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Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet: What Effects on Lipid Metabolism? 极低热量生酮饮食:对脂质代谢有何影响?
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00556-6
Rosario Suarez, Sebastián Chapela, Natalia Daniela Llobera, Martha Montalván, Celina Andrade Vásquez, Andres Luciano Nicolas Martinuzzi, Christos S Katsanos, Ludovica Verde, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Luigi Barrea, Giovanna Muscogiuri

Purpose of review: This review aims to critically examine how VLCKD affects plasma lipoprotein, lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Cardiovascular disease is a worldwide health problem affecting millions of people and leading to high rates of mortality and morbidity. There is a well-established association between cardiovascular disease and circulating cholesterol. Various dietary recommendations are currently available for the management of dyslipidemia.

Recent findings: The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is becoming increasingly popular as a treatment option for several pathological conditions, including dyslipidemia. In addition to being low in calories, the VLCKD's main feature is its unique calorie distribution, emphasizing a reduction in carbohydrate consumption in favor of fat as the primary calorie source. Lowering calorie intake through a VLCKD can reduce the endogenous production of cholesterol. However, if the foods consumed are from animal sources, dietary cholesterol intake may increase due to the higher fat content of animal products. When combined, these dietary practices may have opposing effects on plasma cholesterol levels. Studies investigating the impact of VLCKD on plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels report contradictory findings. While some studies found an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, others showed a decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

综述目的:本综述旨在批判性地研究 VLCKD 如何影响血浆脂蛋白、脂质和胆固醇代谢。心血管疾病是影响数百万人的世界性健康问题,导致高死亡率和发病率。心血管疾病与循环胆固醇之间存在着公认的联系。目前有各种饮食建议用于治疗血脂异常:极低热量生酮饮食(VLCKD)作为包括血脂异常在内的几种病理状况的治疗方案正变得越来越流行。除了热量低以外,VLCKD 的主要特点是其独特的热量分配,强调减少碳水化合物的摄入,而以脂肪作为主要热量来源。通过 VLCKD 减少热量摄入可以减少胆固醇的内源性生成。但是,如果摄入的食物来自动物,由于动物产品的脂肪含量较高,膳食中胆固醇的摄入量可能会增加。这些饮食习惯结合在一起,可能会对血浆胆固醇水平产生相反的影响。有关 VLCKD 对血浆胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平影响的研究报告结果相互矛盾。一些研究发现低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平上升,而另一些研究则显示总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇下降,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇上升。
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引用次数: 0
A New Nomenclature for the Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD): Very Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT). Ketodiets and Nutraceuticals Expert Panels: "KetoNut", Italian Society of Nutraceuticals (SINut) and the Italian Association of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition (ADI). 极低热量生酮饮食(VLCKD)的新命名:超低能量生酮疗法(VLEKT)。生酮饮食和营养保健品专家小组:"KetoNut"、意大利营养保健品协会 (SINut) 和意大利饮食与临床营养协会 (ADI)。
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00560-w
Luigi Barrea, Massimiliano Caprio, Davide Grassi, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero, Carmela Bagnato, Barbara Paolini, Giovanna Muscogiuri

Purpose of review: In an attempt to clarify the most appropriate nomenclature for the very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD), we propose to change the nomenclature and acronym of this medical nutrition therapy. The new definition and acronym proposed by the "KetoNut" panel of experts of the Italian Society of Nutraceuticals (SINut) and the Italian Association of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition (ADI) is Very Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT).

Recent findings: In the last few years, different authors have focused on the issue of confusion in the nomenclature of ketogenic diets. In detail, have been differentiated the VLCKD that provides < 800 kcal per day, which is intended for the weight loss in the medical treatment of obesity, and a eucaloric ketogenic diet, which contains more calories from fat (predominantly unsaturated) and with specific ketogenic ratios, for allow growth in children while helping, at the same time, to establish epileptic seizure control. In recent years, ketogenic diets have attracted great interest for their efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological diseases but also in patients with overweight and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, although ketogenic diets are a dietary intervention designed to induce nutritional ketosis, different diets with different macronutrients' composition have been called with this name. The confusion in the nomenclature of ketogenic diets may result in significant bias and mistakes in the interpretation of the current scientific evidence.

审查目的:为了明确极低热量生酮饮食(VLCKD)的最恰当术语,我们建议更改这种医学营养疗法的术语和缩写。由意大利营养保健品协会(SINut)和意大利饮食与临床营养协会(ADI)的 "KetoNut "专家小组提出的新定义和缩写是:极低能量生酮疗法(VLEKT):在过去几年中,不同的作者都在关注生酮饮食术语混乱的问题。具体而言,已将 VLCKD 区分为可提供
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引用次数: 0
Nutritional Considerations During Major Weight Loss Therapy: Focus on Optimal Protein and a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern. 主要减肥疗法期间的营养考虑因素:关注最佳蛋白质和低碳水化合物饮食模式。
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00548-6
Jeff S Volek, Madison L Kackley, Alex Buga

Purpose of review: Considering the high prevalence of obesity and related metabolic impairments in the population, the unique role nutrition has in weight loss, reversing metabolic disorders, and maintaining health cannot be overstated. Normal weight and well-being are compatible with varying dietary patterns, but for the last half century there has been a strong emphasis on low-fat, low-saturated fat, high-carbohydrate based approaches. Whereas low-fat dietary patterns can be effective for a subset of individuals, we now have a population where the vast majority of adults have excess adiposity and some degree of metabolic impairment. We are also entering a new era with greater access to bariatric surgery and approval of anti-obesity medications (glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues) that produce substantial weight loss for many people, but there are concerns about disproportionate loss of lean mass and nutritional deficiencies.

Recent findings: No matter the approach used to achieve major weight loss, careful attention to nutritional considerations is necessary. Here, we examine the recent findings regarding the importance of adequate protein to maintain lean mass, the rationale and evidence supporting low-carbohydrate and ketogenic dietary patterns, and the potential benefits of including exercise training in the context of major weight loss. While losing and sustaining weight loss has proven challenging, we are optimistic that application of emerging nutrition science, particularly personalized well-formulated low-carbohydrate dietary patterns that contain adequate protein (1.2 to 2.0 g per kilogram reference weight) and achieve the beneficial metabolic state of euketonemia (circulating ketones 0.5 to 5 mM), is a promising path for many individuals with excess adiposity.

综述的目的:考虑到肥胖症和相关代谢障碍在人群中的高发病率,营养在减轻体重、逆转代谢紊乱和保持健康方面的独特作用怎么强调都不为过。正常体重和健康与不同的饮食模式是相容的,但在过去的半个世纪里,人们一直在大力强调低脂肪、低饱和脂肪、高碳水化合物的饮食模式。虽然低脂饮食模式对一部分人有效,但我们现在的人口中,绝大多数成年人都有过多的脂肪和一定程度的代谢障碍。随着减肥手术的普及和抗肥胖药物(胰高血糖素样肽-1 类似物)的批准,我们也进入了一个新时代:最近的研究结果:无论采用哪种方法来实现体重大幅下降,都有必要对营养问题给予仔细关注。在此,我们将研究有关充足蛋白质对维持瘦体重重要性的最新发现、支持低碳水化合物和生酮饮食模式的理由和证据,以及在大减重过程中加入运动训练的潜在益处。虽然减肥和持续减肥已被证明具有挑战性,但我们乐观地认为,应用新兴的营养科学,特别是个性化的、含有充足蛋白质(每公斤参考体重 1.2 至 2.0 克)和达到有益的生酮血症代谢状态(循环酮体 0.5 至 5 毫摩尔)的、配方完善的低碳水化合物饮食模式,对于许多脂肪过多的人来说是一条充满希望的道路。
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引用次数: 0
Characterising Parent-Appeal Marketing on Foods for Children: A Scoping Review. 儿童食品中家长喜闻乐见的营销特征:范围审查》。
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00559-3
Alexandra Chung, Kostas Hatzikiriakidis, Florentine Martino, Helen Skouteris

Purpose of review: This scoping review examines current evidence on parent-appeal marketing on the front-of-pack of food products for children and the impacts on parents' perceptions, intentions, and behaviours.

Recent findings: Thirteen relevant studies were identified. Marketing features on packages of foods for children that appealed to parents include health claims, nutrition claims, non-nutrient claims such as 'natural', healthy-looking product images, images of healthy ingredients, and celebrity endorsements. At the same time, parents were wary of front-of-pack marketing and find it confusing, deceptive, and misleading. Child-appeal marketing features such as cartoon characters and bright colours gave parents the perception that products were unhealthy. Overall, this scoping review offers important insights into the types of front-of-pack marketing that appeal to parents and offers an inventory of parent-appeal marketing features. These findings support the design and implementation of policies that aim to reduce commercial influences on children's diets through stronger regulation of marketing of foods for children.

综述目的本范围界定综述研究了当前有关儿童食品包装正面的父母吸引力营销以及对父母的看法、意图和行为的影响的证据:最新研究结果:确定了 13 项相关研究。儿童食品包装上吸引家长的营销特征包括健康声明、营养声明、非营养声明(如 "天然")、健康外观的产品图像、健康成分的图像以及名人代言。同时,家长们对包装前的营销也很警惕,认为其具有混淆性、欺骗性和误导性。卡通人物和鲜艳的颜色等吸引儿童的营销特点让家长认为产品不健康。总之,本次范围界定审查提供了关于吸引家长的包装正面营销类型的重要见解,并提供了吸引家长的营销特征清单。这些研究结果为制定和实施相关政策提供了支持,这些政策旨在通过加强对儿童食品营销的监管来减少商业因素对儿童饮食的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Mitochondrial Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle: Impact of Obesity, Caloric Restriction, and Dietary Compounds. 骨骼肌线粒体的适应性:肥胖、热量限制和膳食化合物的影响。
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00555-7
Lauren Jun, Ya-Xiong Tao, Thangiah Geetha, Jeganathan Ramesh Babu

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The global obesity epidemic has become a major public health concern, necessitating comprehensive research into its adverse effects on various tissues within the human body. Among these tissues, skeletal muscle has gained attention due to its susceptibility to obesity-related alterations. Mitochondria are primary source of energy production in the skeletal muscle. Healthy skeletal muscle maintains constant mitochondrial content through continuous cycle of synthesis and degradation. However, obesity has been shown to disrupt this intricate balance. This review summarizes recent findings on the impact of obesity on skeletal muscle mitochondria structure and function. In addition, we summarize the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial quality control systems and how obesity impacts these systems. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent findings show various interventions aimed at mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction in obese model, encompassing strategies including caloric restriction and various dietary compounds. Obesity has deleterious effect on skeletal muscle mitochondria by disrupting mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. Caloric restriction, omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, and other dietary compounds enhance mitochondrial function and present promising therapeutic opportunities.

综述目的:全球肥胖症流行已成为一个重大的公共卫生问题,因此有必要对肥胖症对人体各种组织的不良影响进行全面研究。在这些组织中,骨骼肌因其易受肥胖相关变化的影响而备受关注。线粒体是骨骼肌产生能量的主要来源。健康的骨骼肌通过不断的合成和降解循环维持线粒体含量的恒定。然而,肥胖已被证明会破坏这种错综复杂的平衡。本综述总结了有关肥胖对骨骼肌线粒体结构和功能影响的最新研究成果。此外,我们还总结了线粒体质量控制系统的分子机制以及肥胖如何影响这些系统。最新发现:最近的研究结果表明,各种干预措施旨在减轻肥胖模型中的线粒体功能障碍,包括限制热量摄入和各种膳食化合物。肥胖会破坏线粒体的生物生成和动力学,从而对骨骼肌线粒体产生有害影响。热量限制、欧米茄-3 脂肪酸、白藜芦醇和其他膳食化合物可增强线粒体功能,为治疗带来希望。
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing Plant Flavonoids to Fight Pancreatic Cancer. 利用植物类黄酮对抗胰腺癌。
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00545-9
Chengu Niu, Jing Zhang, Patrick I Okolo

Purpose of review: This review draws on the last fifteen years (2009-2024) of published data to summarize the potential effect of plant flavonoids on pancreatic carcinogenesis and discuss the possible mechanisms of action to establish their applicability as anti-cancer agents.

Recent findings: This review found that the plant flavonoids with anti-pancreatic cancer activity mainly include chalcones, dihydrochalcones, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavonoids, flavonols, isoflavones, and flavanonols. Most of these flavonoids have anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and anti-metastatic properties. Some flavonoids can also regulate autophagy, immune and glucose uptake in the context of pancreatic cancer. Several molecules and signaling pathways are associated with the pharmacological activities of plant flavonoids, including AMP-activated protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3, Smad3, epidermal growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. This review provides strong evidence that plant flavonoids have potential against pancreatic carcinogenesis in experimental animals through various pharmacological mechanisms. They are a promising resource for use as adjuvant anti-cancer therapy. However, randomized controlled clinical trials with those flavonoids are needed.

综述目的:本综述参考了过去十五年(2009-2024 年)发表的数据,总结了植物类黄酮对胰腺癌发生的潜在影响,并讨论了其可能的作用机制,以确定其作为抗癌剂的适用性:该综述发现,具有抗胰腺癌活性的植物类黄酮主要包括查耳酮、二氢查耳酮、黄烷醇、黄烷酮、黄酮、异黄酮、黄酮醇、异黄酮和黄烷壬醇。这些类黄酮大多具有抗增殖、促凋亡、抑制细胞周期、抗血管生成、抗炎、抗上皮-间质转化和抗转移等特性。某些类黄酮还能调节胰腺癌的自噬、免疫和葡萄糖摄取。有几种分子和信号通路与植物黄酮的药理活性有关,包括 AMP 活化蛋白激酶、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶 B、核因子-κB、信号转导和转录激活因子 3、Smad3、表皮生长因子受体和血管内皮生长因子。本综述提供了强有力的证据,证明植物黄酮类化合物具有通过各种药理机制抑制实验动物胰腺癌发生的潜力。它们是一种很有希望用作辅助抗癌疗法的资源。不过,还需要对这些类黄酮进行随机对照临床试验。
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引用次数: 0
Amazonian Fruits for Treatment of Non-Communicable Diseases. 亚马逊水果治疗非传染性疾病。
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00553-9
Ligia Soares Lima, Marcia Ribeiro, Ludmila F M F Cardozo, Nara Xavier Moreira, Anderson Junger Teodoro, Peter Stenvinkel, Denise Mafra

Purpose of review: The Amazon region has a high biodiversity of flora, with an elevated variety of fruits, such as Camu-Camu (Myrciaria dúbia), Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum and Astrocaryum vulgare), Fruta-do-conde (Annona squamosa L.), Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), Graviola (Annona muricata L.), Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis), and Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), among many others, that are rich in phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins with prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.

Recent findings: Studies evaluating the chemical composition of these fruits have observed a high content of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Such components are associated with significant biological effects in treating various non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and related complications. Regular intake of these fruits from Amazonas emerges as a potential therapeutic approach to preventing and treating NCDs as a nutritional strategy to reduce the incidence or mitigate common complications in these patients, which are the leading global causes of death. As studies remain largely unexplored, this narrative review discusses the possible health-beneficial effects for patients with NCDs.

审查目的:亚马逊地区的植物具有高度的生物多样性,水果种类繁多,如 Camu-Camu(Myrciaria dúbia)、Açaí(Euterpe oleracea Mart.)、Tucumã(Astrocaryum aculeatum 和 Astrocaryum vulgare)、Fruta-do-conde(Annona squamosa L.这些水果富含植物化学物质、矿物质和维生素,具有显著的抗氧化和消炎潜力:最近的研究结果:对这些水果的化学成分进行评估的研究发现,它们含有大量营养成分和生物活性化合物。这些成分在治疗各种非传染性疾病(NCD)和相关并发症方面具有显著的生物效应。作为一种营养策略,定期摄入亚马逊河流域的这些水果成为预防和治疗非传染性疾病的一种潜在治疗方法,可降低这些患者的发病率或减轻其常见并发症,而这些并发症是导致全球死亡的主要原因。由于相关研究在很大程度上仍未得到探讨,本综述将讨论对非传染性疾病患者可能产生的健康益处。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Phytochemicals on Type 2 Diabetes via MicroRNAs. 植物化学物质通过微RNA对2型糖尿病的影响
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00549-5
Dilek Sivri, Makbule Gezmen-Karadağ

Purpose of review: Type 2 diabetes, characterized by inadequate insulin secretion and resistance, is increasingly prevalent. To effectively manage type 2 diabetes, identifying new therapeutic targets is crucial. MicroRNAs, short noncoding RNA molecules, play a pivotal role in regulating β-cell function, insulin production, and resistance, and show promise as biomarkers for predicting type 2 diabetes onset. Phytochemicals, known for their antioxidant activities, may influence microRNA expression, potentially improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating associated complications. This review aims to explore the significance of microRNA in type 2 diabetes, their potential as biomarkers, and how certain phytochemicals may modulate microRNA expressions to reduce or prevent diabetes and its complications.

Recent findings: Current research suggests that microRNAs show promise as novel therapeutic biomarkers for diagnosing type 2 diabetes and monitoring diabetic complications. Additionally, phytochemicals may regulate microRNAs to control type 2 diabetes, presenting a potential therapeutic strategy. The multifactorial effects of phytochemicals on type 2 diabetes and its complications through microRNAs warrant further research to elucidate their mechanisms. Comprehensive clinical trials are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of phytochemicals and their combinations. Given their ability to modulate microRNAs expression, incorporating phytochemical-rich foods into the diet may be beneficial.

回顾的目的:以胰岛素分泌不足和抵抗为特征的 2 型糖尿病越来越普遍。要有效控制 2 型糖尿病,确定新的治疗靶点至关重要。微小核糖核酸(MicroRNA)是一种非编码 RNA 短分子,在调节 β 细胞功能、胰岛素分泌和抵抗力方面发挥着关键作用,有望成为预测 2 型糖尿病发病的生物标志物。以抗氧化活性著称的植物化学物质可能会影响微RNA的表达,从而改善胰岛素敏感性并减轻相关并发症。本综述旨在探讨微RNA在2型糖尿病中的重要性、其作为生物标志物的潜力,以及某些植物化学物质如何调节微RNA的表达以减少或预防糖尿病及其并发症:目前的研究表明,微RNA有望成为诊断2型糖尿病和监测糖尿病并发症的新型治疗生物标志物。此外,植物营养素可调节微RNA,从而控制2型糖尿病,这也是一种潜在的治疗策略。植物营养素通过微RNA对2型糖尿病及其并发症的多因素影响值得进一步研究,以阐明其机制。需要进行全面的临床试验,以评估植物营养素及其组合的安全性和有效性。鉴于植物化学物质能够调节微RNAs的表达,在饮食中添加富含植物化学物质的食物可能会对人体有益。
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引用次数: 0
Cholesterol and Immune Microenvironment: Path Towards Tumorigenesis. 胆固醇与免疫微环境:通往肿瘤发生之路。
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00542-y
Eslam E Saad, Rachel Michel, Mostafa A Borahay

Purpose of review: Since obesity is a major risk factor for many different types of cancer, examining one of the most closely associated comorbidities, such as hypercholesterolemia, is crucial to understanding how obesity causes cancer. Hypercholesterolemia is usually associated with many cardiovascular complications such as hypertension, angina, and atherosclerosis. In addition, cholesterol may be a major factor in increasing cancer risk. Cancer patients who received statins, an anti-hypercholesteremic medicine, demonstrated improved prognosis possibly through its effect on tumor proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Cholesterol could also aid in tumor progression through reprogramming tumor immunological architecture and mediators. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory role of cholesterol on cellular and molecular levels, which may explain its oncogenic driving activity. We look at how cholesterol modulates tumor immune cells like dendritic cells, T cells, Tregs, and neutrophils. Further, this study sheds light on the modification of the expression pattern of the common cancer-related immune mediators in the tumor immune microenvironment, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-23, and forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3).

Recent findings: We highlight relevant literature demonstrating cholesterol's immunosuppressive role, leading to a worse cancer prognosis. This review invites further research regarding the pathobiological role of cholesterol in many obesity-related cancers such as uterine fibroids, post-menopausal breast, colorectal, endometrial, kidney, esophageal, pancreatic, liver, and gallbladder cancers. This review suggests that targeting cholesterol synthesis may be a fruitful approach to cancer targeting, in addition to traditional chemotherapeutics.

综述的目的:由于肥胖是许多不同类型癌症的主要风险因素,因此研究与肥胖密切相关的合并症之一,如高胆固醇血症,对于了解肥胖如何导致癌症至关重要。高胆固醇血症通常与许多心血管并发症有关,如高血压、心绞痛和动脉粥样硬化。此外,胆固醇可能是增加癌症风险的主要因素。接受他汀类药物(一种抗高胆固醇血症药物)治疗的癌症患者的预后有所改善,这可能是由于他汀类药物对肿瘤增殖、细胞凋亡和氧化应激的影响。胆固醇还可以通过重编程肿瘤免疫结构和介质来帮助肿瘤进展。本综述重点探讨胆固醇在细胞和分子水平上的免疫调节作用,这可能解释了胆固醇的致癌驱动活性。我们研究了胆固醇如何调节树突状细胞、T 细胞、Tregs 和中性粒细胞等肿瘤免疫细胞。此外,这项研究还揭示了肿瘤免疫微环境中常见癌症相关免疫介质表达模式的改变,如程序性细胞死亡1(PD-1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原-4(CTLA-4)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、白细胞介素12(IL-12)、IL-23和叉头盒蛋白P3(FOXP3):我们重点介绍了证明胆固醇具有免疫抑制作用、导致癌症预后恶化的相关文献。本综述希望进一步研究胆固醇在子宫肌瘤、绝经后乳腺癌、结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、肾癌、食管癌、胰腺癌、肝癌和胆囊癌等多种肥胖相关癌症中的病理生物学作用。这篇综述表明,除传统的化疗药物外,靶向胆固醇合成可能是一种富有成效的癌症靶向治疗方法。
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引用次数: 0
Managing Micronutrient Deficiencies in High-Risk Patients: No Small Feat! 管理高危患者的微量营养素缺乏症:非同小可!
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00552-w
Ethan Steele, David Liu, Endashaw Omer

Purpose of review: Micronutrients are vital dietary components for growth and development. Adequate intake of vitamins and minerals through diet is crucial for proper biomolecular and cellular functioning. Many developed countries supplement foods and micronutrient deficiencies are less common. However, many disease states impair micronutrient absorption, metabolism, and excretion. Thus, early recognition of the signs and symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies is critical for providers to improve quality of life and prevent complications in high-risk patients. This article reviews the basic function of micronutrients, recognizes the symptoms of each micronutrient deficiency, provides natural sources of intake, and discusses the diagnosis and supplementation of each micronutrient. High risk patients based on disease state for each micronutrient is discussed. In addition, Bariatric patients are a specific group at high risk of micronutrient deficiency and their management and supplementation for treatment is also covered.

Recent findings: Micronutrients play a vital role in antioxidant defense, especially in critically ill patients, due to an increase in oxidative stress. Early intervention with high-dose supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc and selenium may have beneficial effects. Micronutrients deficiency remains an issue for patients in the developed world. Providers should recognize patients who are at high risk for micronutrients deficiencies and provide proper screening and prompt supplementation after diagnosis to prevent complications of micronutrient deficiencies.

审查目的:微量营养素是生长和发育的重要膳食成分。通过饮食摄入充足的维生素和矿物质对生物分子和细胞的正常功能至关重要。许多发达国家补充食物,微量营养素缺乏症并不常见。然而,许多疾病都会影响微量营养素的吸收、代谢和排泄。因此,及早识别微量营养素缺乏的症状和体征对于医疗服务提供者提高高危患者的生活质量和预防并发症至关重要。本文回顾了微量营养素的基本功能,认识了每种微量营养素缺乏的症状,提供了摄入微量营养素的天然来源,并讨论了每种微量营养素的诊断和补充。还讨论了基于疾病状态的高危患者对每种微量营养素的需求。此外,减肥患者也是微量营养素缺乏的高危人群,该书还介绍了他们的管理和补充治疗方法:最近的研究结果:由于氧化应激的增加,微量营养素在抗氧化防御中发挥着至关重要的作用,尤其是在重症患者中。通过大剂量补充维生素 C、维生素 E、锌和硒进行早期干预可能会产生有益的效果。微量营养素缺乏仍然是发达国家患者面临的一个问题。医疗服务提供者应识别微量营养素缺乏症的高危人群,并在确诊后提供适当的筛查和及时补充,以预防微量营养素缺乏症的并发症。
{"title":"Managing Micronutrient Deficiencies in High-Risk Patients: No Small Feat!","authors":"Ethan Steele, David Liu, Endashaw Omer","doi":"10.1007/s13668-024-00552-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13668-024-00552-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Micronutrients are vital dietary components for growth and development. Adequate intake of vitamins and minerals through diet is crucial for proper biomolecular and cellular functioning. Many developed countries supplement foods and micronutrient deficiencies are less common. However, many disease states impair micronutrient absorption, metabolism, and excretion. Thus, early recognition of the signs and symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies is critical for providers to improve quality of life and prevent complications in high-risk patients. This article reviews the basic function of micronutrients, recognizes the symptoms of each micronutrient deficiency, provides natural sources of intake, and discusses the diagnosis and supplementation of each micronutrient. High risk patients based on disease state for each micronutrient is discussed. In addition, Bariatric patients are a specific group at high risk of micronutrient deficiency and their management and supplementation for treatment is also covered.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Micronutrients play a vital role in antioxidant defense, especially in critically ill patients, due to an increase in oxidative stress. Early intervention with high-dose supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc and selenium may have beneficial effects. Micronutrients deficiency remains an issue for patients in the developed world. Providers should recognize patients who are at high risk for micronutrients deficiencies and provide proper screening and prompt supplementation after diagnosis to prevent complications of micronutrient deficiencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10844,"journal":{"name":"Current Nutrition Reports","volume":" ","pages":"668-678"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141491195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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Current Nutrition Reports
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