Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Bundle effect on a helical coil in liquid nitrogen with pool boiling for liquid oxygen densification","authors":"Mansu Seo ,&nbsp;Sejin Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The need to densify oxidizers using cryogenic fluids is increasing to enhance the performance of launch vehicles. One of the most practical methods for oxidizer densification is heat exchange cooling between liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen, typically using a tube bundle heat exchanger. Due to the multiple tubes in the bundle, a bundle effect arises, which enhances convective heat transfer by inducing liquid agitation from bubble generation and rising. This paper presents experimental results and prediction models that account for bubble behavior in a tube bundle. The experiment is conducted with saturated liquid nitrogen in a pool at atmospheric pressure and helical coil-type heat exchangers instead of a traditional tube bundle stack heat exchanger. Liquid oxygen densification is achieved by varying mass flow rates and inlet temperatures. Single-passage helical coils made of copper are used to minimize uncertainty from maldistribution flow and reduce thermal resistance compared to convective heat transfer coefficients in the inner and outer tubes. The coils, with an outer diameter of 12.7 mm, were tested in both vertical and horizontal directions and with various coil pitches. The bundle effect was clearly observed under helical coil conditions, and the experiment confirmed that the convective heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing heat flux and bubble generation rate. The prediction models considering bubble behavior—rising and generation rate—were validated by comparison with experimental results. The forced convective Nusselt number, experimentally measured to range from 23 to 361 through its correlation with the Boiling Reynolds number, closely followed the predicted correlation curve of the bubble generation model. It demonstrated a mean absolute error of 83.3, a standard deviation of 65.6, and an average relative error of 64.8 %. These values show improved accuracy compared to the relative errors of two predicted curves in the bubble rising model: 216 % for the single circular tube correlation and 381 % for tube bank correlations. This improvement suggests that the increased bubble generation rate with heat flux is better reflected for liquid oxygen densification with a helical coil submerged in large-scale static pool condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103962"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2D mechanical representation of superconducting magnets: A comparative study of plane stress and plane strain","authors":"N. Sala ,&nbsp;A. Bersani ,&nbsp;M. Bracco ,&nbsp;B. Caiffi ,&nbsp;S. Farinon ,&nbsp;A. Gagno ,&nbsp;F. Levi ,&nbsp;D. Novelli ,&nbsp;R. Musenich ,&nbsp;A. Pampaloni ,&nbsp;M. Sorbi ,&nbsp;R.U. Valente","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When approaching the mechanical design of a superconducting magnet, whenever possible the starting model is a 2D approximation. If rotational symmetry (solenoid-like winding) is present, the 2D representation is unique and contains no approximations. If, on the other hand, a non-axisymmetric system is opted for, the 2D representation is not unique and there are main options available, as plane stress, plane stress with thickness, plane strain and generalized plane strain. Considering z as the direction normal to the 2D plane, the plane stress option defines a stress state in which no normal or shear stresses perpendicular to the xy plane can occur (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></span>). In this option, deformation can occur in the thickness direction of the element, which will become thinner when stretched and thicker when compressed; it is generally used for objects with limited depth (thin objects).</div><div>In contrast, plane strain refers to the fact that deformation can only occur in plane, which means that no out-of-plane deformation will occur (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></span>). The plane strain option is generally appropriate for structures of nearly infinite length, relative to their cross section, that exhibit negligible length changes under load. The “generalized plane strain” option imposes the axial strain equal to a constant value; this condition does not reproduce the real operating condition of the magnet and is therefore excluded. The “plane stress with thickness” uses the same equations as the plane stress option but, output quantities are given per unit length defined with thickness; therefore, it is again excluded from the comparison. Superconducting magnets, such as dipoles, do not fit neatly into any of the above options: they are far from thin but deform longitudinally under load. This work reports a comparative study of plane stress and plane strain in the specific case study of a dipole magnet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103956"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large cryogenic magnetocaloric effect in Na5Gd4F(SiO4)4","authors":"Zuhua Chen ,&nbsp;Shilin Yu ,&nbsp;Guochun Zhang ,&nbsp;Changkun Wang ,&nbsp;Jiahao Gao ,&nbsp;Yicai Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhenxing Li ,&nbsp;Jun Shen ,&nbsp;Heng Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration based on the magnetocaloric effect of magnetic materials has been regarded as an effective technology to attain sub-Kelvin temperature. In this article, the magnetic properties and MCE of Na₅Gd₄F(SiO₄)₄ compound are investigated. Due to the high Gd³⁺ ion/anion ligand ratio and weak magnetic interaction, Na₅Gd₄F(SiO₄)₄ exhibits a large magnetic entropy change of 49.6 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ under magnetic field change of 0–7 T at 2.6 K, which surpasses the commercial magnetic refrigerant Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂ under the same conditions. Besides, its refrigeration capacity and the relative cooling power under magnetic field change of 0–7 T reaches up to 308.9 J·kg⁻¹ and 406.7 J·kg⁻¹, respectively. These properties indicate that Na₅Gd₄F(SiO₄)₄ compound is a promising magnetic refrigeration material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103955"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quantum-corrected Peng‒Robinson equation of state for helium-4 from 3 K to 50 K considering quantum swelling effects through the Feynman‒Hibbs correction of the EXP-6 potential","authors":"Changjun Li ,&nbsp;Caigong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Xu ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Chao Chen ,&nbsp;Ziyuan Li ,&nbsp;Zhuang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and efficient prediction of the properties of helium-4 (He-4) via an equation of state (EOS) is a prerequisite for evaluating liquid helium-4 (LHe-4) storage technology. However, the performance of the Peng–Robinson (PR) EOS in predicting the density of LHe-4 and vapour helium-4 (VHe-4) deteriorates within the thermodynamic ranges of the LHe-4 tank: 3–50 K and 60–600 kPa. To modify the PR EOS, we establish first-order and second-order Feynman–Hibbs (FH)-corrected EXP-6 potentials and propose a reduced effective particle diameter (REPD) correlation with four parameters to consider the quantum swelling effects of LHe-4. On the basis of the rational function form of the REPD correlation, we introduce a quantum-corrected covolume term to develop a regression model for the FH-corrected Peng–Robinson (FH-PR) EOS. Moreover, to improve the effectiveness of regression near the saturation curve, we propose a hypothetical boundary consisting of the saturation curve from 3 K to the critical temperature and a virtual saturation curve from the critical pressure to 600 kPa. The results indicate that the FH − PR EOS shows satisfactory engineering application performance in predicting the density of He-4 within the studied range. Under verification conditions, the average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of the density determined via the FH − PR EOS ranges from 0.72 % to 1.77 %, and the maximum relative deviation (MRD) ranges from 2.17 % to 5.62 %. Under test conditions, the AARD of the density ranged from 1.06 % to 1.71 %, and the MRD ranged from 3.77 % to 7.38 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103954"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative experiments on the flow morphology of liquid nitrogen and water in perforated structured packing","authors":"Xiaoqin Zhi,&nbsp;Yixuan Teng,&nbsp;Gaoming Zhan,&nbsp;Huabin Zhou,&nbsp;Shaolong Zhu,&nbsp;Limin Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic distillation is the primary method for air separation, with corrugated plate packing as the main packing for heat and mass transfer between nitrogen and oxygen. The perforated structure on the corrugated plate packing can directly change the liquid distribution characteristics, thereby affecting the packing’s flow and mass transfer performance. Currently, the effect of perforated structure is mainly revealed by room temperature fluids such as water and air, while on the practical cryogenic fluids such as liquid nitrogen, it is seldom studied. In this study, the effects of perforation size ranging from 2 to 8 mm on the flow of water and liquid nitrogen on the perforated plates were investigated and compared by a high-speed camera. It was observed that water could hardly flow through the perforations, it completely covers the perforations, forming a continuous liquid film on the surface of the perforations. The expected role of perforations in redistributing water on the back side of the corrugated plate is relatively minor. While for liquid nitrogen, the presence of the perforated structure helps fluid redistribution on the back side of the plate, as it can easily flow through the perforations with diameters between 2 mm and 8 mm. It is found that when the perforation diameter exceeds 6 mm, liquid nitrogen will form suspended liquid droplets within the holes, which could be a risk of premature flooding. Under similar conditions, the wetting rate of liquid nitrogen reaches 86.90 % −99.48 %, higher than that of water which is about 10.26 % −78.82 %. The results show that perforations have quite different effects on the flow characters of water and liquid nitrogen due to their disparate physic properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103948"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling and measurement of the E-I characteristics of MgB2 wire in sub-cooled water ice","authors":"M. Búran,&nbsp;P. Kováč","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a comprehensive 3D numerical model of MgB₂ multi-filamentary superconducting wires using the Finite Element Method (FEM) software, COMSOL Multiphysics® 6.0. The study aims to investigate the electro-thermal behavior of MgB₂ composite wires during standard transport measurements at various initial temperatures under subcooled water ice conditions. By solving a series of partial differential equations governing heat transfer and dynamic current transport, the model provides detailed insights into the wire’s performance. The simulation results are rigorously compared with experimental E-I characteristics measured for 6-filament MgB₂ wires with internal copper stabilization. This comparison validates the model and highlights its capability to predict the behavior of superconducting wires under cryogenic conditions. The findings offer valuable data on the current distribution, ohmic losses, and overall thermal stability of the composite wires, contributing to the advancement of cryogen-free superconducting technologies. This study bridges the gap in the literature regarding the electrothermal dynamics of MgB₂ wires cooled by subcooled water ice, providing a foundation for further research and practical applications in high-field generation devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano aluminum nitride fillers for enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of GFRP in cryogenic temperature settings","authors":"Rong Bao ,&nbsp;Wentao Sun ,&nbsp;Zhixiong Wu ,&nbsp;Chuanjun Huang ,&nbsp;Laifeng Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites, with epoxy resin or a blend of cyanate and epoxy resins as the matrix, have been used as insulating materials of high-field, large-scale superconducting magnets for accelerators and magnetic confinement fusion. However, the GFRP does not fully meet the requirements for the next generation of magnetic confinement fusion with respect to the mechanical and thermal performance at cryogenic temperature and huge electromagnetic stress. This paper introduces a method for enhancing both the mechanical and thermal properties of the GFRP composites using aluminum nitride (AlN) nanoparticles. The fabrication of the AlN-GFRP composite involved a method that combines “dip absorption” with vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The dip absorption method was utilized to deposit AlN nanopowders onto glass fibers, resulting in the preparation of AlN-glass fiber layers. Subsequently, the AlN-woven glass fibers were incorporated to reinforce the cyanate ester/epoxy based composites using the VARTM technology. The mechanical and thermal properties of the AlN-GFRP composites were assessed across varying temperatures. The results indicate that the short-beam shear strength (SBS strength) of the AlN-GFRP composites improves at cryogenic temperatures compared to that of the GFRP composites without AlN. Additionally, enhanced thermal conductivities are observed across different temperature ranges for the AlN-GFRP composites. The coefficient of thermal expansion between 77 K and 300 K of the composites significantly decreases with the addition of the AlN nanopowders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103953"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing pipe chilldown with axial grooves filled with silicone sealant","authors":"Katsuyoshi Fukiba,&nbsp;Kohei Suda,&nbsp;Ibuki Hori","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a method to accelerate the chilldown process in pipes using liquid nitrogen flow. Axial grooves were machined along the inner surface of the pipe and then filled with silicone sealant. This approach achieves a shorter chilldown time compared to previously proposed methods. Initial experiments involving pool boiling in liquid nitrogen were conducted to determine the optimal groove width and the ratio of groove-to-sealant area. The shortest chilldown time in pool boiling was achieved when the groove pitch was close to the capillary length. The effect of the copper-to-silicone sealant area ratio on the chilldown process was minimal. The shortest chilldown time was achieved with a surface that had a 2 mm pitch and a copper-to-silicone sealant area ratio of 0.25. The chilldown time was 1/4.4 of that of the bare surface. Pipes with different pitch and groove widths were tested in a flow chilldown experiment. Using the surface texture, the chilldown time of a stainless-steel pipe with an outer diameter of 1/2″ and a length of 120 mm from room temperature to the saturation temperature was reduced to a maximum of 1/3.6. The shortest cooling time is obtained at a groove pitch of 2 mm. In addition to the shorter cooling time, the amount of liquid nitrogen required for chilldown was also reduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103957"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of sloshing effects in cryogenic liquefied-hydrogen storage tanks for trains under various vibration conditions","authors":"Myeong-rok Ryu ,&nbsp;Sungho Yun ,&nbsp;Bo-kyong Kim ,&nbsp;Daehoon Kang ,&nbsp;Gildong Kim ,&nbsp;Hyunbae Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effects of hydrogen sloshing on internal pressure, temperature, and fluid behavior liquefied-hydrogen storage tanks designed for train usage by applying the natural frequency and frequency conditions from train vibration test standards. Notably, it investigates the impact on BOG generation using a transient volume-of-fluid phase change model. Here, simulations were conducted at vibrations of 0, 0.53, 1.53, and 3 Hz, which were established using sine wave acceleration. The results demonstrated that sloshing increased with higher frequencies, thereby resulting in a more intense heat transfer between the wall of the tanks and free surface of hydrogen and an increase in the BOG generation. Compared to the 0 Hz baseline, BOG generation increased by 13, 44, and 66 % at 0.53, 1.53, and 3 Hz, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103961"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of localized mechanical properties of modified N50 welded joints at cryogenic temperature through a digital image correlation technique","authors":"Jingjing Dai ,&nbsp;Liancheng Xie ,&nbsp;Weijun Wang ,&nbsp;Jijun Xin ,&nbsp;Bixi Li ,&nbsp;Rong Bao ,&nbsp;Yining Huang ,&nbsp;Chuanjun Huang ,&nbsp;Wentao Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Li Shi ,&nbsp;Xinran Shan ,&nbsp;Laifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The modified N50 austenitic stainless steel has been determined to be applied as the superconducting magnet supporting material of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), especially the jacket material of the CICCs of both the TF coils and the CS coils and the case material of the TF coils, which inevitably requires welding connection. The welding process generally results in welding defects as well as degradation of cryogenic mechanical properties of metallurgical inhomogeneous zones. However, limited research has been reported to demonstrate the distinct localized performance of these zones at cryogenic temperature. The present paper presents an approach to characterize localized mechanical properties of the modified N50 welds at both room temperature (300 K) and cryogenic temperature (6 K). We identified the welding zone (WZ) through metallographic analysis and then the boundaries of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) were recognized by hardness measurements at room temperature. Finally, the localized optical digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to obtain the localized yield strength <em>R</em>_p0.2 and percentage extension <em>e</em> of the WZ, the HAZ, and the base metal (BM) at both room and cryogenic temperature, of which the observed trend is verified through comparison with that of hardness measurements at room temperature. The technique proposed provides the localized measurement of cryogenic tensile properties of weld metals and also presents experimental data on different zones of the modified N50 welded joints as a jacket material for the next-generation fusion reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103960"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}