Cryogenics最新文献

英文中文

High-pressure growth effect on the properties of high-Tc iron-based superconductors: A short review

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104028

Priya Singh, Manasa Manasa, Mohammad Azam, Shiv J. Singh

The high-pressure growth technique is a vital approach that facilitates the stabilization of new phases and allows for meticulous control of structural parameters, which significantly impact electronic and magnetic properties. We present a short review of our ongoing investigations into various families of iron-based superconductors (IBS), employing the high-gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) method. This technique is capable of producing the gas pressures up to 1.8 GPa and a heating temperature of up to 1700 °C through a three-zone furnace within a cylindrical chamber. Different kinds of IBS samples are prepared using HP-HTS and characterized through various measurements to reach the final conclusions. The results demonstrate that the high-pressure growth technique significantly enhances the properties of IBS, including the transition temperature, critical current density, and pinning force. In addition, the quality of the samples and their density are improved through the intergrain connections. Furthermore, the comprehensive evaluations and investigations prove that a growth pressure of 0.5 GPa is sufficient for producing high-quality IBS bulks under the optimized synthesis conditions.

{"title":"High-pressure growth effect on the properties of high-Tc iron-based superconductors: A short review","authors":"Priya Singh, Manasa Manasa, Mohammad Azam, Shiv J. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-pressure growth technique is a vital approach that facilitates the stabilization of new phases and allows for meticulous control of structural parameters, which significantly impact electronic and magnetic properties. We present a short review of our ongoing investigations into various families of iron-based superconductors (IBS), employing the high-gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) method. This technique is capable of producing the gas pressures up to 1.8 GPa and a heating temperature of up to 1700 °C through a three-zone furnace within a cylindrical chamber. Different kinds of IBS samples are prepared using HP-HTS and characterized through various measurements to reach the final conclusions. The results demonstrate that the high-pressure growth technique significantly enhances the properties of IBS, including the transition temperature, critical current density, and pinning force. In addition, the quality of the samples and their density are improved through the intergrain connections. Furthermore, the comprehensive evaluations and investigations prove that a growth pressure of 0.5 GPa is sufficient for producing high-quality IBS bulks under the optimized synthesis conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143198157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of two-phase heat transfer coefficients of cryogenic nitrogen in 160-μm and 65-μm microchannels

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104026

Seungwhan Baek , Ray Radebaugh , Peter E Bradley

In this study, the two-phase microheat transfer characteristics of cryogenic two-phase nitrogen were investigated. This basic information is required for the sequential design of mixed-refrigerant microcryocoolers. The effective heat exchanger must be designed with a hydraulic diameter (D_h) of less than 100 µm. The experimental setup was developed using microchannels with D_h values of 160 µm and 65 µm. The two-phase heat transfer coefficient was evaluated under different qualities (x), mass fluxes (G = 50–150 kg/m²s), and heat fluxes (q’’=5–15 kW/m²). The two-phase heat transfer coefficient values ranged from 5000 to 20000 W/m²K. The measured heat transfer coefficient values were compared with the predicted values from existing heat transfer correlations derived by Liu and Winterton. The mean percentage error (MPE) was as low as 25.6 %. Moreover, the correlation derived by Karayiannis and Mahmoud, which was derived for ambient-temperature applications, was found suitable for predicting previous cryogenic microchannel literature data (D_h: 300–10000 µm). When applying these findings to mixed refrigerants in microchannels, it is crucial to account for the reduced influence of mass flux on nucleate boiling and the dominance of thin-film evaporation under varying heat flux conditions in confined microscale geometries.

{"title":"Investigation of two-phase heat transfer coefficients of cryogenic nitrogen in 160-μm and 65-μm microchannels","authors":"Seungwhan Baek , Ray Radebaugh , Peter E Bradley","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the two-phase microheat transfer characteristics of cryogenic two-phase nitrogen were investigated. This basic information is required for the sequential design of mixed-refrigerant microcryocoolers. The effective heat exchanger must be designed with a hydraulic diameter (<em>D<sub>h</sub></em>) of less than 100 µm. The experimental setup was developed using microchannels with <em>D<sub>h</sub></em> values of 160 µm and 65 µm. The two-phase heat transfer coefficient was evaluated under different qualities (<em>x</em>), mass fluxes (<em>G</em> = 50–150 kg/m<sup>2</sup>s), and heat fluxes (<em>q’’=</em>5–15 kW/m<sup>2</sup>). The two-phase heat transfer coefficient values ranged from 5000 to 20000 W/m<sup>2</sup>K. The measured heat transfer coefficient values were compared with the predicted values from existing heat transfer correlations derived by Liu and Winterton. The mean percentage error (MPE) was as low as 25.6 %. Moreover, the correlation derived by Karayiannis and Mahmoud, which was derived for ambient-temperature applications, was found suitable for predicting previous cryogenic microchannel literature data (<em>D<sub>h</sub></em>: 300–10000 µm). When applying these findings to mixed refrigerants in microchannels, it is crucial to account for the reduced influence of mass flux on nucleate boiling and the dominance of thin-film evaporation under varying heat flux conditions in confined microscale geometries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104026"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143198158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the eddy current losses and thermal characteristic of a conduction-cooled HTS energy storage magnet

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104027

Yunshu Zhou , Li Li , Mingzhen Yang , Yifeng Qiu , Li Ren , Ying Xu , Jing Shi

During the dynamic response of conduction-cooled high temperature superconductor (HTS) energy storage magnet, the AC loss of the magnet and the eddy current losses of the cold-conducting plates are generated. These two losses seriously threaten the thermal stability of the magnet, especially eddy current losses when the cold-conducting plates are not slit. Therefore, it is important to find a simple and effective way to model and reduce eddy current losses of cold-conducting plates for the sake of thermal stability. In this paper, both an effective 3D model to evaluate eddy current losses of cold-conducting plates and an efficient reduction scheme are proposed. The results prove that the eddy current loss of single cold-conducting plate is reduced by 99.9%, but the existence of longitudinal slit greatly affects its heat transfer efficiency. The epoxy impregnation method is further proposed to alleviate this influence availably, and the validity of homogenization method in the thermal analysis of magnets is verified.

引用次数: 0

Nusselt number correction for stacked wire mesh considering finite heat capacity below 50 K

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104025

Zhengkun Li , Xupeng Ding , Yanyan Chen , Xiaotao Wang , Wei Dai

In regenerative cooling systems, the heat transfer characteristics of regenerators employing stacked wire mesh are critically important. Numerous experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to characterize the Nusselt number of regenerators, focusing on room temperature conditions where the solid heat capacity is sufficiently large compared to that of the gas . In this study, the #400 stainless steel mesh is simulated in three dimensions at pore scale to investigate the Nusselt number across various flow conditions, considering both unidirectional and oscillating flow. Under unidirectional flow, the heat transfer characteristics below 77 K are studied. Considering the influence of finite heat capacity of stainless steel, a modified Nusselt number formula applicable to the 50 K to 20 K range is generalized. Subsequently, the heat transfer characteristics under oscillating flow, including different frequencies and pressure ratios, are investigated. The results provide further evidence supporting the similarity of Nusselt numbers between oscillating and unidirectional flow. This study provides a deeper insight into the heat transfer characteristics of wire mesh regenerators at low temperatures. Meanwhile, the forementioned modified coefficient can be used for better regenerator simulations.

{"title":"Nusselt number correction for stacked wire mesh considering finite heat capacity below 50 K","authors":"Zhengkun Li , Xupeng Ding , Yanyan Chen , Xiaotao Wang , Wei Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In regenerative cooling systems, the heat transfer characteristics of regenerators employing stacked wire mesh are critically important. Numerous experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to characterize the Nusselt number of regenerators, focusing on room temperature conditions where the solid heat capacity is sufficiently large compared to that of the gas . In this study, the #400 stainless steel mesh is simulated in three dimensions at pore scale to investigate the Nusselt number across various flow conditions, considering both unidirectional and oscillating flow. Under unidirectional flow, the heat transfer characteristics below 77 K are studied. Considering the influence of finite heat capacity of stainless steel, a modified Nusselt number formula applicable to the 50 K to 20 K range is generalized. Subsequently, the heat transfer characteristics under oscillating flow, including different frequencies and pressure ratios, are investigated. The results provide further evidence supporting the similarity of Nusselt numbers between oscillating and unidirectional flow. This study provides a deeper insight into the heat transfer characteristics of wire mesh regenerators at low temperatures. Meanwhile, the forementioned modified coefficient can be used for better regenerator simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104025"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of fibre reinforcement on cryogenic performance of novel epoxy composites for cryogenic applications

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103995

A. Krzak , A.J. Nowak , J. Frolec , T. Králík , D. Boroński , M. Kotyk

Due to the dynamic development of technology and science, there is an increasing demand for materials combining high mechanical resistance to extreme temperature conditions and suitable thermal properties. Especially the knowledge of heat transfers by conduction and thermal radiation is crucial for the successful design of devices operating at cryogenic temperatures, such as Dewars, cryostats, or space probes. This study aimed to assess important thermal and mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures for three composite materials made of identical epoxy resin reinforced by carbon, basalt or glass fibres. Apart from loading/unloading cyclic tensile tests conducted at room temperature and in cryogenic environments at 77 K, thermal conductivity and total hemispherical emissivity were obtained in wide temperature ranges from 5 K up to 300 K. The results highlighted the importance of the fibre material and have potential to help with optimal material selection. We found that the initial stiffness of the laminates increased at low temperatures, and the glass composite exhibited the best mechanical properties. On the other hand, the carbon composite showed the lowest but steeply increasing thermal conductivity with increasing temperature. This, together with the lowest emissivity, makes the carbon composite a more favourable option for the lowest temperatures.

{"title":"Impact of fibre reinforcement on cryogenic performance of novel epoxy composites for cryogenic applications","authors":"A. Krzak , A.J. Nowak , J. Frolec , T. Králík , D. Boroński , M. Kotyk","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the dynamic development of technology and science, there is an increasing demand for materials combining high mechanical resistance to extreme temperature conditions and suitable thermal properties. Especially the knowledge of heat transfers by conduction and thermal radiation is crucial for the successful design of devices operating at cryogenic temperatures, such as Dewars, cryostats, or space probes. This study aimed to assess important thermal and mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures for three composite materials made of identical epoxy resin reinforced by carbon, basalt or glass fibres. Apart from loading/unloading cyclic tensile tests conducted at room temperature and in cryogenic environments at 77 K, thermal conductivity and total hemispherical emissivity were obtained in wide temperature ranges from 5 K up to 300 K. The results highlighted the importance of the fibre material and have potential to help with optimal material selection. We found that the initial stiffness of the laminates increased at low temperatures, and the glass composite exhibited the best mechanical properties. On the other hand, the carbon composite showed the lowest but steeply increasing thermal conductivity with increasing temperature. This, together with the lowest emissivity, makes the carbon composite a more favourable option for the lowest temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103995"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactic acid part

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104000

Ayushi Gupta , Narendra Kumar , Anish Sachdeva , Gourav Kumar Sharma , Manas Kumar , Ravi Verma

The article investigates the effect of cryogenic treatment on the 3-D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) specimen. It was found that exposure of PLA specimens to the cryogenic temperature (10 K) using a cryocooler led to a 35 % increase in tensile strength in 5 h, with most improvement occurring within the first hour. The cryogenic treatment enhanced the PLA specimen’s strength and ductility due to increased crystallinity and better molecular alignment. It is likely due to the interaction of the cooling medium (helium) used in the cryocooler with the PLA specimens. Towards this, EDS analysis is performed on cryo-treated PLA specimens. The EDS analysis reveals that nickel and iron compounds were detected on the surface of the cryogenic-treated PLA specimen. These findings highlight that cryogenic treatment significantly improves PLA specimen’s mechanical properties and tensile strength. However, challenges arise, including delamination-layer separation caused by internal stresses, and must be addressed. This work will be helpful for researchers working in polymer 3-D printing.

{"title":"Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactic acid part","authors":"Ayushi Gupta , Narendra Kumar , Anish Sachdeva , Gourav Kumar Sharma , Manas Kumar , Ravi Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article investigates the effect of cryogenic treatment on the 3-D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) specimen. It was found that exposure of PLA specimens to the cryogenic temperature (10 K) using a cryocooler led to a 35 % increase in tensile strength in 5 h, with most improvement occurring within the first hour. The cryogenic treatment enhanced the PLA specimen’s strength and ductility due to increased crystallinity and better molecular alignment. It is likely due to the interaction of the cooling medium (helium) used in the cryocooler with the PLA specimens. Towards this, EDS analysis is performed on cryo-treated PLA specimens. The EDS analysis reveals that nickel and iron compounds were detected on the surface of the cryogenic-treated PLA specimen. These findings highlight that cryogenic treatment significantly improves PLA specimen’s mechanical properties and tensile strength. However, challenges arise, including delamination-layer separation caused by internal stresses, and must be addressed. This work will be helpful for researchers working in polymer 3-D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104000"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling surface tension of ten binary cryogenic mixtures with a thermodynamic method and artificial neural network

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103997

Mariano Pierantozzi , Zahra Rahmani , Shahin Khosharay

The phase equilibrium calculations between the liquid and surface phase are conducted to predict the surface tension and interfacial mole fractions of the components for ten binary cryogenic systems. This thermodynamic model is combined with the perturbed chain statistical association fluid theory equation of state to determine the fugacity coefficients and molar volumes of the components. Based on the application of molar or partial molar volumes, 4 different strategies are applied to the molar surface area of this model. The results of the thermodynamic model indicate that the first strategy has the best predictions for most cases. Then an artificial neural network has been applied to the surface tension of these ten mixtures. This model contains four input parameters and 9 neurons with a single layer. The overall good predictive capability of the artificial neural network model is proved with an R² of 0.999 and an AAD_γ% of 0.94 for the entire dataset.

引用次数: 0

Analysis of the critical current and electromagnetic forces of HTS segments in multiple pairs of current leads used in the current lead box of a fusion reactor

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103984

Hu Cheng , Yujun Dong , Shuangsong Du , Qingquan Zhang , Qingxiang Ran , Mohmmed Mun ELseed Hassaan , Runze Li , Chunlong Zou , Kaizhong Ding

The high-temperature superconducting current leads (HTS CLs) used in fusion reactors require multiple HTS CLs to be placed inside the current lead box (CLB) of specified dimensions. Each HTS CL not only carries a large current but also has very high safety requirements. This study, based on the first generation HTS tapes (Bi-2223/Ag-Au), analyzed the critical current distribution of a 60 kA HTS CL and evaluated optimal power supply configurations for eight HTS CLs within the CLB. It also determined the optimal distance of each lead from the center of the CLB. Through ANSYS APDL calculations, we first obtained the critical current distribution of each panel of a single CL. The analysis results indicated that the HTS segment has a current carrying capacity of 78 kA at 65 K. Secondly, the optimal power supply option adopted a positive–negative alternating approach. When the distance is 1200 mm, the total current carrying capacity of the eight CLs is 605 kA, with relatively minor differences among the minimum panels of each lead, and the electromagnetic forces for each current lead were all below 1000 N. In addition, the relationships of the critical currents, surface areas of the CLB and electromagnetic forces of eight CLs with distance were obtained. Based on the above analysis, the distance of each lead from the center of the CLB was determined to be at least 800 mm.

{"title":"Analysis of the critical current and electromagnetic forces of HTS segments in multiple pairs of current leads used in the current lead box of a fusion reactor","authors":"Hu Cheng , Yujun Dong , Shuangsong Du , Qingquan Zhang , Qingxiang Ran , Mohmmed Mun ELseed Hassaan , Runze Li , Chunlong Zou , Kaizhong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature superconducting current leads (HTS CLs) used in fusion reactors require multiple HTS CLs to be placed inside the current lead box (CLB) of specified dimensions. Each HTS CL not only carries a large current but also has very high safety requirements. This study, based on the first generation HTS tapes (Bi-2223/Ag-Au), analyzed the critical current distribution of a 60 kA HTS CL and evaluated optimal power supply configurations for eight HTS CLs within the CLB. It also determined the optimal distance of each lead from the center of the CLB. Through ANSYS APDL calculations, we first obtained the critical current distribution of each panel of a single CL. The analysis results indicated that the HTS segment has a current carrying capacity of 78 kA at 65 K. Secondly, the optimal power supply option adopted a positive–negative alternating approach. When the distance is 1200 mm, the total current carrying capacity of the eight CLs is 605 kA, with relatively minor differences among the minimum panels of each lead, and the electromagnetic forces for each current lead were all below 1000 N. In addition, the relationships of the critical currents, surface areas of the CLB and electromagnetic forces of eight CLs with distance were obtained. Based on the above analysis, the distance of each lead from the center of the CLB was determined to be at least 800 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103984"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electro-magnetic-mechanical characteristics of 3D HTS INS and NI racetrack coils in complex physical fields

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104003

Wenhai Zhou , Bingxu Su , Rongli Jia , Jiafeng Cao

To investigate the impact of insulation structure on the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils, numerical simulations are employed. A comparative study is conducted on the electrical, magnetic, and force distribution characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) racetrack insulating (INS) HTS coils versus non-insulating (NI) HTS coils under identical operating conditions and dimensions. To balance computational complexity and time, a 3D racetrack-type homogenization equivalent model is developed. INS HTS coil has no inter-turn resistance so that the current dimension is reduced by one level. A homogeneous T-A formula is used to establish anisotropic equivalent model, which enables addressing the 3D computational challenges of high aspect ratio superconductors. NI HTS coil is solved by H-method due to the presence of radial resistance. In this pure FEM model, which is not coupled with the circuit model, the real geometry in arc segment of the NI HTS coil can be equated to a concentric circle structure by using the rotational anisotropic resistivity method. It can be achieved by setting the resistivity matrix ρ_coil. Meanwhile, to explore the weakening effect of the strain inside superconducting coil on superconducting performance under multi-physical fields, the application scope of the strain dependence formula of I_c under one-dimensional (1D) mechanical loading (Ekin’s power-law formula combined with Weibull distribution function) is extended from 1D loading to 3D complex stress state. And its accuracy is verified. Then the extended formula is applied to two 3D coils. The influence of mechanical loading on the critical performance of the coil under multi-physical field conditions is compared and investigated.

{"title":"Electro-magnetic-mechanical characteristics of 3D HTS INS and NI racetrack coils in complex physical fields","authors":"Wenhai Zhou , Bingxu Su , Rongli Jia , Jiafeng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the impact of insulation structure on the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils, numerical simulations are employed. A comparative study is conducted on the electrical, magnetic, and force distribution characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) racetrack insulating (INS) HTS coils versus non-insulating (NI) HTS coils under identical operating conditions and dimensions. To balance computational complexity and time, a 3D racetrack-type homogenization equivalent model is developed. INS HTS coil has no inter-turn resistance so that the current dimension is reduced by one level. A homogeneous <strong>T-A</strong> formula is used to establish anisotropic equivalent model, which enables addressing the 3D computational challenges of high aspect ratio superconductors. NI HTS coil is solved by <strong>H</strong>-method due to the presence of radial resistance. In this pure FEM model, which is not coupled with the circuit model, the real geometry in arc segment of the NI HTS coil can be equated to a concentric circle structure by using the rotational anisotropic resistivity method. It can be achieved by setting the resistivity matrix <em>ρ<sub>coil</sub></em>. Meanwhile, to explore the weakening effect of the strain inside superconducting coil on superconducting performance under multi-physical fields, the application scope of the strain dependence formula of <em>I</em><sub>c</sub> under one-dimensional (1D) mechanical loading (Ekin’s power-law formula combined with Weibull distribution function) is extended from 1D loading to 3D complex stress state. And its accuracy is verified. Then the extended formula is applied to two 3D coils. The influence of mechanical loading on the critical performance of the coil under multi-physical field conditions is compared and investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel optimum design method and performance analysis of cryogenic hydrogen turbo-expander for hydrogen liquefaction

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103996

Xunjian Che , Hongkun Li , Zhongnong Zhang , Yibo Chen , Benan Cai , Kexin Liu , Weihua Cai

Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction predominantly employs the Claude cycle, incorporating a hydrogen turbo-expander for isentropic expansion to substantially reduce energy consumption. However, existing simulations often assume arbitrary turbo-expander efficiencies without considering practical feasibility under varying conditions. The evaluation and optimization of the hydrogen turbo-expander’s performance remain insufficiently explored in current studies. This research introduces a novel optimization methodology for the preliminary design of hydrogen turbo-expanders by integrating the traditional mean-line method with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This is the first application of such an integration specifically for hydrogen turbo-expanders, addressing the unique challenges of hydrogen liquefaction. The optimized design achieves a 3.82 % increase in efficiency over conventional mean-line approaches. Moreover, this research develops a comprehensive procedure for analyzing hydrogen turbo-expander performance, investigating efficiency changes across various design parameters and operating conditions. We develop efficiency maps tailored to hydrogen’s real gas properties, employing dimensionless parameters to illustrate how design and operating conditions such as flow coefficient ϕ, loading coefficient ψ, specific speed Ns, volumetric expansion ratio VR, and turbine size SP impact efficiency. The optimized preliminary design method eliminates subjective efficiency assumptions in liquefaction simulations, provides reliable efficiency values, and reduces the computational resources and time required for subsequent detailed design procedures.

{"title":"A novel optimum design method and performance analysis of cryogenic hydrogen turbo-expander for hydrogen liquefaction","authors":"Xunjian Che , Hongkun Li , Zhongnong Zhang , Yibo Chen , Benan Cai , Kexin Liu , Weihua Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction predominantly employs the Claude cycle, incorporating a hydrogen turbo-expander for isentropic expansion to substantially reduce energy consumption. However, existing simulations often assume arbitrary turbo-expander efficiencies without considering practical feasibility under varying conditions. The evaluation and optimization of the hydrogen turbo-expander’s performance remain insufficiently explored in current studies. This research introduces a novel optimization methodology for the preliminary design of hydrogen turbo-expanders by integrating the traditional mean-line method with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This is the first application of such an integration specifically for hydrogen turbo-expanders, addressing the unique challenges of hydrogen liquefaction. The optimized design achieves a 3.82 % increase in efficiency over conventional mean-line approaches. Moreover, this research develops a comprehensive procedure for analyzing hydrogen turbo-expander performance, investigating efficiency changes across various design parameters and operating conditions. We develop efficiency maps tailored to hydrogen’s real gas properties, employing dimensionless parameters to illustrate how design and operating conditions such as flow coefficient ϕ, loading coefficient ψ, specific speed Ns, volumetric expansion ratio VR, and turbine size SP impact efficiency. The optimized preliminary design method eliminates subjective efficiency assumptions in liquefaction simulations, provides reliable efficiency values, and reduces the computational resources and time required for subsequent detailed design procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103996"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

首页上一页

下一页尾页

类型

全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

数据库

全部 ACS Publications Elsevier ieeexplore Springer The Royal Society of Chemistry Wiley

期刊

Cryogenics

全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.

﹀