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How Food Choices Impact on Male Fertility. 食物选择如何影响男性生育能力。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00503-x
Giulia Pecora, Francesca Sciarra, Elena Gangitano, Mary Anna Venneri

Purpose of review: Increasing evidence on the significance of nutrition in reproduction is emerging from both animal and human studies, suggesting an association between nutrition and male fertility. Here, we have highlighted the impact of the various food groups on reproductive hormones and on spermatogenesis, and the effects of classical and latest dietary patterns such as Mediterranean diet, Western diet, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, and vegan/vegetarian diet on male fertility.

Recent findings: Nutrients are the precursors of molecules involved in various body's reactions; therefore, their balance is essential to ensure the correct regulation of different systems including the endocrine system. Hormones are strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the individual, and their alteration can lead to dysfunctions or diseases like infertility. In addition, nutrients affect sperm production and spermatogenesis, controlling sexual development, and maintaining secondary sexual characteristics and behaviors. The consumption of fruit, vegetables, fish, processed meats, dairy products, sugars, alcohol, and caffeine importantly impact on male fertility. Among dietary patterns, the Mediterranean diet and the Western diet are most strongly associated with the quality of semen. Nutrients, dietary patterns, and hormonal levels have an impact on male infertility. Therefore, understanding how these factors interact with each other is important for strategies to improve male fertility.

综述的目的:动物和人类研究都越来越多地证明营养在生殖中的重要性,这表明营养与男性生育能力之间存在联系。在这里,我们强调了不同食物组对生殖激素和精子发生的影响,以及地中海饮食、西方饮食、间歇性禁食、生酮饮食和纯素食/素食等经典和最新饮食模式对男性生育能力的影响。最近的发现:营养素是参与身体各种反应的分子的前体;因此,它们的平衡对于确保包括内分泌系统在内的不同系统的正确调节至关重要。激素受个体营养状况的强烈影响,其改变可能导致功能障碍或不孕等疾病。此外,营养物质影响精子的产生和精子发生,控制性发育,维持第二性特征和行为。水果、蔬菜、鱼类、加工肉类、乳制品、糖、酒精和咖啡因的消费对男性生育能力有重要影响。在饮食模式中,地中海饮食和西方饮食与精液质量的关系最为密切。营养素、饮食模式和激素水平对男性不育有影响。因此,了解这些因素如何相互作用对于提高男性生育率的策略很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Maternal n-3 PUFA Intake During Pregnancy and Perinatal Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence. 孕期母体n-3多聚脂肪酸摄入与围产期心理健康问题:近期证据的系统综述
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00484-x
Keith T S Tung, Rosa S Wong, Ray T W Mak

Purpose of review: Pregnant women are vulnerable to mental health problems. Increasing evidence shows that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake during pregnancy is beneficial to maternal perinatal mental health. A systematic review is needed to examine the associations reported in recent studies. The objective of this review was to provide an updated review on the association of antenatal n-3 PUFA intake via different sources (seafood, fish, overall diet, and supplementation) with perinatal mental health problems including depression, anxiety, and psychological distress.

Recent findings: Searches were performed in Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and APA PsycInfo databases on 21 June 2021. A total of 2133 records were screened. Data including the name of the first author, publication year, study design, sample characteristics, dietary assessment time and tools, mental health outcome measures, and other relevant information were extracted. In total, 13 articles were included in this review and assessed qualitatively. The results demonstrated that dietary intake of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy was associated with perinatal mental health, but the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation was influenced by pre-existing medical conditions, socio-demographic characteristics, and dietary and lifestyle patterns during pregnancy. Our review found that sources of n-3 PUFA may have differential effects on woman's mental health during and after pregnancy. Further research using large-size cohort or well-controlled trial protocol is needed to determine the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy on perinatal mental health.

综述目的:孕妇易患心理健康问题。越来越多的证据表明,孕期摄入omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)有利于孕产妇围产期心理健康。需要对最近研究中报告的关联进行系统回顾。本综述的目的是对产前通过不同来源(海鲜、鱼类、整体饮食和补充剂)摄入n-3 PUFA与围产期心理健康问题(包括抑郁、焦虑和心理困扰)之间的关系进行最新综述。最新发现:于2021年6月21日在Web of Science、Embase、PubMed和APA PsycInfo数据库中进行了搜索。总共筛选了2133份记录。提取的数据包括第一作者姓名、发表年份、研究设计、样本特征、饮食评估时间和工具、心理健康结局指标及其他相关信息。本综述共纳入13篇文章并进行了定性评价。结果表明,孕期饮食中n-3 PUFA的摄入与围产期心理健康有关,但n-3 PUFA补充的效果受孕期已有的医疗条件、社会人口统计学特征以及饮食和生活方式的影响。我们的综述发现,n-3 PUFA的来源可能对怀孕期间和怀孕后的女性心理健康有不同的影响。为了确定孕期补充n-3多聚脂肪酸对围产期心理健康的影响,需要进一步的大规模队列研究或良好对照试验方案。
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引用次数: 0
Fatty Liver Disease and Food Insecurity: Excess in Scarcity. 脂肪肝疾病和粮食不安全:过度短缺。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00478-9
Sujani Yadlapati, Vikram J Christian, Apeksha Shah

Purpose of review: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is widely prevalent in the U.S and is the primary cause of chronic liver disease. Existing evidence shows that food insecurity may be an independent risk factor for fatty liver disease and is associated with poor health outcomes. Understanding the role of food insecurity in these patients can help develop mitigation strategies to address the growing prevalence of NAFLD.

Recent findings: Food insecurity is associated with increased overall mortality and health care utilization among patients with NAFLD and advanced fibrosis. Individuals from low-income households with diabetes and obesity are particularly susceptible. Trends in prevalence of NAFLD mirror that of obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Several studies in both adult and adolescent population have described an independent association between food insecurity and NAFLD. Concentrated efforts to lessen food insecurity may improve health outcomes in this group of patients. High-risk patients with NAFLD should be linked with local and federal supplemental food assistance programs. Programs directed at addressing NAFLD-related mortality and morbidity should focus on improving food quality, access to these foods, and promote healthy eating habits.

综述目的:非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)在美国广泛流行,是慢性肝病的主要原因。现有证据表明,粮食不安全可能是脂肪肝疾病的一个独立风险因素,并与健康状况不佳有关。了解粮食不安全在这些患者中的作用可以帮助制定缓解策略,以解决NAFLD日益流行的问题。最近的研究发现:粮食不安全与NAFLD和晚期纤维化患者的总体死亡率和医疗保健使用率增加有关。患有糖尿病和肥胖症的低收入家庭的个人尤其容易受到影响。NAFLD患病率的趋势反映了肥胖和其他心脏代谢危险因素的趋势。几项针对成人和青少年人群的研究描述了粮食不安全和NAFLD之间的独立关联。集中努力减少粮食不安全可能会改善这组患者的健康结果。NAFLD高危患者应与当地和联邦补充食品援助计划联系起来。针对nafld相关死亡率和发病率的项目应侧重于改善食品质量、获取这些食品的途径,并促进健康的饮食习惯。
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引用次数: 1
Nutrition in the Management of ADHD: A Review of Recent Research. 营养在ADHD管理中的作用:近期研究综述。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00487-8
Klaus W Lange, Katharina M Lange, Yukiko Nakamura, Andreas Reissmann

Purpose of review: Various nutrients and diet quality have been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD. The purpose of this review was to examine data from recent cohort studies and dietary interventions to determine whether nutrition may play a role in the management of ADHD.

Recent findings: Preliminary evidence suggests that minerals might have beneficial effects on ADHD symptomatology. Probiotics might offer novel strategies to prevent or treat ADHD. Inverse associations between adherence to "healthy" diets and ADHD symptoms have been observed. Children with ADHD responding to the few-foods diet (or oligoantigenic diet) with an elimination of individually identified food items show substantially improved behavior and cognitive functioning. Evidence from recent research does not allow any recommendations regarding the use of micronutrients or probiotics in the management of ADHD. The few-foods diet may become an additional therapeutic option for children with ADHD.

综述目的:各种营养和饮食质量被认为与ADHD的病理生理有关。本综述的目的是检查近期队列研究和饮食干预的数据,以确定营养是否可能在ADHD的管理中发挥作用。最近的发现:初步证据表明,矿物质可能对多动症的症状有有益的影响。益生菌可能为预防或治疗多动症提供新的策略。已经观察到坚持“健康”饮食与多动症症状之间的负相关关系。患有多动症的儿童对少食饮食(或低抗原饮食)的反应是消除单独识别的食物,表现出显著改善的行为和认知功能。最近的研究证据不允许任何关于使用微量营养素或益生菌治疗多动症的建议。少食饮食可能成为多动症儿童的额外治疗选择。
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引用次数: 0
A New Approach to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Related Cardio-metabolic Risk Factors: Dietary Polyphenols. 治疗多囊卵巢综合症及相关心血管代谢风险因素的新方法:膳食多酚。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00488-7
Elif Ulug, Aylin Acikgoz Pinar

Purpose of review: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disease characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology and causing various reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular, oncological, and psychological complications. Recent meta-analyses and systemic reviews showed that PCOS increases the risk factor for various cardio-metabolic complications like insulin resistance, type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to these, it was suggested that chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are the underlying mechanisms of PCOS-mediated metabolic consequences and might trigger cardio-metabolic risk in women with PCOS. At this point, there is substantial evidence to suggest that various non-nutrient food components modulate cardio-metabolic health together with inflammation and oxidative stress.

Recent findings: Increasing the intake of dietary polyphenols might reduce oxidative stress and inflammation and thus alleviate the risk of metabolic, endothelial, and cardiovascular disorders. Nowadays, there are an increasing number of studies related to the effects of dietary polyphenols on PCOS and its accompanying cardio-metabolic disturbances. Currently, there is a cumulative number of studies connected to the effects of dietary polyphenols on PCOS and accompanying cardio-metabolic disturbances. However, there is a lack of knowledge in combining the probable mechanisms of dietary polyphenols on PCOS and related cardio-metabolic consequences. Thus, the effects of dietary polyphenols on PCOS and accompanying cardio-metabolic disturbances need to be discussed and evaluated with underlying mechanisms. Consequently, this review was written to reveal the potential effects of dietary polyphenols on PCOS and related metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in all their aspects.

综述目的:多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种常见的内分泌疾病,以排卵功能障碍、高雄激素和多囊卵巢形态为特征,可引起各种生殖、代谢、心血管、肿瘤和心理并发症。最近的荟萃分析和系统综述显示,多囊卵巢综合征增加了各种心血管代谢并发症的风险因素,如胰岛素抵抗、II 型糖尿病、血脂异常、代谢综合征、高血压和内皮功能障碍。除此以外,还有人认为慢性低度炎症和氧化应激是多囊卵巢综合症介导的代谢后果的潜在机制,并可能引发多囊卵巢综合症女性的心血管代谢风险。目前,有大量证据表明,各种非营养食物成分与炎症和氧化应激一起调节心血管代谢健康:增加膳食多酚的摄入量可减少氧化应激和炎症,从而降低代谢、内皮和心血管疾病的风险。目前,有关膳食多酚对多囊卵巢综合症及其伴随的心血管代谢紊乱的影响的研究越来越多。目前,有关膳食多酚对多囊卵巢综合症及其伴随的心血管代谢紊乱的影响的研究越来越多。然而,人们对膳食多酚对多囊卵巢综合症及相关心血管代谢紊乱的可能机制还缺乏了解。因此,需要讨论和评估膳食多酚对多囊卵巢综合症和伴随的心血管代谢紊乱的影响的内在机制。因此,本综述旨在揭示膳食多酚对多囊卵巢综合症及相关代谢和心血管风险因素的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
NAD+ Precursors Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Potential Dietary Contribution to Health. NAD+前体烟酰胺单核苷酸(NMN)和烟酰胺核苷(NR):饮食对健康的潜在贡献。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00475-y
Gabriela Fabiana Soares Alegre, Glaucia Maria Pastore

Purpose of review: NAD+ is a vital molecule that takes part as a redox cofactor in several metabolic reactions besides being used as a substrate in important cellular signaling in regulation pathways for energetic, genotoxic, and infectious stress. In stress conditions, NAD+ biosynthesis and levels decrease as well as the activity of consuming enzymes rises. Dietary precursors can promote NAD+ biosynthesis and increase intracellular levels, being a potential strategy for reversing physiological decline and preventing diseases. In this review, we will show the biochemistry and metabolism of NAD+ precursors NR (nicotinamide riboside) and NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), the latest findings on their beneficial physiological effects, their interplay with gut microbiota, and the future perspectives for research in nutrition and food science fields.

Recent findings: NMN and NR demonstrated protect against diabetes, Alzheimer disease, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. They also reverse gut dysbiosis and promote beneficial effects at intestinal and extraintestinal levels. NR and NMN have been found in vegetables, meat, and milk, and microorganisms in fermented beverages can also produce them. NMN and NR can be obtained through the diet either in their free form or as metabolites derivate from the digestion of NAD+. The prospection of NR and NMN to find potential food sources and their dietary contribution in increasing NAD+ levels are still an unexplored field of research. Moreover, it could enable the development of new functional foods and processing strategies to maintain and enhance their physiological benefits, besides the studies of new raw materials for extraction and biotechnological development.

综述目的:NAD+是一种重要的分子,除了在能量、遗传毒性和感染性应激的调节途径中作为重要的细胞信号传导的底物外,还作为氧化还原辅助因子参与多种代谢反应。在应激条件下,NAD+的生物合成和水平下降,消耗酶的活性上升。膳食前体可以促进NAD+的生物合成并增加细胞内水平,是逆转生理衰退和预防疾病的潜在策略。本文将对NAD+前体烟酰胺核苷(NR)和烟酰胺单核苷酸(NMN)的生物化学和代谢、其有益生理作用的最新发现、与肠道微生物群的相互作用以及未来在营养和食品科学领域的研究前景进行综述。最近的研究发现:NMN和NR可预防糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病、内皮功能障碍和炎症。它们还能逆转肠道生态失调,促进肠道和肠外水平的有益作用。在蔬菜、肉类和牛奶中发现了NR和NMN,发酵饮料中的微生物也能产生它们。NMN和NR可以通过日粮以游离形式获得,也可以作为NAD+消化的代谢物获得。利用NR和NMN寻找潜在的食物来源及其在提高NAD+水平中的作用仍是一个未开发的研究领域。此外,除了研究新的提取原料和生物技术开发外,还可以开发新的功能食品和加工策略,以保持和提高其生理效益。
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引用次数: 5
Conceptual Considerations and Methodological Challenges to Measuring Food Acceptance During Infancy. 婴儿期测量食物接受度的概念考虑和方法挑战。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00480-1
Kameron J Moding, Elizabeth I Kielb

Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to (1) present a conceptual definition of infant food acceptance, (2) explore methodological challenges to measuring different components of food acceptance, and (3) provide recommendations for future research on food acceptance during infancy.

Recent findings: Infant food acceptance includes separate but overlapping components: wanting, liking, and consumption. Recent evidence suggests that although these components are often correlated, there is variability in the sensitivity of these measures to detect differences in infants' responses to target foods. To date, consumption and caregiver perceptions of liking have been the primary outcome measures of interest in studies of infant food acceptance. More diverse and precise measures across the three components of infant food acceptance are needed to address a wider scope of research questions, which would in turn strengthen the interpretability and translational potential of research in this area.

综述的目的:本综述的目的是(1)提出婴儿食物接受度的概念定义,(2)探讨测量食物接受度不同组成部分的方法挑战,(3)为婴儿食物接受度的未来研究提供建议。最近的研究发现:婴儿对食物的接受度包括独立但重叠的部分:想要、喜欢和消费。最近的证据表明,尽管这些成分通常是相关的,但在检测婴儿对目标食物的反应差异时,这些措施的灵敏度存在差异。到目前为止,消费和照顾者对喜欢程度的看法一直是婴儿食品接受度研究中感兴趣的主要结果衡量标准。需要对婴儿食品接受度的三个组成部分进行更多样化和精确的测量,以解决更广泛的研究问题,这将反过来加强该领域研究的可解释性和转化潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Dairy Foods: Beneficial Effects of Fermented Products on Cardiometabolic Health. 乳制品:发酵产品对心脏代谢健康的有益影响。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00476-x
Paul J Nestel, Trevor A Mori

Purpose of review: This review of recent observational studies and understanding of the complex nature of dairy foods is intended to reappraise the effects of different types of dairy foods on cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Recent findings: Recent guidelines from major cardiovascular societies suggest that apart from the adverse effect of butter, consumption of more complex dairy products notably fermented varieties and yogurt in particular, appear to be inversely associated with outcomes of CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Reduced fat in dairy food remains preferred for people at increased CVD risk. Changed evidence has led to new advice regarding consumption of some dairy foods. The apparent beneficial effects of fermented milk products, particularly yogurt, allow for increased consumption of nutritious staple foods. Recent national guidelines reflect this view.

综述目的:本文综述了最近的观察性研究和对乳制品复杂性的认识,旨在重新评估不同类型的乳制品对心血管疾病(CVD)的影响。最近的发现:来自主要心血管学会的最新指南表明,除了黄油的不利影响外,食用更复杂的乳制品,特别是发酵品种和酸奶,似乎与心血管疾病和2型糖尿病(T2D)的结局呈负相关。对于心血管疾病风险增加的人来说,乳制品中的脂肪含量降低仍然是首选。证据的改变导致了对某些乳制品消费的新建议。发酵乳制品,特别是酸奶的明显有益效果,允许增加营养主食的消费。最近的国家指南反映了这一观点。
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引用次数: 0
Nutrition and Healthy Aging: A Review. 营养与健康老龄化:综述
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00473-0
Keotshepile Precious Bojang, Varalakshmi Manchana

Purpose of review: The review attempts to highlight various dietary approaches for healthy aging; it examines the current evidence regarding the impact of various dietary components on physiological, cognitive, and functional outcomes in older adults. The aim is to promote nutritional awareness to add to what is currently reported in this field that helps for the needful revisions in the policy and in the current national nutrition strategy to incorporate effective public health communication on nutrition and aging.

Recent findings: The relationship between diet and healthy aging is becoming increasingly clear with recent studies. Consuming a balanced diet that includes nutrient-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, has been linked to a lower risk of chronic diseases and better overall health in older adults. Specific dietary factors that have been found to be beneficial for healthy aging include adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, Okinawa diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and caloric restriction as well as the healthy eating index. Therefore, making dietary changes that promote healthy aging can be an important strategy for maintaining physical and cognitive function and preventing age-related diseases. Adopting a healthy diet in older age can be an effective strategy for maintaining optimal health and function with adequate intake of protein, fiber, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids for better physical function, bone health, muscle strength, cognitive function, and lower risk of chronic diseases and disability.

综述目的:本综述试图强调健康老龄化的各种饮食方法;它检查了目前关于各种饮食成分对老年人生理、认知和功能结果影响的证据。其目的是促进对营养的认识,以补充目前在这一领域的报告,帮助对政策和目前的国家营养战略进行必要的修订,以纳入关于营养和老龄化的有效公共卫生宣传。最新发现:最近的研究表明,饮食和健康老龄化之间的关系越来越清楚。均衡饮食,包括营养丰富的食物,如水果、蔬菜、全谷物、瘦肉蛋白和健康脂肪,可以降低老年人患慢性病的风险,改善老年人的整体健康状况。已发现对健康老龄化有益的特定饮食因素包括坚持地中海式饮食、冲绳饮食、停止高血压的饮食方法(DASH)饮食、热量限制以及健康饮食指数。因此,改变饮食习惯促进健康老龄化可能是维持身体和认知功能以及预防与年龄相关疾病的重要策略。在老年人中采用健康饮食是保持最佳健康和功能的有效策略,摄入足够的蛋白质,纤维,维生素D和omega-3脂肪酸,以改善身体机能,骨骼健康,肌肉力量,认知功能,降低慢性疾病和残疾的风险。
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引用次数: 4
Tools for Nutrition Assessment of Adults with Cerebral Palsy: Development of a Gold Standard. 成人脑瘫患者营养评估工具:金标准的发展。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00485-w
D Expósito, M M Morales-Suarez, J M Soriano, C Soler

Purpose of review: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders caused by non-stabilized cerebral lesions. Individuals with this disorder are at a higher risk of suffering from malnutrition and other related detrimental effects to their quality of life. For this reason, accurate methods of nutritional assessment are vital for people suffering from this condition. While assessment of nutritional status in children with CP has been extensively studied, very few studies have been carried out on adults. These limitations are due to the great anatomical-functional variability characteristic of this syndrome. Difficulties that derive from this variability in adult patients with CP mean that there remains an urgent need for certain standards of nutritional assessment for this population. The objective of this review is to compile the latest trends in nutritional assessment in adults with CP to guide the development of a conceptual framework for future research.

Recent findings: With this aim, relevant studies have been identified. The most commonly used technique to evaluate nutritional status is the BMI because of its ease-of-use. However, its well-known limitations fail to adequately estimate the nutritional status in this population, with measurements of patients with CP yielding results that are much less accurate than those that already exist in the general population. Although more studies are needed, kinanthropometry is considered one of the most reliable techniques; nevertheless, the anatomical limitation characteristic of CP plays a limiting factor.

综述目的:脑瘫(Cerebral paralysis, CP)是一组由不稳定的大脑病变引起的疾病。患有这种疾病的人患营养不良和其他相关有害影响其生活质量的风险更高。因此,准确的营养评估方法对患有这种疾病的人至关重要。虽然对患有CP的儿童的营养状况进行了广泛的研究,但对成人的研究却很少。这些限制是由于该综合征的解剖功能变异性。成年CP患者的这种可变性所带来的困难意味着仍然迫切需要对这一人群进行某些营养评估标准。本综述的目的是汇编成人CP营养评估的最新趋势,以指导未来研究的概念框架的发展。最近的发现:为此目的,相关的研究已经确定。最常用的评估营养状况的技术是BMI,因为它很容易使用。然而,其众所周知的局限性无法充分估计这一人群的营养状况,对CP患者的测量结果远不如对普通人群的测量结果准确。虽然还需要更多的研究,但人体测量被认为是最可靠的技术之一;然而,CP的解剖局限性是一个限制因素。
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引用次数: 0
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