Current Nutrition Reports最新文献

Purpose of review: Plant-based meat analogs (PBMAs) have been the subject of interest over the past few years due to consumers' demand for environmentally friendly, healthful, and non-animal-based foods. A better comprehension of the composition, structure, texture, nutrition, and sustainability of these PBMAs is necessary.

Recent findings: This review articulates the protein sources and composition of PBMAs and their "meatiness" with respect to texture, structure, and flavor enhancement. The components used in the analogs, such as unsaturated fats, fibers, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and plant-based oils enriching their nutritional profile, are described. The study identifies the environmental and sustainability impact of PBMAs, as crucial to the survival and maintenance of biodiversity. More studies are warranted to scope and underscore the significance of the analogs and comprehend the texture or structure-function relationships. Further product development and testing thereof may ultimately result in quality meat analogs that respect meat taste, health and acceptance of consumers, environmental sustainability, animal welfare, and current challenges.

Purpose of review: One of the important markers affecting aging processes is the increase in inflammatory markers. Many chronic diseases are associated with inflammation and chronic inflammation increases with aging. Inflammation can change with dietary components. Foods, compounds and nutrients that have anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory properties attract attention. According to the Dietary Inflammatory Index, positive scores are obtained if the nutrient has a proinflammatory effect on cytokines, and negative scores are obtained if it has an anti-inflammatory effect.

Recent findings: A higher proinflammatory diet is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disease, cancers and musculoskeletal health and related mortality. In this study, its relationship with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, musculoskeletal diseases, dementia, depression and cancer, which are more common in older adults and known to be associated with inflammation, was examined. Although studies involving under 65 years old are more prevalent, research involving older adults and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is more limited. It is known that chronic inflammation increases with aging. Diet is one of the factors affecting inflammation. In the light of these investigations, the topics of anti-inflammatory nutrition and DII for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases in older adults are strong and open to development topics of discussion. Despite the significant interest in the potential positive effects of anti-inflammatory nutrition on diseases, contributing to clearer evidence of its protective effects on health necessitates further randomized controlled trials, in vivo, in vitro, cell, animal, human and case-control studies for better risk assessment.

Purpose of review: Cancer, a complex disease affecting millions globally, presents considerable challenges for both patients and health care providers. Within the broad spectrum of cancer care, nutrition plays a key role in supporting patients throughout their journey. This narrative review examines the role of nutrition in cancer care, exploring its impact on treatment outcomes, nutritional status, current dietary recommendations, physical activity, palliative care, and finally, as a nutritional encouragement for cancer survivors.

Recent findings: Evidence indicates that cancer and anticancer treatments frequently cause malnutrition and loss of muscle mass, which can exacerbate symptoms, impair immune function, and hamper recovery. Therefore, adequate nutritional support is crucial for maintaining strength, controlling symptoms, and optimizing treatment tolerance in patients with cancer. Several factors influence nutritional needs and dietary recommendations, including cancer type, treatment, and individual patient characteristics. Nutritional care aims not only to ensure sufficient energy and protein intake, but also to manage specific symptoms such as dysgeusia, nausea, and dysphagia. Registered dietitians play a crucial role in providing personalized nutritional guidance, monitoring nutritional status, and implementing interventions to address emerging challenges in cancer care. Furthermore, recent research has underscored the benefits of dietary interventions in cancer treatment. From targeted nutritional supplements to more invasive nutritional support, interest in how nutrition can affect cancer risk and treatment outcomes is increasing. Overall, this review highlights the critical role of nutritional care in comprehensive cancer treatment. By recognizing and meeting dietary demands throughout the entire cancer journey, health care professionals can improve patients' well-being, response to treatment, and long-term prognosis.

Purpose of review: Autoimmune diseases manifest as an immune system response directed against endogenous antigens, exerting a significant influence on a substantial portion of the population. Notably, a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in this context is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intriguingly, individuals with autoimmune disorders exhibit a heightened prevalence of CVD compared to the general population. The meticulous management of CV risk factors assumes paramount importance, given the current absence of a standardized solution to this perplexity. This review endeavors to address this challenge from a nutritional perspective.

Recent findings: Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation, a common thread in autoimmune diseases, also plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Nutritional interventions aimed at reducing inflammation have shown promise in mitigating cardiovascular risk. The integration of nutritional strategies into the management plans for patients with autoimmune diseases offers a holistic approach to reducing cardiovascular risk. While conventional pharmacological treatments remain foundational, the addition of targeted dietary interventions can provide a complementary pathway to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

Background/aim: Building on the evidence for multifaceted effects of different nutrients, foods and dietary patterns is a new priority for nutrition science. This review aims to describe the causal pathways and biological mechanisms that elucidate the associations between different nutrition exposures (nutrients, foods and dietary patterns) and health outcomes.

Methods: A scoping review was conducted in two stages: 1) review of nutrition science textbooks; and 2) a review of reviews of empirical literature using a systematic approach to elucidate causal pathways and biological mechanisms for nutrition exposures and health outcomes. Reviews were eligible for inclusion if they reported biological mechanistic pathways between exposures and outcomes of interest among free-living healthy adults and/or children. Causal pathways within and between the exposures and the outcomes were identified and summarised visually.

Results: A total of seven core textbooks and 1,934 reviews of relevant empirical literature were included. The complexity of the causal pathways and the number of biological mechanisms progressively increases as the nutrition exposure changes from nutrients to foods to dietary patterns. The biological mechanisms demonstrate that associations with beneficial or adverse health outcomes are determined by the contrasting chemical composition and physical structure of the different types and forms of nutrition exposures, and that contextual factors (e.g., food processing) can influence these chemical and physical factors for food and dietary pattern exposures.

Conclusion: This review provides models that can guide future research, and has several implications for the generation and interpretation of the nutrition evidence, and its synthesis and translation to inform nutrition guidelines and policies.

Background/aim: There is scarce literature concerning 'children in need' at a European level (including Greece), particularly regarding energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) associated with overweight and obesity. This scoping review aimed to synthesize evidence on the EBRBs associated with overweight and obesity among 'children in need' in Greece and their key determinants.

Methods: Inclusion criteria included children (0-18 years) who were 'in need', living with overweight or obesity, residing in Greece, and which included data on EBRBs and their potential determinants. APA PsychInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, as well as grey literature (in Greek/English), were searched (without publication date limitations). Data was extracted using an adapted Joanna Briggs Institute tool.

Results: Seven studies were identified (n = 141-7,283 participants), highlighting prevalent EBRBs, categorized into groups; nutrition (lower diet quality, poor dietary habits, higher intake of carbohydrates, sugar sweetened beverage consumption, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern, lack of daily breakfast consumption), sleep (low sleep duration), and sedentary behaviors / physical activity (television in children's bedrooms, high screen time, low physical activity, high sedentary time). Key determinants included low parental education, food culture, food preparation by grandmothers, the home environment, parental dietary choices, and lower socioeconomic status, etc. CONCLUSION: This review identified specific EBRBs associated with overweight and obesity affecting children in need in Greece and their determining factors. These findings should guide future research, tailored intervention programs, and public health policies (i.e. the European Child Guarantee Strategy) targeted at this understudied priority population of children in need, in Greece. Review registration number: Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/w7qdu.

Purpose of review: This review aims to explore the relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and nutrition. ADHD, a neurodevelopmental disorder, has been examined in relation to dietary factors through various metabolic pathways, with a focus on the role of nutrition in symptom management. Unhealthy dietary patterns, particularly those characteristics of Western diets, are believed to exacerbate ADHD symptoms through these mechanisms. In contrast, dietary interventions such as intermittent fasting, which offer greater flexibility in application, have been proposed as potential strategies to alleviate ADHD symptoms. While further research in this area is expected to contribute significantly to the field, this review also provides researchers with a brief perspective on the challenges and limitations associated with experimental ADHD studies. Therefore, this study aims to offer a comprehensive evaluation of the interaction between ADHD and nutrition, providing researchers with an integrative approach to the topic.

Recent findings: Western dietary patterns have been found to negatively impact gut barrier integrity, synaptic plasticity, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. On the other hand, the intermittent fasting diet model, which offers practical flexibility, is thought to be a potentially supportive treatment in managing ADHD. Furthermore, it has been concluded that various experimental models are available for ADHD research, and researchers must work within these limitations. Western diets, particularly in their negative impact on synaptic plasticity and other key metabolic pathways involved in ADHD, can worsen the disorder's symptoms. Intermittent fasting emerges as a promising dietary alternative that may mitigate these adverse effects.

Purpose of review: Low-glycemic diets are crucial, particularly for individuals with diet-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Therefore, observing the impact of multiple forms of red beetroot-based products on the glycemic profiles of humans under various health conditions has arguably become significant due to beetroot's high fiber content, antioxidants, inorganic nitrates, etc., which this review aims to summarize.

Recent findings: The relevant articles published between 2000 and 2022 were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect by following the PRISMA-P 2020 statement. This systematic review included 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), one non-randomized clinical trial (non-RCT), and one quasi-experimental (QE) study, and they covered different health conditions, e.g., type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, hypertension, etc. The studies produced conflicting results, likely due to differences in the study design, dosage, duration, and population. The risk of bias in most of the RCTs and QE studies included in the review was assessed as low or moderate, and only one non-RCT was assessed as having a high risk of bias. Red beetroot may help maintain the blood sugar levels of humans under different health conditions. However, the existing results on beetroot's potential for glycemic management are unclear due to varied outcomes across studies. Further intervention studies with standardized protocols and diverse participant groups are necessary to assess the role of beetroot products in regulating blood sugar levels before making a definitive judgment.

Purpose of review: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex health issue include obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and chronic inflammation that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs are of great concern in the disease progression and prognosis of T2DM. This review is a comprehensive examination of the literature on the relationship between T2DM and cardiovascular risk, nutrition-related cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors, and impact of dietary modulations on CMR.

Recent findings: In recent years the researches has been focus on the importance of a comprehensive treatment approach like dietary modulations to address multiple cardiovascular risk reductions, including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Modulation of dietary patterns are the most promising interventions to prevent CMR factors and T2DM via affecting the body weight, glucose control, and microbial diversity of individuals. Current evidence suggests that high-quality dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan and the Mediterranean diet is important in the metabolic control processes of T2DM with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds, glucagon-like peptide agonist compounds, and intestinal microbiota changes. Nutrition plays a critical role in preventing and improving CVD outcomes in patients with T2DM. Dietary modulations should be planned considering individual differences in responses to dietary composition and nutritional changes, personal preferences, eating behaviors and gut microbiota differences.

Purpose of review: Despite the prevalence of weight loss programs, their success rates remain discouraging, with around half of individuals regaining lost weight within two years. The primary objective of this review is to explore the factors contributing to the failure of weight loss programs and to provide insights into effective weight management strategies.

Recent findings: Factors contributing to the failure of weight loss programs include the impracticality of restrictive diets, potential metabolic impacts, limited focus on lifestyle changes, genetic predispositions, psychological influences, socioeconomic status, and medical conditions. A holistic approach considering these factors is crucial for safe and sustainable weight loss. Key findings indicate the importance of holistic approaches to weight management, including lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and behavioral and psychological strategies. Effective weight loss strategies emphasize low-calorie, nutrient-rich diets, regular physical activity, and interventions tailored to individual needs. Combining multiple approaches offers the best chance of successful weight management and improved health outcomes. This review provides insights into the complexities of obesity management and the factors contributing to the failure of weight loss programs. It highlights the necessity of adopting a holistic approach that addresses dietary habits, physical activity, genetic factors, psychological well-being, and socioeconomic influences. Recommendations include implementing lifestyle modifications, medical interventions when necessary, and integrating behavioral and psychological support to achieve sustainable weight loss and mitigate the global health challenge posed by obesity.