Crop Science最新文献_第9页

Drought response of zoysiagrass with varying leaf texture under progressive deficit irrigation 在渐进式亏缺灌溉条件下不同叶质的紫花苜蓿对干旱的响应

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21324

Meghyn Meeks, Ambika Chandra

Improving drought resistance in Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is a target for both private and public breeding programs. The performance of 26 elite experimental zoysiagrasses was compared under progressive drought stress with Palisades, Diamond, and Zeon. Environmental conditions were warmer and drier in 2020 (66 days) than 2021 (45 days). Irrigation was applied once weekly using potential evapotranspiration (ETo) rates and crop coefficients (Kc) of 0.6 (non‐stress), or 0.40, 0.30, and 0.25 deficit treatments. Turfgrass quality, leaf wilt, normalized difference vegetative index, normalized difference red edge, and volumetric water content were recorded weekly. Genotypes with the highest means (statistical “a” group) contributed to a turfgrass performance index (TPI). Elite zoysiagrass with TPI ≥ Palisades (19) were Zoysia japonica Steud. ecotypes DALZ 1311 (22), 1601 (19), and 1603 (21), and finer textured interspecific hybrids, DALZ 1701 (18), 1713 (26), 1714 (18), and 1801 (24). Relative to an irrigation schedule using a 0.6 Kc, these genotypes survived extreme deficit irrigation, which conserved 40.1% (45,859.6 L) and 66.4% (44, 592.2 L) of water in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrated that significant water consumption could be reduced with proper cultivar selection and deficit‐based irrigation management while maintaining an acceptable turfgrass quality under drought conditions.

提高紫草（Zoysia spp.）的抗旱性是私人和公共育种计划的目标。在渐进式干旱胁迫下，将 26 种精英实验用紫草的表现与 Palisades、Diamond 和 Zeon 进行了比较。2020 年（66 天）的环境条件比 2021 年（45 天）更温暖、更干燥。采用潜在蒸散（ETo）率和作物系数（Kc）为 0.6（无胁迫）或 0.40、0.30 和 0.25 的赤字处理，每周灌溉一次。每周记录草坪质量、叶片萎蔫、归一化植被指数差异、归一化红边差异和体积含水量。平均值最高的基因型（统计 "a "组）可获得草坪草性能指数（TPI）。生态型 DALZ 1311（22）、1601（19）和 1603（21），以及纹理较细的种间杂交种 DALZ 1701（18）、1713（26）、1714（18）和 1801（24）。相对于使用 0.6 Kc 的灌溉计划，这些基因型在 2020 年和 2021 年的极端亏缺灌溉中分别节水 40.1%（45,859.6 升）和 66.4%（44,592.2 升）。总之，该研究表明，在干旱条件下，通过适当的品种选择和亏缺灌溉管理，可以减少大量耗水，同时保持可接受的草坪质量。

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引用次数: 0

Interactive effects of water deficit and nitrogen deficiency on photosynthesis, its underlying component processes, and carbon loss processes in cotton 缺水和缺氮对棉花光合作用、其基本组成过程和碳损失过程的交互影响

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21328

Ved Parkash, John L. Snider, Gurpreet Virk

Drought stress and nitrogen (N) deficiency are important abiotic stresses that severely limit net photosynthetic rate (A_N). A number of studies have investigated the underlying physiological limitations to A_N in response to water deficit or N deficiency; however, the relative sensitivities of photosynthetic component processes and carbon loss processes to combined drought and N deficiency in field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have not been explored. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of combined water deficit and nitrogen deficiency on the underlying physiological processes driving A_N in field-grown cotton. Water-deficit stress caused substantial reductions in A_N, but reductions in A_N were greater under optimum N conditions (74%) than under N deficiency (22%). Decreased CO₂ diffusion, RuBP regeneration, and Rubisco carboxylation were major contributors to a decline in A_N due to water-deficit stress. Reductions in Rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration were the greatest drivers of N deficiency-induced decline in A_N. Lower CO₂ diffusion and Rubisco carboxylation were main constraints to A_N due to combined water deficit and N deficiency. Regarding carbon loss processes, both dark respiration and photorespiration under water-deficit stress or N deficiency, and only photorespiration under combined water deficit and N deficiency, contributed to declines in A_N. Increased non-photochemical quenching and/or photorespiration prevented photoinhibition of photosystem II under stress conditions. Overall, response of photosynthesis to water-deficit stress was dependent on N availability, and rate-limiting physiological processes contributing to declines in A_N were dependent on the type of prevailing stress.

干旱胁迫和氮（N）缺乏是严重限制净光合速率（AN）的重要非生物胁迫。许多研究已经调查了缺水或缺氮对净光合速率的潜在生理限制；然而，对于田间种植的棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.），光合组分过程和碳损失过程对干旱和缺氮的相对敏感性尚未进行探讨。因此，本研究的目的是确定缺水和缺氮对田间生长的棉花驱动 AN 的基本生理过程的影响。缺水胁迫导致 AN 显著降低，但在最适氮条件下 AN 的降低幅度（74%）大于缺氮条件下（22%）。二氧化碳扩散、RuBP 再生和 Rubisco 羧化的减少是缺水胁迫导致 AN 下降的主要原因。Rubisco 羧化和 RuBP 再生的减少是缺氮引起 AN 下降的最大驱动因素。二氧化碳扩散和Rubisco羧化降低是缺水和缺氮共同导致的AN下降的主要制约因素。在碳损失过程中，缺水胁迫或缺氮条件下的暗呼吸和光呼吸都会导致AN的下降，而只有在缺水和缺氮条件下的光呼吸才会导致AN的下降。非光化学淬灭和/或光蒸腾的增加防止了光系统 II 在胁迫条件下的光抑制。总之，光合作用对缺水胁迫的响应取决于氮的供应情况，导致 AN 下降的限速生理过程取决于当前胁迫的类型。

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引用次数: 0

Plant breeding simulations with AlphaSimR 利用 AlphaSimR 进行植物育种模拟

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21312

Jon Bančič, Philip Greenspoon, R. Chris Gaynor, Gregor Gorjanc

Plant breeding plays a crucial role in the development of high-performing crop varieties that meet the demands of society. Emerging breeding techniques offer the potential to improve the precision and efficiency of plant breeding programs; however, their optimal implementation requires refinement of existing breeding programs or the design of new ones. Stochastic simulations are a cost-effective solution for testing and optimizing new breeding strategies. The aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to stochastic simulation with software AlphaSimR for plant breeding students, researchers, and experienced breeders. We present an overview of how to use the software and provide an introductory AlphaSimR vignette as well as complete AlphaSimR scripts of breeding programs for self-pollinated, clonal, and hybrid crops, including relevant breeding techniques, such as backcrossing, speed breeding, genomic selection, index selection, and others. Our objective is to provide a foundation for understanding and utilizing simulation software, enabling readers to adapt the provided scripts for their own use or even develop completely new plant breeding programs. By incorporating simulation software into plant breeding education and practice, the next generation of plant breeders will have a valuable tool in their quest to provide sustainable and nutritious food sources for a growing population.

植物育种在开发满足社会需求的高性能作物品种方面发挥着至关重要的作用。新兴的育种技术为提高植物育种计划的精确性和效率提供了潜力；然而，这些技术的优化实施需要对现有育种计划进行改进或设计新的育种计划。随机模拟是测试和优化新育种策略的一种经济有效的解决方案。本文旨在向植物育种专业的学生、研究人员和经验丰富的育种人员介绍使用 AlphaSimR 软件进行随机模拟的方法。我们概述了如何使用该软件，并提供了 AlphaSimR 的入门小节以及自花授粉、克隆和杂交作物育种程序的完整 AlphaSimR 脚本，包括回交、快速育种、基因组选择、指数选择等相关育种技术。我们的目标是为理解和使用模拟软件奠定基础，使读者能够根据自己的需要调整所提供的脚本，甚至开发全新的植物育种程序。通过将模拟软件纳入植物育种教育和实践，下一代植物育种家将拥有一个宝贵的工具，为不断增长的人口提供可持续的营养食品来源。

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引用次数: 0

Variability in predicted deleterious mutations among barley accessions conserved ex situ 原地保存的大麦品种中预测的有害突变的差异性

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21325

Yong-Bi Fu

Understanding the genetic cost for long-term conservation of more than 7 million plant germplasm accessions in 1750 genebanks worldwide requires knowledge about the extent and variation of deleterious mutations within and among conserved germplasm collections. Our recent study revealed a wide range of mutations predicted to be deleterious to gene function and averaged sample-wise mutation burden per deleterious locus across barley, wheat, oat, soybean, maize, rapa, and sunflower germplasm collections. Here we report the extent and variation of predicted deleterious mutations among nine accessions of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) collection from an RNA-Seq analysis of 16 individual samples of each accession. The assayed accessions were found to vary significantly in the number and proportion of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predicted to be deleterious mutations (ranging from 242 to 314 with a mean of 270 and from 0.00073 to 0.00099 with a mean of 0.00086, respectively). Similarly, a significant variation was also observed in the averaged sample-wise mutation burden estimates per deleterious locus, ranging from 0.541 to 0.747 with a mean of 0.681. Cultivar accessions had higher averages in the proportions of the predicted deleterious SNPs and in the averaged sample-wise mutation burden estimates than landrace accessions (0.00090 vs. 0.00082 and 0.695 vs. 0.663, respectively). The estimates of deleterious base-substitution mutations (×10⁻⁸) for the nine accessions varied from 0.313 to 0.406 with a mean of 0.349. These within-collection findings are useful for understanding the genetic cost in conserved germplasm and have implications for long-term germplasm management and conservation.

要了解全球 1750 个基因库中 700 多万份植物种质长期保存所需的遗传成本，就必须了解保存的种质集合内部和之间有害突变的程度和变化。我们最近的研究揭示了预测对基因功能有害的多种突变，并对大麦、小麦、燕麦、大豆、玉米、芸苔属植物和向日葵种质库中每个有害基因座的突变负担进行了取样平均。在此，我们报告了对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）种质资源库中的九个品种进行 RNA-Seq 分析后发现的有害突变的程度和差异。结果发现，被预测为有害突变的单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）在数量和比例上存在显著差异（分别从 242 个到 314 个不等，平均为 270 个；从 0.00073 个到 0.00099 个不等，平均为 0.00086 个）。同样，每个有害基因座的平均样本突变负荷估计值也有很大差异，从 0.541 到 0.747 不等，平均值为 0.681。在预测的有害 SNP 比例和平均样本突变负荷估计值方面，栽培品种的平均值高于陆地栽培品种（分别为 0.00090 对 0.00082 和 0.695 对 0.663）。九个品种的有害碱基替换突变估计值（×10-8）从 0.313 到 0.406 不等，平均值为 0.349。这些收集范围内的研究结果有助于了解保存种质的遗传成本，并对长期种质管理和保护具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of intercropping with Fenlong tillage “145” mode on ratoon sugarcane photosynthesis, growth, and yield 间作与凤龙耕作 "145 "模式对甘蔗光合作用、生长和产量的影响

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21316

Weicong Zeng, Ruiling Li, Zhigang Li, Benhui Wei, Shuifang Zhu, Haiwei Chu, Chenjie Lan, Ruchuan Li, Shijian Han, Suli Li

Soil compaction and resource competition are bottlenecks in the improvement of sugarcane productivity in intercropping systems. Fenlong tillage improves crop yields by alleviating soil compaction and ensuring water supply. Wide-narrow rows are an effective solution for light competition. An efficient intercropping system with Fenlong tillage technology as the core needs to be constructed. A two-cycle field study was conducted to investigate the effects of planting methods [sole ratoon sugarcane (S) and ratoon sugarcane-soybean intercropping (I)] combined with tillage [conventional rotary tillage (RT), Fenlong tillage “145” mode (FL145)] on soil physical characteristics, photosynthesis, and growth of ratoon sugarcane, as well as crop yields. For the ratoon sugarcane, compared to RT-I, FL145-I decreased bulk density and increased porosity in the 0–40 cm soil layer. Root growth parameters were improved under FL145-I in the 0–20 cm soil layer. FL145-I positively affected the stomatal conductance, causing increases in the net photosynthetic and transpiration rates. The increased leaf area index, chlorophyll relative content, and photosynthesis under FL145-I caused higher dry matter accumulation. The increased single stalk weight under FL145-I resulted in 17.13%–22.55% higher stalk yield with similar quality. Intercropping under the wide-narrow row planting pattern had no negative effects on the growth and stalk yield of ratoon sugarcane. For the soybean, compared to RT-I, the increased 100-seed weight under FL145-I resulted in 11.14% higher seed yield with similar quality. Therefore, FL145-I presents a promising and novel management practice for sustainably increasing ratoon sugarcane productivity in China.

土壤板结和资源竞争是间作系统中提高甘蔗产量的瓶颈。丰隆耕作可减轻土壤板结，确保水分供应，从而提高作物产量。宽窄行可以有效解决光照竞争问题。需要构建一个以奋龙耕作技术为核心的高效间作系统。通过两个周期的田间研究，考察了种植方法[单独种植甘蔗（S）和甘蔗-大豆间作（I）]结合耕作[常规旋耕（RT）、汾龙耕作 "145 "模式（FL145）]对土壤物理特性、光合作用、甘蔗生长以及作物产量的影响。与 RT-I 相比，FL145-I 降低了 0-40 厘米土层的容重，增加了孔隙度。在 FL145-I 的作用下，0-20 厘米土层的根系生长参数得到改善。FL145-I 对气孔导度产生了积极影响，从而提高了净光合速率和蒸腾速率。在 FL145-I 条件下，叶面积指数、叶绿素相对含量和光合作用增加，导致干物质积累增加。在 FL145-I 条件下，单株茎秆重量增加，茎秆产量提高了 17.13%-22.55%，且质量相似。宽窄行种植模式下的间作对甘蔗的生长和茎秆产量没有负面影响。在大豆方面，与 RT-I 相比，FL145-I 增加的 100 粒种子重量使种子产量提高了 11.14%，且质量相近。因此，FL145-I 是一种有前景的新型管理方法，可持续提高中国的甘蔗产量。

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引用次数: 0

QTL mapping of preharvest sprouting resistance in bread wheat population SHA3/CBRD by Naxos confirms a negative effect of the 1BL.1RS translocation on falling number 纳克索斯公司在面包小麦群体 SHA3/CBRD 中绘制的收获前发芽抗性 QTL 图谱证实了 1BL.1RS 易位对落粒数的负面影响

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21320

Most Champa Begum, Tatiana Belova, Jon Arne Dieseth, Ennian Yang, Ellen Færgestad Mosleth, Anne Kjersti Uhlen, Morten Lillemo

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is a serious problem in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production areas with rainy harvest conditions. To explore the genetic control of PHS resistance, a population of 166 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between SHA3/CBRD and Naxos was evaluated in a total of eight field trials in Norway and China. PHS resistance was evaluated with both germination index (GI) and falling number (FN). A total of 15 PHS‐related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected at chromosome arms 1RS, 2DL, 3BL, 4AL, 4BS, and 7BL. At 2DL and 3BL, QTLs for both GI and FN were detected in proximity to each other with PHS resistance from SHA3/CBRD, indicating a common genetic control of the two traits at these loci. At 4AL, a significant QTL for GI was detected with seed dormancy contributed by Naxos. Moreover, the Rht‐B1b dwarfing allele contributed by SHA3/CBRD showed a positive association with FN. On the other hand, QFN.nmbu‐1RS, carried by the 1BL.1RS translocation in SHA3/CBRD showed consistent negative effects on FN across all field trials where FN was measured. However, it did not have any notable effect on GI. The negative effect of QFN.nmbu‐1RS on FN was validated on a set of 113 wheat cultivars and breeding lines, where lines carrying the 1BL.1RS translocation showed significantly lower FN in 12 out of 14 independent field trials. The QTL and associated markers identified in this study will aid the breeding of more PHS‐resistant wheat cultivars.

收获前发芽（PHS）是多雨收获条件下小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）产区的一个严重问题。为了探索PHS抗性的遗传控制，在挪威和中国共进行了八次田间试验，对来自SHA3/CBRD和Naxos杂交的166个重组近交系群体进行了评估。对PHS抗性的评估包括发芽指数（GI）和落叶数（FN）。在染色体臂1RS、2DL、3BL、4AL、4BS和7BL上共检测到15个与PHS相关的数量性状位点（QTL）。在 2DL 和 3BL 上，检测到 GI 和 FN 的 QTL 与 SHA3/CBRD 的 PHS 抗性相邻，表明这两个位点对这两个性状有共同的遗传控制。在 4AL 上，检测到了一个显著的 GI QTL，该 QTL 与 Naxos 所贡献的种子休眠有关。此外，由 SHA3/CBRD 产生的 Rht-B1b 矮化等位基因与 FN 呈正相关。另一方面，由 SHA3/CBRD 中的 1BL.1RS 易位所携带的 QFN.nmbu-1RS 在所有测定 FN 的田间试验中都表现出一致的负效应。但是，它对 GI 没有明显影响。QFN.nmbu-1RS对FN的负面影响在一组113个小麦栽培品种和育种品系中得到了验证，在14个独立的田间试验中，携带1BL.1RS易位的品系在12个试验中表现出明显较低的FN。本研究确定的 QTL 和相关标记将有助于培育出更多的抗 PHS 的小麦栽培品种。

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引用次数: 0

Root phenotyping and plant breeding of crops for enhanced ecosystem services 根系表型分析和作物育种，以增强生态系统服务功能

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21315

Alexandra J. Griffin, Jacob M. Jungers, Prabin Bajgain

Diversifying and perennializing cropping systems can increase productivity while supporting ecosystem services such as soil protection, nutrient retention, and greenhouse gas mitigation. New crops can help achieve these goals, and advanced computational tools allow plant breeders to rapidly domesticate new crops and select for many traits that support both ecosystem services and profitable production. Intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host.) Barkworth. & D.R. Dewey; IWG] is a cool‐season perennial grass undergoing domestication to function as a perennial grain crop. Key aboveground domestication traits have been improved to support economically viable yields using genomic selection. However, few studies have quantified belowground traits despite their potential role in conferring ecosystem services. We present a platform for using minirhizotron cameras and machine learning software to analyze rhizotron images for inclusion in genomic selection models. The strength and direction of pairwise correlations between traits were variable with correlation coefficients (r) ranging from −0.27 to 0.99. Grain yield was positively, although weakly, correlated with total root length, area, and volume (r = 0.21, 0.21, and 0.19, respectively). Estimates of narrow sense heritabilities ranged from 0.41 to 0.76 for all traits and 0.46 to 0.66 for root traits. Root trait predictions using a genomic prediction model, measured by correlating model‐predicted values and field‐observed values, ranged from 0.08 to 0.23. Aboveground traits were better predicted (0.17 < r < 0.33). Simply selecting for aboveground traits could result in populations with desirable root traits, but our results demonstrate the potential for genomic selection to aid in advancing populations with specific root traits important for ecosystem services.

作物种植系统的多样化和多年生化可提高生产力，同时支持生态系统服务，如土壤保护、养分保持和温室气体减排。新作物有助于实现这些目标，而先进的计算工具使植物育种人员能够快速驯化新作物，并筛选出许多既能支持生态系统服务又能提高生产利润的性状。中间麦草（Thinopyrum intermedium (Host.) Barkworth.通过基因组选育，地上部分的关键驯化性状得到了改善，以支持经济上可行的产量。然而，尽管地下性状在提供生态系统服务方面具有潜在作用，但很少有研究对其进行量化。我们介绍了一个使用微型根瘤照相机和机器学习软件分析根瘤图像的平台，以便将其纳入基因组选择模型。性状之间成对相关性的强度和方向各不相同，相关系数（r）从-0.27 到 0.99 不等。谷物产量与总根长、面积和体积呈弱正相关（r 分别为 0.21、0.21 和 0.19）。所有性状的狭义遗传力估计值为 0.41 至 0.76，根系性状的狭义遗传力估计值为 0.46 至 0.66。使用基因组预测模型对根系性状进行预测，通过模型预测值与田间观察值的相关性来衡量，预测值在 0.08 至 0.23 之间。地上部性状的预测结果更好（0.17 < r < 0.33）。简单地选择地上部性状可能会产生具有理想根系性状的种群，但我们的结果表明，基因组选择有可能帮助提高具有对生态系统服务非常重要的特定根系性状的种群。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainability of athletic field turf comparing organic and synthetic practices under two heights of cut 田径场草皮的可持续性：在两种裁剪高度下有机草皮和合成草皮的比较

IF 2.3 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21317

William M. Dest, J. Scott Ebdon

Long‐term comparisons over several years between organic and synthetic management are lacking in sports turf research. Our objective was to investigate playing surface qualities and soil properties over an 8‐year period. For this trial, Kentucky bluegrass (KBG, Poa pratensis L.) sod was established and annually inter‐seeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and KBG. Factors included height of cut (3.2 and 6.4 cm) and management systems (MSs; synthetic and organic) with three replicates. Synthetic practices included chemical fertilizers and pesticides, while the organic system used hand‐weeding and biological fertilizers (leaf compost and naturally derived organics) with biological controls. In all years, wear was simulated in the fall using a slip‐wear machine and evaluated for playing qualities including visual wear tolerance, ball bounce (BB), surface hardness, and traction. Soil properties were evaluated in some years including pH, soil organic matter (SOM), soil bulk density, soil aggregate stability (SAG), and soil available P. Both MS received the same total N of 196 kg ha−1 year−1 but P applied varied with the MS (synthetic, 7.6 kg ha−1 year−1; organic, 23.2 kg ha−1 year−1). Synthetic practices provided acceptable visual wear tolerance (1–9, ≥6 acceptable) in 4 of 8 years compared to only 1 year for organic practices. Shorter cut grass (3.2 cm) consistently provided better visual wear tolerance (average = 5.6), harder surfaces (average = 51 g), and higher BB (average = 35.8%) consistent with accepted player standards. Synthetic practices afforded better tolerance to wear compared to organic practices in 5 of 8 years but little difference was observed in the other surface properties. Organic practices were consistently above 6.0 in soil pH (higher by 12%), 20% higher in soil available P, 25% higher in SOM, and with lower soil bulk density. SAG was higher following 8 years of simulated traffic by the last year of the test under organic practices. Results suggest competing benefits with synthetic practices affording better wear tolerance while organic practices promote better soil health.

在运动草坪研究中，缺乏对有机草坪和人工合成草坪进行长达数年的长期比较。我们的目标是调查 8 年间比赛场地的质量和土壤特性。在这项试验中，种植了肯塔基蓝草（KBG，Poa pratensis L.）草皮，并每年与多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）和 KBG 混播。影响因素包括割草高度（3.2 厘米和 6.4 厘米）和管理系统（MS；合成和有机），共设三个重复。人工合成方法包括化肥和杀虫剂，而有机系统则使用人工除草和生物肥料（叶堆肥和天然有机物）以及生物防治。所有年份都在秋季使用滑动磨损机模拟磨损情况，并对比赛质量进行评估，包括视觉磨损容忍度、球反弹（BB）、表面硬度和牵引力。在某些年份，还对土壤特性进行了评估，包括 pH 值、土壤有机质 (SOM)、土壤容重、土壤集料稳定性 (SAG) 和土壤可利用钾。两种 MS 的总氮用量相同，均为 196 千克/公顷-年-1，但所施用的钾随 MS 而异（合成法为 7.6 千克/公顷-年-1；有机法为 23.2 千克/公顷-年-1）。合成方法在 8 年中有 4 年提供了可接受的视觉耐磨性（1-9，≥6 可接受），而有机方法只有 1 年提供了可接受的视觉耐磨性。较短的剪草长度（3.2 厘米）一直能提供更好的视觉耐磨性（平均 = 5.6）、更硬的表面（平均 = 51 克）和更高的 BB 值（平均 = 35.8%），符合公认的球员标准。在 8 年中的 5 年里，合成草坪的耐磨性要好于有机草坪，但在其他表面特性方面几乎没有差别。有机耕作法的土壤 pH 值始终高于 6.0（高出 12%），土壤可利用磷高出 20%，SOM 高出 25%，土壤容重较低。在 8 年的模拟交通试验中，有机耕作法最后一年的 SAG 值较高。结果表明，合成方法具有更强的耐磨性，而有机方法则能促进土壤健康，两者优势互补。

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引用次数: 0

Comparison of population photosynthesis characteristics and grain yield of wheat under various sowing dates and seeding rates 不同播种期和播种率下小麦群体光合作用特征和谷物产量的比较

IF 2 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21323

Ying Liu, Wei Cai, Kuanyu Zhu, Yunji Xu, Weilu Wang, Hao Zhang, Junfei Gu, Zhiqin Wang, Lijun Liu, Jianhua Zhang, Weiyang Zhang, Jianchang Yang

This study investigated the effects of sowing dates and seeding rates on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates—early sowing date (SD-E), normal sowing date (SD-N), and delay sowing date (SD-D)—and three seeding rates—90 low seeding rate (SR-L), 108 moderate seeding rate (SR-M), and high seeding rate 126 kg ha⁻¹ (SR-H). The results revealed that the grain yield at SR-L in the SD-E regime, SR-M in the SD-N regime, and SR-H in the SD-D regime was increased by 7.48%–9.93%, 14.1%–16.7%, and 19.0%–41.6%, respectively, compared to other combinations under the same sowing date. Consistent with the yield performance, the aboveground biomass accumulation, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) accumulation in stems, and NSC remobilization amount from anthesis to maturity were the highest at SR-L in the SD-E, at SR-M in the SD-N, or at SR-H in the SD-D regime, among other treatment combinations. Improved canopy photosynthetic characteristics (i.e., leaf area index, leaf photosynthetic rate, canopy photosynthetically active radiation interception rate, and radiation use efficiency) were also observed at the SR-M in the SD-N or at SR-H in the SD-D regime. Collectively, a suitable sowing date combined with an optimum seeding rate could enhance grain yield, and increasing the seeding rate could mitigate the yield loss when sowing was delayed by optimizing traits photosynthesis in wheat.

本研究调查了播种日期和播种率对小麦光合特性和谷物产量的影响。田间试验采用三个播种期--早播期（SD-E）、正常播种期（SD-N）和延迟播种期（SD-D）--和三种播种率--90 低播种率（SR-L）、108 中等播种率（SR-M）和 126 kg ha-1 高播种率（SR-H）。结果表明，在相同播种期下，与其他组合相比，SD-E 制的 SR-L、SD-N 制的 SR-M 和 SD-D 制的 SR-H 谷物产量分别增加了 7.48%-9.93%、14.1%-16.7% 和 19.0%-41.6%。与产量表现一致的是，在其他处理组合中，SD-E 中的 SR-L、SD-N 中的 SR-M 和 SD-D 中的 SR-H 的地上生物量积累、茎秆中非结构碳水化合物（NSC）积累以及从开花期到成熟期的 NSC 再动员量最高。在SD-N的SR-M或SD-D制度的SR-H条件下，冠层光合特性（即叶面积指数、叶片光合速率、冠层光合有效辐射截获率和辐射利用效率）也有所改善。总之，合适的播种期与最佳播种率相结合可提高谷物产量，而提高播种率则可通过优化小麦性状光合作用来减轻延迟播种造成的产量损失。

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引用次数: 0

Genetic mapping and QTL analysis of multigenic resistance to powdery mildew (Podosphaera macularis) in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) 啤酒花（Humulus lupulus L.）对白粉病（Podosphaera macularis）多基因抗性的遗传图谱和 QTL 分析

IF 2 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY

Crop Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.21310

John A. Henning, Michele S. Wiseman, David H. Gent, Lillian K. Padgitt-Cobb, Reginald Appiah-Kubi, David A. Hendrix

Hop powdery mildew (PM) (Podosphaera macularis) causes substantial losses if left uncontrolled. Most resistant hop cultivars possess qualitative resistance based on R-genes. One cultivar, Comet, has uncharacterized resistance that may be polygenic. This study focused on identifying genomic regions controlling PM resistance in Comet and ascertaining putative genetic mechanisms behind such resistance. A cross between Comet and susceptible male, USDA 64035M, was made. Offspring were screened for resistance under greenhouse conditions and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. Genome-wide analysis using mixed linear model analysis along with quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using either composite interval mapping or stepwise regression analyses was performed to identify QTLs. All analyses identified a region on chromosome 6 covering positions 308–314 Mb on the physical map. Analysis of the putative genes within this region identified 140 genes with 27 plant resistance-like genes found in nine clusters. Six sulfur-rich protein genes with homology to patatins, thionins, and agglutinins were identified in two clusters. Two glucan-endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase genes were identified bordering different R-gene clusters. Finally, putative upregulators of transcription and stress-response genes were identified. The 10 most highly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms for PM resistance were subsequently developed as KASP markers. The combination of R-gene clusters, sulfur-rich proteins, endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase genes, and stress-response genes may be responsible for resistance to PM in the cultivar Comet.

酒花白粉病（PM）（Podosphaera macularis）如果不加以控制，会造成重大损失。大多数抗性酒花栽培品种都具有基于 R 基因的定性抗性。一种名为 Comet 的栽培品种的抗性尚未定性，可能是多基因抗性。这项研究的重点是确定控制 Comet 的 PM 抗性的基因组区域，并确定这种抗性背后的潜在遗传机制。研究人员用 Comet 与易感雄性 USDA 64035M 进行杂交。在温室条件下对后代进行抗性筛选，并使用基因分型测序法进行基因分型。使用混合线性模型分析进行全基因组分析，同时使用复合间隔图谱或逐步回归分析进行定量性状位点（QTL）分析，以确定 QTLs。所有分析都确定了 6 号染色体上的一个区域，覆盖物理图谱上 308-314 Mb 的位置。对该区域内的推定基因进行分析，发现了 140 个基因，其中 27 个植物抗性类基因分布在 9 个群组中。在两个基因簇中发现了与拍蛋白、硫蛋白和凝集素蛋白同源的 6 个富硫蛋白基因。在不同的 R 基因簇中发现了两个葡聚糖-内多-1,3-beta-葡萄糖苷酶基因。最后，确定了转录和应激反应基因的假定上调因子。与 PM 抗性关联度最高的 10 个单核苷酸多态性随后被开发为 KASP 标记。R基因簇、富硫蛋白、内-1,3-beta-葡萄糖苷酶基因和胁迫反应基因的组合可能是彗星栽培品种对 PM 产生抗性的原因。

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引用次数: 0