Cryogenics最新文献

英文中文

Numerical evaluation of mechanical response in Bi-2223 coil under complicated loadings

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104001

Dong Wei, Donghui Liu, Huadong Yong

A high-strength Bi-2223 Type HT-NX (reinforced with Ni-alloy) wire has been developed and commercialized. This tape is of significant utility in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other high magnetic field applications, as it is able to provide a stable magnetic field due to its multi-filamentary properties, which serves to reduce the screening effect. In this study, the external reinforcement of the Bi-2223 tape can extend the critical strain of the internal filaments, which is derived from residual strain caused by the difference of various thermal expansion coefficients during the preparation and cooling processes. To obtain electromagnetic and mechanical behaviors of the Bi-2223 coil in high field, a finite element numerical simulation based on the H-formulation is proposed. There are two modeling geometries adopted for the simulation, one is the mono-filamentary geometry in the homogenization model, and the other is the multi-filamentary geometry. The mechanical behavior of the two models differs significantly with regard to the magnetization. For the charging process, the difference will decrease with the increase of the charging current. Moreover, the cumulative strain of the coil under the combined action of winding, cooling and electromagnetic force is analyzed comprehensively. Finally, the numerical results of coil in varying positions for the two models will also be influenced by alterations in the parallel and vertical fields.

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Numerical and experimental investigation of 12 W/60 K high-efficiency coaxial pulse tube cryocooler” [Cryogenics 143 (2024) 10394]

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104022

Yanen Li , Nailiang Wang , Miguang Zhao , Qingjun Tang , Yuqiang Xun

引用次数: 0

Heat load efficiency in multi-temperature cryogenic computing systems

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104013

Nurzhan Zhuldassov, Rassul Bairamkulov, Eby G. Friedman

Heterogeneous cryogenic computing systems often incorporate a variety of technologies, each functioning at different temperatures. The chosen operating temperature of these components significantly influences the overall power dissipation, heat load, and system performance. Existing design methodologies for managing cryogenic systems with multiple temperature zones often overlook thermal variations within these zones, the interconnect between different zones, and are restricted to the temperature within a single zone. A comprehensive framework designed to enhance the efficiency of heterogeneous computing systems operating under cryogenic conditions is presented in this paper. Utilizing a graph theoretic approach, the framework is used to evaluate the influence of operating temperatures on both delay and power consumption. Thermal interactions among different system components are also considered, enabling a more precise estimate of the power requirements and local thermal load. The methodology is applied to two case studies related to cryogenic cloud computing systems. The objective is to minimize overall system-wide power consumption while satisfying specific performance criteria and considering the impact of heat load on the cooling infrastructure.

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引用次数: 0

Modeling of solid-air dendrite growth solidification in liquid hydrogen by using isotropic quantitative phase field method

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104024

Chaolong Li, Ke Li, Jian Wen, Lei Wang, Yanzhong Li

The safety hazards caused by solid-air accumulation in liquid hydrogen need attention. This paper is dedicated to the numerical reproduction of the microstructural evolution of solid-air dendrites in liquid hydrogen and the investigation of the oxygen solute distribution pattern. A quantitative phase field model for the growth of six-fold symmetric solid-air dendrites is developed to investigate the growth behavior of solid-air single and multiple dendrites under different subcooling and continuous cooling conditions to address the quantitative deficiencies of previous studies. The results show that the current model can maintain the rotational invariance of solid-air dendrites. With the escalation of subcooling, the dendritic morphology undergoes heightened complexity, and the development of secondary dendrite arms becomes more pronounced. Three characteristic position curves were chosen to quantify the oxygen solute distribution within the solid-air dendrites and in the liquid phase, with the highest oxygen solute concentration near the solid–liquid interface and increasing with subcooling. The distribution of oxygen solute concentration shows the same qualitative characteristics under constant subcooling and continuous cooling conditions, but the oxygen concentration at the solid–liquid interface is higher under continuous cooling compared to constant subcooling. The interaction of multiple dendrites changes the dendrite growth pattern. At constant subcooling, solid-air dendrite growth gradually tends to stagnate, whereas under continuous cooling conditions, solid-air dendrites can achieve greater solid phase fraction. The gaps formed between the dendrites impede the diffusion of oxygen solutes, and the concentration of oxygen solutes is higher at the grain boundaries of the dendrites compared to single dendrite.

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引用次数: 0

Optimised fuzzy-tuned PID control for piston offset in linear compressors for Joule-Thomson cryocoolers

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104014

Nibin Qian , Xinwen Chen , Zhaohua Li , Kun Liang

Linear compressor is known for no crank mechanism, oil-free, variable stroke and high efficiency, making it attractive for Joule-Thomson cryocooler applications. However, piston offset in linear compressor can cause collision between piston and cylinder head, limiting achievable high stroke. In this work, a model based fuzzy-tuned PID controller optimised by hill climbing algorithm (HCA) is developed to eliminate the piston offset by adjusting a DC voltage added to the drive voltage waveform. Its ability to dynamically adjust PID gains minimises offset overshoot that can damage the compressor. Optimising with HCA reduces response time by 57.6% and overshoot by 87.5%. The DC voltage increases with pressure ratios because the piston offset rises accordingly. The achievable maximum specific mass flow rate increases by 13.2% compared to when there is no piston offset control. The controller demonstrates significant advantages in terms of speed and overshoot in eliminating piston offset.

引用次数: 0

Improved superconducting properties of ex situ processed MgB2 tapes sintered at low temperatures under hydrogen atmosphere

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104023

Hiroki Fujii

Ex situ processed Fe-sheathed MgB₂ tapes using milled powders with Te addition were sintered under Ar or H₂ atmosphere. In comparison with Ar atmosphere, sintering under H₂ improves grain connectivity in microstructure at a lower temperature. Concerning the superconducting properties, the sintering under H₂ increases the critical temperature (T_c) of the tapes by up to 2 K, as observed for in situ processed conductors heat-treated under H₂. However, the transport critical density (J_c) property shows different behavior. Whereas heat treatment under H₂ just degrades the J_c for the in situ process, sintering under H₂ improves the J_c at a lower temperature for the ex situ process. The optimal sintering temperature (T_sin) at which J_c at 4.2 K and 10 T shows best performance is lower for the sintering under H₂ than that for Ar by more than 100 °C without J_c deterioration. This J_c enhancement at low T_sins is attributed to the improved grain connectivity and the increase in the T_c, upper critical, and irreversibility fields (H_c2 and H_irr).

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引用次数: 0

Critical current and AC-loss for intentionally cracked REBCO split wires

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104011

Ryohei Nishiyama, Shintetsu Kanazawa

Tape shape of REBCO-coated conductor with a single-core structure is commercially available. However, the single core leads to a large AC-loss due to magnetization hysteresis. A multi-core structure can be used to reduce this loss. However, it is difficult to fabricate a long multi-core wire made of a REBCO-coated conductor because defects generated during the fabrication process lead to local decreases in the critical current. To obtain a large critical current throughout the wire, the critical current in each core should be maintained. However, local defects in most cores in a long wire reduce the critical current. This study proposes an intentionally cracked REBCO split wire that has a multi-core structure but without complete separation of the cores.

引用次数: 0

Design, Fabrication, Assembling and Testing of QWR/HWR Cavity Cryomodules for HIAF Project

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104019

Feng Bai , Peng Zhang , Xianjin Wang , Yugang Zhao , Xiaofei Niu , Zhiming You , Luozhu Nian , Yonghui Yang , Yongping Hu , Jun Wen , Dajun Fan , Junhui Zhang , Juli Hu , Maolei Lu , Pei Wang

The QWR/HWR cavity cryomodules have been designed for High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). There are 17 cryomodules operating at 2 K&3130 Pa of HIAF linac, which consist of 6 QWR007 cryomodules and 11 HWR015 cryomodules, respectively. These cryomodules are being processed in the vendor currently. And the first cryomodule has completed horizontal testing in July 2024. This paper will report the design, fabrication, assembling and testing of the cryomodule for HIAF project.

引用次数: 0

Growth behavior of bubbles containing non-condensable gas in superheated cryogenic liquids

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104016

Yonghua Huang, Xujin Qin

Bubble growth is one of the most critical concerns in flashing or cavitation in metastable superheated liquids. The bubble growth rate and heat and mass transfer rates across the boundary are essential for quantifying the flashing evaporation behavior. Prior simulations treated the bubble as a pure vapor, which dropped an important influencing factor driving bubble growth. A mathematical model is proposed for characterizing bubble growth in superheated cryogenic liquids, namely, liquid oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The model considers a non-condensable gas component in the bubble, which plays a significant role in the early stages of bubble growth. It not only influences the critical radius of the bubble but also affects the delay time of the growth. The behavior of bubbles in these cryogenic fluids was compared to that in water in terms of radius growth. The effect of the liquid state on the bubble radius was investigated. As expected, the bubble grew faster in the liquid at lower pressures and greater degrees of superheat. Bubbles with smaller critical radii require higher degrees of superheat or thermal disturbances to grow.

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引用次数: 0

Design and operation of direct heat exchange type thermal energy storage unit in an actual-size liquid air energy storage system

IF 1.8 3区工程技术 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Cryogenics

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104015

Kyoung Joong Kim , Cheonkyu Lee , Junhyuk Bae , Sangkwon Jeong

This study examines the design specifications and operational parameters crucial for integrating thermal energy storage unit (TESU) within a demonstration-scale liquid air energy storage (LAES) system. The LAES system’s storage capacity of 6 MWh and power generation of 2 MW serve as performance benchmarks. To satisfy these criteria, a TESU with a mass flow rate of 26 kg/s and a duration of 2 hr to 4 h is deemed essential. Ensuring an effectiveness exceeding 0.9 necessitates adherence to specific design principles. Firstly, optimal spatial configuration of heat exchange parts, approximately double the thermal penetration depth, is essential to maintain high performance. Deviations from this guideline can lead to decreased heat exchange efficiency and thermal interference. Moreover, as TESU duration increases, the relative heat capacity of the shuttle mass rises, diminishing overall effectiveness. Adequate heat capacity within the TESU is thus crucial to sustaining desired performance levels throughout the duration. Additionally, optimizing the aspect ratio of the TESU improves effectiveness by mitigating axial heat conduction losses, facilitating efficient energy storage and retrieval. By incorporating these design considerations, the performance and effectiveness of the TESU within LAES systems can be optimized, enabling seamless energy management.

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引用次数: 0

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