating stability with droplet diameters <200 nm over 90 days. Characterization through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the nanoformulation's regular distribution and spherical shape, with an average diameter of 115.9 ± 5.1 nm and a zeta potential of 65 ± 1.8 mV. The CFS exhibited significant insecticidal activity, resulting in 80% mortality with a half-maximal lethal concentration (LC50) of 593.62 ppm. Furthermore, the nanoformulation displayed strong control efficacy against third-instar S. frugiperda larvae, achieving an LC50 of 578.77 ppm after 48 h of treatment. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing CFS from P. luminescens and its nanoformulation as sustainable and effective insecticide with reduced environmental impact, sustained release properties, and enhanced pest control capabilities.
{"title":"Nanoemulsified formulation of cell-free supernatant from Photorhabdus luminescens as a sustainable biopesticide against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"V.P. Krithika , Anita Bellie , Ramkumar Haran , Deeikshana Thirunavukarasu , Shandeep Ganeshan , C. Sankaranarayanan , Prabhu Somasundaram , M. Suganthy , Gomathi V","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fall armyworm (FAW), <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), presents a significant threat to global agricultural production. While chemical pesticides have traditionally been effective in controlling such pests, the increasing demand for organic products has spurred the search for environmentally friendly alternatives. Biopesticides have emerged as a promising solution, offering efficacy while minimizing health and environmental risks associated with synthetic chemicals. In the present study, the insecticidal potential of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) from <em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em>, sourced from <em>Heterorhabditis indica</em>, was evaluated against third-instar <em>S. frugiperda</em> larvae through <em>in vitro</em> bioassays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified key biomolecules in the CFS, which were further studied for their interaction with <em>S. frugiperda</em> protein targets using <em>in silico</em> methods. Additionally, a nanoemulsified formulation of the CFS was developed <em>via.,</em> ultrasonication, demonstrating stability with droplet diameters <200 nm over 90 days. Characterization through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the nanoformulation's regular distribution and spherical shape, with an average diameter of 115.9 ± 5.1 nm and a zeta potential of 65 ± 1.8 mV. The CFS exhibited significant insecticidal activity, resulting in 80% mortality with a half-maximal lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) of 593.62 ppm. Furthermore, the nanoformulation displayed strong control efficacy against third-instar <em>S. frugiperda</em> larvae, achieving an LC<sub>50</sub> of 578.77 ppm after 48 h of treatment. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing CFS from <em>P. luminescens</em> and its nanoformulation as sustainable and effective insecticide with reduced environmental impact, sustained release properties, and enhanced pest control capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 107057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107055
Abbas Nasiri Dehsorkhi, Seyed Ahmad Ghanbari, Hassan Makarian, Mohamamd Reza Asgharipour
A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural years 2019 and 2020, using a network system with a distance of 2 × 2 m. At each network node, soil, wheat grain yield, seed bank, black grass and wild barley weed density, and biomass were measured. Soil components with high consumption had 0%–55.9% spatial correlation. The association between soil pH and EC was 50.0%–75.2%. The soil texture correlation was 0%–66.5%. The prevalence of black grass and wild barley weeds showed a patchy or clustered dispersion pattern. The kriging interpolated maps also showed a substantial relationship between the first-year seed bank and weed seedling distribution patterns and the second-year weed distribution patterns. Black grass and wild barley weeds were more prevalent in fields with low potassium and soil pH, indicating a spatial connection with soil nitrogen. Wheat grain yield in the field was fragmented, with a 50.2% spatial correlation. In the initial and subsequent years, black grass weed density correlated with grain yield inverse by 81.8% and 78.5%, respectively. Wild barley weed density and grain yield inverse had 53.2% and 63.9% geographical correlations, respectively. The first year's spatial correlation between grain yield and soil nitrogen was 81.6% and the second 80.6%. The association between grain yield and soil phosphorus was 79.4% in the first year and 85.8% in the second. This study suggests that knowing the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and weeds in a field can help determine the best wheat crop management strategy.
{"title":"Spatial relationship of weeds with soil properties in wheat field using geostatistical methods","authors":"Abbas Nasiri Dehsorkhi, Seyed Ahmad Ghanbari, Hassan Makarian, Mohamamd Reza Asgharipour","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107055","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural years 2019 and 2020, using a network system with a distance of 2 × 2 m. At each network node, soil, wheat grain yield, seed bank, black grass and wild barley weed density, and biomass were measured. Soil components with high consumption had 0%–55.9% spatial correlation. The association between soil pH and EC was 50.0%–75.2%. The soil texture correlation was 0%–66.5%. The prevalence of black grass and wild barley weeds showed a patchy or clustered dispersion pattern. The kriging interpolated maps also showed a substantial relationship between the first-year seed bank and weed seedling distribution patterns and the second-year weed distribution patterns. Black grass and wild barley weeds were more prevalent in fields with low potassium and soil pH, indicating a spatial connection with soil nitrogen. Wheat grain yield in the field was fragmented, with a 50.2% spatial correlation. In the initial and subsequent years, black grass weed density correlated with grain yield inverse by 81.8% and 78.5%, respectively. Wild barley weed density and grain yield inverse had 53.2% and 63.9% geographical correlations, respectively. The first year's spatial correlation between grain yield and soil nitrogen was 81.6% and the second 80.6%. The association between grain yield and soil phosphorus was 79.4% in the first year and 85.8% in the second. This study suggests that knowing the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and weeds in a field can help determine the best wheat crop management strategy.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107056
Md Asaduzzaman, Sujeewa Rathnayake, Michael Hopwood, Adam Shephard, Hanwen Wu, Graham Charles
Feathertop Rhodes grass (Chloris virgata Sw.) is a summer growing grass weed that is invading farming land in southern Australia, being favoured by conservation farming systems and weed management using a narrow range of herbicides. Improved understanding of the biology of this species will be important for its effective management. A series of experiments on seed germination, dormancy release and emergence pattern were conducted under laboratory, glasshouse, and field conditions at Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute. Seed of feathertop Rhodes grass exhibited post-harvest dormancy but germinated after a 3-month after-ripening period. Soil moisture was critical for the emergence of feathertop Rhodes grass in both a sandy loam and heavy clay soil. Higher emergence levels occurred in the sandy loam, but seedling survival was higher in the heavy clay soil. Seeds buried at shallower depths had a high probability of emergence and emerged within 1–3 days, with more than 70% of seed emerging within 7 days from burial at depths of 0- and 2-cm. Seed of feathertop Rhodes grass can germinate early in spring in southern NSW but compete poorly when emerging in an established cereal crop. In a fallow situation, there can be staggered emergence of feathertop Rhodes grass, triggered by the rainfall events. Our results indicate that feathertop Rhodes grass might not be a problem in cereal cropping in southern NSW. Effective management should focus on winter and summer fallows. Strategic cultivation could be a useful control tactic for feathertop Rhodes grass management. Exposure to either paraquat or glufosinate herbicides reduced seed viability, depending on the application timing. Our study provides important information on the growth, development, and seed biology of feathertop Rhodes grass that will contribute to the development of a more effective management program for this weed in southern Australia.
{"title":"Germination ecology, emergence dynamics, and competition in feathertop Rhodes grass (Chloris virgata Sw.): Implications for effective control strategies","authors":"Md Asaduzzaman, Sujeewa Rathnayake, Michael Hopwood, Adam Shephard, Hanwen Wu, Graham Charles","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107056","url":null,"abstract":"Feathertop Rhodes grass (<ce:italic>Chloris virgata</ce:italic> Sw.) is a summer growing grass weed that is invading farming land in southern Australia, being favoured by conservation farming systems and weed management using a narrow range of herbicides. Improved understanding of the biology of this species will be important for its effective management. A series of experiments on seed germination, dormancy release and emergence pattern were conducted under laboratory, glasshouse, and field conditions at Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute. Seed of feathertop Rhodes grass exhibited post-harvest dormancy but germinated after a 3-month after-ripening period. Soil moisture was critical for the emergence of feathertop Rhodes grass in both a sandy loam and heavy clay soil. Higher emergence levels occurred in the sandy loam, but seedling survival was higher in the heavy clay soil. Seeds buried at shallower depths had a high probability of emergence and emerged within 1–3 days, with more than 70% of seed emerging within 7 days from burial at depths of 0- and 2-cm. Seed of feathertop Rhodes grass can germinate early in spring in southern NSW but compete poorly when emerging in an established cereal crop. In a fallow situation, there can be staggered emergence of feathertop Rhodes grass, triggered by the rainfall events. Our results indicate that feathertop Rhodes grass might not be a problem in cereal cropping in southern NSW. Effective management should focus on winter and summer fallows. Strategic cultivation could be a useful control tactic for feathertop Rhodes grass management. Exposure to either paraquat or glufosinate herbicides reduced seed viability, depending on the application timing. Our study provides important information on the growth, development, and seed biology of feathertop Rhodes grass that will contribute to the development of a more effective management program for this weed in southern Australia.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107051
Sapunii Sebastian , Karuna Kalita
Hand weeding is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Although mechanical weed extraction has the potential to save time and money on labor, several obstacles prevent its broad adoption, especially in rural and hilly areas. Small-scale farmers find power weeders to be expensive and impractical, and the haphazard planting of crops further restricts the machine's usefulness. Labor-saving, regionally tailored weed control methods are urgently needed, particularly in isolated highland areas. Owing to the numerous drawbacks of the current weeder, a new weeder called ‘roller rake weeder’ consisting of a fixed rake and a roller with spikes as soil-engaging components was developed as an alternative to solve the issues. The developed machine was tested in the field for about a month. It was observed that the speed of operation was found to be optimal ranging from 1.9 to 2.1 km h−1 with an effective cutting width of 140 mm. The actual field capacity ranged from 0.038 ha h−1 to 0.04 ha h−1, while the weeding efficiency reached 88%–95% surpassing the existing tools. The labor requirement was found to be 28.6–34.5 man-hours ha−1, while the average force required for forward and backward strokes during operation was observed to be 68.4 N and 23.2 N, respectively.
手工除草是劳动密集型和耗时的。尽管机械除草有可能节省劳动力的时间和金钱，但有几个障碍阻碍了它的广泛采用，特别是在农村和丘陵地区。小农发现电动除草机既昂贵又不实用，而且随意种植作物进一步限制了机器的实用性。迫切需要省力、因地制宜的杂草控制方法，特别是在孤立的高地地区。由于目前除草机的诸多缺点，一种名为“滚轮耙除草机”的新型除草机被开发出来作为解决问题的替代方案，该除草机由一个固定耙和一个带尖刺的滚轮组成。研制出来的机器在野外进行了大约一个月的试验。观察到，操作速度在1.9 ~ 2.1 km h−1范围内是最佳的，有效切割宽度为140 mm。现场实际除草能力范围为0.038 ~ 0.04 ha h - 1，除草效率超过现有工具88% ~ 95%。劳动力需求为28.6-34.5人小时/小时，而在操作过程中，向前和向后划动所需的平均力分别为68.4 N和23.2 N。
{"title":"Development and field performance assessment of roller rake weeder","authors":"Sapunii Sebastian , Karuna Kalita","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hand weeding is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Although mechanical weed extraction has the potential to save time and money on labor, several obstacles prevent its broad adoption, especially in rural and hilly areas. Small-scale farmers find power weeders to be expensive and impractical, and the haphazard planting of crops further restricts the machine's usefulness. Labor-saving, regionally tailored weed control methods are urgently needed, particularly in isolated highland areas. Owing to the numerous drawbacks of the current weeder, a new weeder called ‘<em>roller rake weeder’</em> consisting of a fixed rake and a roller with spikes as soil-engaging components was developed as an alternative to solve the issues. The developed machine was tested in the field for about a month. It was observed that the speed of operation was found to be optimal ranging from 1.9 to 2.1 km h<sup>−1</sup> with an effective cutting width of 140 mm. The actual field capacity ranged from 0.038 ha h<sup>−1</sup> to 0.04 ha h<sup>−1</sup>, while the weeding efficiency reached 88%–95% surpassing the existing tools. The labor requirement was found to be 28.6–34.5 man-hours ha<sup>−1</sup>, while the average force required for forward and backward strokes during operation was observed to be 68.4 N and 23.2 N, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107051"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107041
Yi-bo Zhang , Han Li , Peng Han , Xiao-cao Tian , Hao Wang , Li-li Geng , Jie Zhang , Wan-xue Liu , Fang-hao Wan , Raul-Narciso Guedes , Desneux Nicolas , Gui-fen Zhang
The South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a newly introduced invasive destructive pest that poses a major threat to tomato production in China. Chemical control is a predominantly measure for controlling this pest. Monitoring of insecticide efficacy is the basic tool for proactive evidence-based resistance management. As a new invasive species, the insecticide susceptibility of T. absoluta to main insecticides has been uncertainty so far in China. Here, we investigated the insecticide susceptibilities of seven populations (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Xinjiang) of T. absoluta across China. The response of these populations was evaluated through laboratory bioassays with the main insecticides used for T. absoluta control: chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and Bacillus thuringiensis. Analysis of the results showed the largest LC50 values for chlorpyriphos were generated in populations from Shanxi and Yunnan, resulting in 22.59-fold and 11-fold differences, respectively, compared with the values generated in the most susceptible population (Inner Mongolia). The LC50 values observed for chlorantraniliprole in Shanxi and Gansu were 24.66-fold and 20.83-fold greater, respectively, than the LC50 value observed in the most susceptible population (Guizhou). However, almost all populations of T. absoluta presented low resistance levels to indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and B. thuringiensis. Our study sheds light on most insecticides can provide sufficient control of T. absoluta in China, however, scientific selection and use of insecticides, such as rotational use of insecticides of different modes of action classes, also need to adopt as soon as possible, because a moderate level of resistance has already been observed somewhere on chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos.
{"title":"Monitoring the insecticide susceptibility of a newly introduced invasive species, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), in China","authors":"Yi-bo Zhang , Han Li , Peng Han , Xiao-cao Tian , Hao Wang , Li-li Geng , Jie Zhang , Wan-xue Liu , Fang-hao Wan , Raul-Narciso Guedes , Desneux Nicolas , Gui-fen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The South American tomato leaf miner, <em>Tuta absoluta</em> (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a newly introduced invasive destructive pest that poses a major threat to tomato production in China. Chemical control is a predominantly measure for controlling this pest. Monitoring of insecticide efficacy is the basic tool for proactive evidence-based resistance management. As a new invasive species, the insecticide susceptibility of <em>T. absoluta</em> to main insecticides has been uncertainty so far in China. Here, we investigated the insecticide susceptibilities of seven populations (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Xinjiang) of <em>T. absoluta</em> across China. The response of these populations was evaluated through laboratory bioassays with the main insecticides used for <em>T. absoluta</em> control: chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em>. Analysis of the results showed the largest LC<sub>50</sub> values for chlorpyriphos were generated in populations from Shanxi and Yunnan, resulting in 22.59-fold and 11-fold differences, respectively, compared with the values generated in the most susceptible population (Inner Mongolia). The LC<sub>50</sub> values observed for chlorantraniliprole in Shanxi and Gansu were 24.66-fold and 20.83-fold greater, respectively, than the LC<sub>50</sub> value observed in the most susceptible population (Guizhou). However, almost all populations of <em>T. absoluta</em> presented low resistance levels to indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and <em>B. thuringiensis</em>. Our study sheds light on most insecticides can provide sufficient control of <em>T. absoluta</em> in China, however, scientific selection and use of insecticides, such as rotational use of insecticides of different modes of action classes, also need to adopt as soon as possible, because a moderate level of resistance has already been observed somewhere on chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107041"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107052
Francisco J. Cividanes, Terezinha M. dos Santos-Cividanes, José C. Barbosa, Sérgio Ide
Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are important biocontrol agents of insect pests and weeds worldwide. Despite this, few studies have investigated weed seed-consuming carabids in Latin America. We studied the relationship between the abundance of weed plants and the population size of carabids in five agroecosystems located in four municipalities (Jaboticabal, Guaíra, Gavião Peixoto, and Descalvado) in northeastern São Paulo state, Brazil. The weed plants comprised a strip of weedy vegetation between a forest fragment, a soybean/maize field, or an orange orchard. Carabid beetles and weeds were sampled with pitfall traps and a square metal frame, respectively, and multiple regression analysis was used to associate the carabids and weed plants. Of the 921 individuals of 18 carabid species captured, Abaris basistriata Chaudoir, Selenophorus seriatoporus Putzeys, Pentacomia cupricollis (Kollar), and Tetracha brasiliensis (Kirby) were among the most abundant. Regarding weeds, 27 species from 11 families were identified, mostly members of the families Asteraceae and Poaceae. This study indicated that weed species can contribute to population increases of predominantly granivorous and predatory carabid beetles. The family Poaceae showed the highest association with increases in populations of carabid beetles. Cenchrus echinatus L., Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka, and Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) (Poaceae), Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. (Euphorbiaceae), Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae), and Richardia brasiliensis Gomes (Rubiaceae) were most frequently correlated with carabids. These findings suggest lines of research on carabids that consume weed seeds and on weeds that provide refuge for carabids. Progress in these areas is essential for sustainable weed management.
{"title":"Weed plant species associated with the population increase of carabid beetles","authors":"Francisco J. Cividanes, Terezinha M. dos Santos-Cividanes, José C. Barbosa, Sérgio Ide","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107052","url":null,"abstract":"Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are important biocontrol agents of insect pests and weeds worldwide. Despite this, few studies have investigated weed seed-consuming carabids in Latin America. We studied the relationship between the abundance of weed plants and the population size of carabids in five agroecosystems located in four municipalities (Jaboticabal, Guaíra, Gavião Peixoto, and Descalvado) in northeastern São Paulo state, Brazil. The weed plants comprised a strip of weedy vegetation between a forest fragment, a soybean/maize field, or an orange orchard. Carabid beetles and weeds were sampled with pitfall traps and a square metal frame, respectively, and multiple regression analysis was used to associate the carabids and weed plants. Of the 921 individuals of 18 carabid species captured, <ce:italic>Abaris basistriata</ce:italic> Chaudoir, <ce:italic>Selenophorus seriatoporus</ce:italic> Putzeys, <ce:italic>Pentacomia cupricollis</ce:italic> (Kollar), and <ce:italic>Tetracha brasiliensis</ce:italic> (Kirby) were among the most abundant. Regarding weeds, 27 species from 11 families were identified, mostly members of the families Asteraceae and Poaceae. This study indicated that weed species can contribute to population increases of predominantly granivorous and predatory carabid beetles. The family Poaceae showed the highest association with increases in populations of carabid beetles. <ce:italic>Cenchrus echinatus</ce:italic> L., <ce:italic>Melinis repens</ce:italic> (Willd.) Zizka, and <ce:italic>Urochloa decumbens</ce:italic> (Stapf) (Poaceae), <ce:italic>Chamaesyce hirta</ce:italic> (L.) Millsp. (Euphorbiaceae), <ce:italic>Cyperus rotundus</ce:italic> L. (Cyperaceae), and <ce:italic>Richardia brasiliensis</ce:italic> Gomes (Rubiaceae) were most frequently correlated with carabids. These findings suggest lines of research on carabids that consume weed seeds and on weeds that provide refuge for carabids. Progress in these areas is essential for sustainable weed management.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107044
J. Xu, L. Hu, Y. Jiang, Jichen Yan
Sorghum[Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench] is one of the most important food crops and also used as forage, brewing and industrial raw materials in China. In recent years, during field surveys a new leaf spot was detected on sorghum plants in Liaoning Province, China. The pathogen was isolated used a conventional pathogen isolation method and identified by its morphology cultural characters and phylogenetic analysis of the combined genes including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB) and Large subunit (LSU) sequences, respectively. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, the pathogenic fungus was identified as Epicoccum sorghinum. Pathogenicity test was confirmed by inoculating sorghum cultivars under greenhouse conditions. This study is the first time to confirmed E. sorghinum as the causal agent of the disease in China, and this disease represents a potential threat to sorghum productivity in China.
{"title":"Identification and characterization of Epicoccum sorghinum causing leaf spot on sorghum in China","authors":"J. Xu, L. Hu, Y. Jiang, Jichen Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sorghum[<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.)Moench] is one of the most important food crops and also used as forage, brewing and industrial raw materials in China. In recent years, during field surveys a new leaf spot was detected on sorghum plants in Liaoning Province, China. The pathogen was isolated used a conventional pathogen isolation method and identified by its morphology cultural characters and phylogenetic analysis of the combined genes including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB) and Large subunit (LSU) sequences, respectively. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, the pathogenic fungus was identified as <em>Epicoccum sorghinum</em>. Pathogenicity test was confirmed by inoculating sorghum cultivars under greenhouse conditions. This study is the first time to confirmed <em>E. sorghinum</em> as the causal agent of the disease in China, and this disease represents a potential threat to sorghum productivity in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107043
Needhi K. Thangasamy, Livia De Fazi, Renato Ricciardi, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli, Andrea Lucchi
Research on vineyard pests is crucial for the reduction of annual yield losses and the development of sustainable methods of pest control. The vine-bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga, has long been considered a harmful grapevine pest in the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin. The larvae feed extensively on vine leaves and buds, and records from the early 20th century indicate that even a minor infestation could halve a vine's total productivity. Despite this, it has received limited scientific attention in recent years, with limited updated information on its biology, ecology, and pest activity. Herein, we conducted a systematic literature review to consolidate all available data about the vine-bud moth into a single body of work. The gathered data revealed that this insect may not currently be as widespread and detrimental to modern vineyards as their historical reputation indicates. However, the vine-bud moth should also not be underestimated or overlooked, as its pest status is prone to evolve as climate changes. There is still a possibility that it could revert to being a major pest in the future, as factors like environmental resilience, trophic dominance and phenology are modified. We recommend a thorough reassessment of the currently available knowledge on this species to fill in knowledge gaps and clarify existing uncertainties. Additionally, there is much scope for further studies on this insect, especially in the fields of phylogenetics and behavioral ecology.
{"title":"Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle 1809) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae): Past, present, and future of an overlooked vine pest","authors":"Needhi K. Thangasamy, Livia De Fazi, Renato Ricciardi, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli, Andrea Lucchi","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cropro.2024.107043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on vineyard pests is crucial for the reduction of annual yield losses and the development of sustainable methods of pest control. The vine-bud moth, <em>Theresimima ampellophaga</em>, has long been considered a harmful grapevine pest in the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin. The larvae feed extensively on vine leaves and buds, and records from the early 20th century indicate that even a minor infestation could halve a vine's total productivity. Despite this, it has received limited scientific attention in recent years, with limited updated information on its biology, ecology, and pest activity. Herein, we conducted a systematic literature review to consolidate all available data about the vine-bud moth into a single body of work. The gathered data revealed that this insect may not currently be as widespread and detrimental to modern vineyards as their historical reputation indicates. However, the vine-bud moth should also not be underestimated or overlooked, as its pest status is prone to evolve as climate changes. There is still a possibility that it could revert to being a major pest in the future, as factors like environmental resilience, trophic dominance and phenology are modified. We recommend a thorough reassessment of the currently available knowledge on this species to fill in knowledge gaps and clarify existing uncertainties. Additionally, there is much scope for further studies on this insect, especially in the fields of phylogenetics and behavioral ecology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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