Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102812
Hee-Kyung Ahn , Jonathan D.G. Jones , Guanghao Guo
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) can be defined as immune responses activated upon specific recognition of a pathogen effector protein by its cognate plant immune receptor protein. This classic gene-for-gene model of the interaction of one pathogen effector, also known as an Avirulence (Avr) gene, with one plant immune receptor gene, known as a Resistance (R) gene has been documented since the 1950s. Since then, different types of recognition that deviate from the gene-for-gene model, for example, immune receptor pairs and immune receptor networks, have been identified. In addition, while many R genes encode NLR (nucleotide binding, leucine rich repeat) proteins, R genes that encode only parts of NLR domains, and non-NLR encoding R genes such as tandem kinases have been identified, broadening the immune receptor repertoire in plants. In recent years, there have been significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of NLR intracellular immune receptors in plants, including how they are inhibited, activated, and regulated. This review covers recent developments in ETI initiation mechanisms and in plant NLR biology.
{"title":"Variations on a theme: Non-canonical mechanisms of effector-triggered immunity","authors":"Hee-Kyung Ahn , Jonathan D.G. Jones , Guanghao Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) can be defined as immune responses activated upon specific recognition of a pathogen effector protein by its cognate plant immune receptor protein. This classic gene-for-gene model of the interaction of one pathogen effector, also known as an <em>Avirulence</em> (<em>Avr</em>) gene, with one plant immune receptor gene, known as a <em>Resistance</em> (<em>R</em>) gene has been documented since the 1950s. Since then, different types of recognition that deviate from the gene-for-gene model, for example, immune receptor pairs and immune receptor networks, have been identified. In addition, while many <em>R</em> genes encode NLR (nucleotide binding, leucine rich repeat) proteins, <em>R</em> genes that encode only parts of NLR domains, and non-NLR encoding <em>R</em> genes such as tandem kinases have been identified, broadening the immune receptor repertoire in plants. In recent years, there have been significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of NLR intracellular immune receptors in plants, including how they are inhibited, activated, and regulated. This review covers recent developments in ETI initiation mechanisms and in plant NLR biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102812"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102814
Dohwan Byun , Sang-jun Park , Kyuha Choi
In plants, meiotic crossovers preferentially occur near and within genes, reshuffling preexisting genetic variation from parental genomes and thereby generating diversity in offspring. However, crossovers are generally limited to one to three per chromosome pair, tend to be widely spaced, and are rare in heterochromatic pericentromeric regions. These constraints on crossover number and distribution limit the genetic variation available for crop improvement and hinder the fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Unleashing meiotic crossovers has, therefore, become a key objective in plant genetics and breeding. Here, we review recent findings on pro- and anti-crossover factors that regulate crossover numbers, along with epigenetic mechanisms that suppress pericentromeric crossover recombination. We then explore genetic strategies to manipulate these regulators to maximize crossovers in both chromosomal arms and pericentromeric regions. Finally, we consider the implications of substantially elevating crossover frequency for enhancing QTL mapping resolution and accelerating plant breeding.
{"title":"Meiotic recombination and advances in quantitative trait locus mapping","authors":"Dohwan Byun , Sang-jun Park , Kyuha Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In plants, meiotic crossovers preferentially occur near and within genes, reshuffling preexisting genetic variation from parental genomes and thereby generating diversity in offspring. However, crossovers are generally limited to one to three per chromosome pair, tend to be widely spaced, and are rare in heterochromatic pericentromeric regions. These constraints on crossover number and distribution limit the genetic variation available for crop improvement and hinder the fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Unleashing meiotic crossovers has, therefore, become a key objective in plant genetics and breeding. Here, we review recent findings on pro- and anti-crossover factors that regulate crossover numbers, along with epigenetic mechanisms that suppress pericentromeric crossover recombination. We then explore genetic strategies to manipulate these regulators to maximize crossovers in both chromosomal arms and pericentromeric regions. Finally, we consider the implications of substantially elevating crossover frequency for enhancing QTL mapping resolution and accelerating plant breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102814"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102808
Lea Sophie Berg , Michael Thomas Raissig
Grass stomata provide an exemplary model of how form can improve functionality and promote the success of a plant family. The four-celled grass stomata are composed of dumbbell-shaped guard cells, each flanked by a single parallel subsidiary cell–arguably the most derived and fastest stomatal morphotype. The grasses' breathing pores develop in a strictly linear gradient within a stereotypically patterned epidermis, making it a highly accessible and spatiotemporally predictable developmental study system. Here, we highlight our current understanding of how vein-associated establishment of stomatal identity, tightly regulated asymmetric and symmetric cell division programs and extraordinary morphogenetic processes orchestrate the development of these uniquely shaped graminoid stomata. The innovative geometry and cellular composition of grass stomata have been repeatedly linked to rapid stomatal opening and closing kinetics, thus contributing to the grasses’ water-use-efficient photosynthesis. Therefore, besides revealing fundamental aspects of plant development and plant cell biology, the dissection of the developmental processes forming grass stomata can also highlight strategies to engineer stomatal morphology for improved plant-atmosphere gas exchange.
{"title":"Stomatal patterning and development in grasses","authors":"Lea Sophie Berg , Michael Thomas Raissig","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grass stomata provide an exemplary model of how form can improve functionality and promote the success of a plant family. The four-celled grass stomata are composed of dumbbell-shaped guard cells, each flanked by a single parallel subsidiary cell–arguably the most derived and fastest stomatal morphotype. The grasses' breathing pores develop in a strictly linear gradient within a stereotypically patterned epidermis, making it a highly accessible and spatiotemporally predictable developmental study system. Here, we highlight our current understanding of how vein-associated establishment of stomatal identity, tightly regulated asymmetric and symmetric cell division programs and extraordinary morphogenetic processes orchestrate the development of these uniquely shaped graminoid stomata. The innovative geometry and cellular composition of grass stomata have been repeatedly linked to rapid stomatal opening and closing kinetics, thus contributing to the grasses’ water-use-efficient photosynthesis. Therefore, besides revealing fundamental aspects of plant development and plant cell biology, the dissection of the developmental processes forming grass stomata can also highlight strategies to engineer stomatal morphology for improved plant-atmosphere gas exchange.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102808"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102810
Jason Gardiner
In plants, altering the accessibility to DNA through chromatin modification is a key component of transcriptome regulation, crucial for normal development and environmental response. In recent years, our understanding of how and why plants engineer their chromatin has greatly improved, leading to strategies that now enable us to engineer chromatin through both targeted and non-targeted approaches. Although new and improved systems for chromatin engineering are continually emerging, it is evident that developing a diverse toolbox of strategies to tackle various unique challenges is necessary. This review outlines different methods for non-targeted and targeted chromatin engineering, enabling the manipulation of the transcriptome through chromatin engineering. It also discusses particular challenges in the field of chromatin engineering in plants and offers a brief outlook on potential future directions.
{"title":"Engineering chromatin and transcriptome regulation in plants: Strategies, challenges, and outlook","authors":"Jason Gardiner","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In plants, altering the accessibility to DNA through chromatin modification is a key component of transcriptome regulation, crucial for normal development and environmental response. In recent years, our understanding of how and why plants engineer their chromatin has greatly improved, leading to strategies that now enable us to engineer chromatin through both targeted and non-targeted approaches. Although new and improved systems for chromatin engineering are continually emerging, it is evident that developing a diverse toolbox of strategies to tackle various unique challenges is necessary. This review outlines different methods for non-targeted and targeted chromatin engineering, enabling the manipulation of the transcriptome through chromatin engineering. It also discusses particular challenges in the field of chromatin engineering in plants and offers a brief outlook on potential future directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102810"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102809
Cassandra Maranas, Jennifer L. Nemhauser
Across all biological life, cells in the same environment, with exposure to the same signals and cues exhibit differences in gene expression patterns. This phenomenon is deemed noise and it has long been a question whether it serves a functional role. In plants, recent advances indicate that noise enables many cell fate decisions and thus triggers organogenesis. Additionally, evidence suggests that noise allows organisms to adapt to dynamic environmental conditions and stressors. Given these recent findings and the increasing pressures of climate change on agriculture, efforts to understand the sources and effects of noise are crucial for future projects in engineering resilient, adaptable crops. In this review, we discuss how plants manage noisy gene expression, in some cases buffering and in some cases amplifying natural transcriptional noise. We also discuss the downstream implications of cell to cell heterogeneity on developmental outcomes and robustness. We describe recent progress in this area and present the possibility of using gene expression variability as an engineering target.
{"title":"Building resilience by cultivating difference: A role for noise in development","authors":"Cassandra Maranas, Jennifer L. Nemhauser","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Across all biological life, cells in the same environment, with exposure to the same signals and cues exhibit differences in gene expression patterns. This phenomenon is deemed noise and it has long been a question whether it serves a functional role. In plants, recent advances indicate that noise enables many cell fate decisions and thus triggers organogenesis. Additionally, evidence suggests that noise allows organisms to adapt to dynamic environmental conditions and stressors. Given these recent findings and the increasing pressures of climate change on agriculture, efforts to understand the sources and effects of noise are crucial for future projects in engineering resilient, adaptable crops. In this review, we discuss how plants manage noisy gene expression, in some cases buffering and in some cases amplifying natural transcriptional noise. We also discuss the downstream implications of cell to cell heterogeneity on developmental outcomes and robustness. We describe recent progress in this area and present the possibility of using gene expression variability as an engineering target.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102809"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102799
Mauricio A. Reynoso
Protein synthesis can contribute to plant cell signaling at multiple regulatory levels. Recent studies have expanded the conditions that are directly impacted by translational regulation. This control can balance responses to developmental, environmental, and diverse stress stimuli. Processes with evidence of translational regulation include: immunity to bacterial pathogens, symbiotic interactions, abiotic responses, hormonal perception, light-dependent metabolism, and developmental programs for lateral root initiation, root hair growth, and sepal initiation. Translational control modes rely on the sequence and secondary structure of mRNAs due to the presence of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and/or internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), protein-binding regions or structures, and the decoding of the epitranscriptomic mRNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine, N4-acetylcytidine or pseudouridine. In addition, the post-translational modification of ribosomal proteins and eukaryotic initiation factors such as eIF4G, eIFiso4G, eIF2, as well as changes in ribosome protein composition contribute to translational control. These factors, mRNAs, regulatory proteins and other RNAs can be confined by the formation of biomolecular condensates such as stress granules, processing bodies and others, resulting in paths that modulate translation both globally and specifically. The covered topics place translation as a hub for cell responses during development and within the environmental context. Current understanding of translation has allowed the development of applications in crops, reinforcing the relevance of the study of translational control in plants.
{"title":"Update on translational control modes in plant cell signaling","authors":"Mauricio A. Reynoso","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protein synthesis can contribute to plant cell signaling at multiple regulatory levels. Recent studies have expanded the conditions that are directly impacted by translational regulation. This control can balance responses to developmental, environmental, and diverse stress stimuli. Processes with evidence of translational regulation include: immunity to bacterial pathogens, symbiotic interactions, abiotic responses, hormonal perception, light-dependent metabolism, and developmental programs for lateral root initiation, root hair growth, and sepal initiation. Translational control modes rely on the sequence and secondary structure of mRNAs due to the presence of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and/or internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), protein-binding regions or structures, and the decoding of the epitranscriptomic mRNA modifications such as N<sup>6</sup>-methyladenosine, N<sup>4</sup>-acetylcytidine or pseudouridine. In addition, the post-translational modification of ribosomal proteins and eukaryotic initiation factors such as eIF4G, eIFiso4G, eIF2, as well as changes in ribosome protein composition contribute to translational control. These factors, mRNAs, regulatory proteins and other RNAs can be confined by the formation of biomolecular condensates such as stress granules, processing bodies and others, resulting in paths that modulate translation both globally and specifically. The covered topics place translation as a hub for cell responses during development and within the environmental context. Current understanding of translation has allowed the development of applications in crops, reinforcing the relevance of the study of translational control in plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102799"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102765
Daniel Maddock, Michelle T Hulin
Bacterial phytopathogens are major causal agents of newly emerging plant diseases. The roles of both agricultural practices and the alteration of bacterial genomic content are well understood in the evolution of novel pathogens. However, translating this knowledge into effective tools for the comparison, prediction and understanding of current outbreaks remains challenging. To be pathogenic bacteria must be able to avoid plant immune responses, colonize host tissue and cause disease. Recent advances in both sequencing technologies and imaging techniques have provided fascinating insights into how bacterial interactions with each other and mobile genetic elements play a role in virulence evolution. This review explores these interactions, with a focus on the role of mobile genetic elements in plant pathogen evolution. Special consideration is given to how recent technologies can be applied to allow the observation of these interactions in the field and the future directions required to integrate these tools in field-based monitoring to further understand and enhance early management practices.
{"title":"From genes to epidemics: Genomic insights into bacterial plant pathogen emergence.","authors":"Daniel Maddock, Michelle T Hulin","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial phytopathogens are major causal agents of newly emerging plant diseases. The roles of both agricultural practices and the alteration of bacterial genomic content are well understood in the evolution of novel pathogens. However, translating this knowledge into effective tools for the comparison, prediction and understanding of current outbreaks remains challenging. To be pathogenic bacteria must be able to avoid plant immune responses, colonize host tissue and cause disease. Recent advances in both sequencing technologies and imaging techniques have provided fascinating insights into how bacterial interactions with each other and mobile genetic elements play a role in virulence evolution. This review explores these interactions, with a focus on the role of mobile genetic elements in plant pathogen evolution. Special consideration is given to how recent technologies can be applied to allow the observation of these interactions in the field and the future directions required to integrate these tools in field-based monitoring to further understand and enhance early management practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"87 ","pages":"102765"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102801
Hyung-Woo Jeon , Yujeong Lim , Jong Hum Kim
As the climate crisis intensifies, finding strategies to mitigate its cascading effects is now a pressing global priority for both scientists and policymakers. In agriculture and ecology, a key first step is to understand how changing environmental conditions affect plant–microbe interactions, especially given the knowledge gap between findings from controlled experiments and those from field studies. In this review, we highlight known fluctuations in host factors that mediate interactions with surrounding microorganisms under changing climate conditions and discuss potential future directions to alleviate the impacts of climate changes.
{"title":"Plant trait variation shapes plant–microbe interactions in changing climate","authors":"Hyung-Woo Jeon , Yujeong Lim , Jong Hum Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the climate crisis intensifies, finding strategies to mitigate its cascading effects is now a pressing global priority for both scientists and policymakers. In agriculture and ecology, a key first step is to understand how changing environmental conditions affect plant–microbe interactions, especially given the knowledge gap between findings from controlled experiments and those from field studies. In this review, we highlight known fluctuations in host factors that mediate interactions with surrounding microorganisms under changing climate conditions and discuss potential future directions to alleviate the impacts of climate changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102801"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102791
Ryan E. Martinez, Katherine A. Klimpel, Michael Busche, Jacob O. Brunkard
Ribosomes are essential cellular machines that translate genetic information into functional proteins. Ribosomes require massive nutrient investments, accounting for as much as 50 % of organic phosphorus and 25 % of organic nitrogen in leaves. Optimizing ribosome levels could therefore reduce crop plant fertilizer requirements, an urgent goal for agricultural sustainability. Disruptions to ribosome biogenesis often cause surprising developmental defects, however, and there is substantial confusion and debate among plant geneticists about how to interpret mutant phenotypes caused by defective ribosomes. Here, we propose to adopt the conceptual framework of “ribosomopathies”, human disorders caused by defects in ribosome biogenesis, to better appreciate why some plant developmental processes are more sensitive to ribosome levels than others. We argue that understanding plant ribosomopathies as a broad class of mutants that affect ribosome homeostasis, rather than a series of distinct cases impacting specialized, heterogeneous ribosomes, will encourage productive mechanistic studies of specific ribosome-sensitive developmental processes that could be engineered to circumvent the deleterious effects of restricting ribosome availability.
{"title":"Plant ribosomopathies: New insights and a critical re-evaluation of ribosomal protein gene mutants in plants","authors":"Ryan E. Martinez, Katherine A. Klimpel, Michael Busche, Jacob O. Brunkard","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ribosomes are essential cellular machines that translate genetic information into functional proteins. Ribosomes require massive nutrient investments, accounting for as much as 50 % of organic phosphorus and 25 % of organic nitrogen in leaves. Optimizing ribosome levels could therefore reduce crop plant fertilizer requirements, an urgent goal for agricultural sustainability. Disruptions to ribosome biogenesis often cause surprising developmental defects, however, and there is substantial confusion and debate among plant geneticists about how to interpret mutant phenotypes caused by defective ribosomes. Here, we propose to adopt the conceptual framework of “ribosomopathies”, human disorders caused by defects in ribosome biogenesis, to better appreciate why some plant developmental processes are more sensitive to ribosome levels than others. We argue that understanding plant ribosomopathies as a broad class of mutants that affect ribosome homeostasis, rather than a series of distinct cases impacting specialized, heterogeneous ribosomes, will encourage productive mechanistic studies of specific ribosome-sensitive developmental processes that could be engineered to circumvent the deleterious effects of restricting ribosome availability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102791"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102800
Jessy Silva , Diana Moreira , Maria João Ferreira , Ana Marta Pereira , Luís Gustavo Pereira , Sílvia Coimbra
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated cell wall proteins essential for plant growth and reproduction. AGPs are extensively decorated with arabinogalactan polysaccharides, composed primarily of arabinose and galactose, along with minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. Their glycosylation patterns and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor enable interactions with receptors, modulating signal transduction pathways critical for reproduction. AGPs also associate with cell wall components like pectin and hemicellulose, impacting cellulose deposition and cell wall integrity. Recent research highlights AGPs' role as calcium (Ca2+) capacitors, regulating Ca2+ storage and release during crucial reproductive stages. Despite significant progress, their precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we explore the multifaceted roles of AGPs in plant reproduction, shedding light on the recent progress in their involvement in signalling pathways, cell wall interactions, and Ca2+ homeostasis, while highlighting the ongoing research needed to fully understand their mechanisms in reproductive success.
{"title":"Arabinogalactan proteins: Decoding the multifaceted roles in plant reproduction","authors":"Jessy Silva , Diana Moreira , Maria João Ferreira , Ana Marta Pereira , Luís Gustavo Pereira , Sílvia Coimbra","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated cell wall proteins essential for plant growth and reproduction. AGPs are extensively decorated with arabinogalactan polysaccharides, composed primarily of arabinose and galactose, along with minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. Their glycosylation patterns and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor enable interactions with receptors, modulating signal transduction pathways critical for reproduction. AGPs also associate with cell wall components like pectin and hemicellulose, impacting cellulose deposition and cell wall integrity. Recent research highlights AGPs' role as calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) capacitors, regulating Ca<sup>2+</sup> storage and release during crucial reproductive stages. Despite significant progress, their precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we explore the multifaceted roles of AGPs in plant reproduction, shedding light on the recent progress in their involvement in signalling pathways, cell wall interactions, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis, while highlighting the ongoing research needed to fully understand their mechanisms in reproductive success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102800"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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