Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102786
Suxin Xiao, Lingxiao Luo, Minqi Yang, Hang He, Yue Zhou
Recent studies have demonstrated that fine-scale chromatin architectures, including topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromatin loops, play critical roles in plant growth and development. Advanced technologies with increased resolution and reduced sequencing costs have provided more detailed interaction information, enabling the identification of additional chromatin loops and their associated biological processes. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the technologies that have been successfully applied in plants, followed by a detailed description of KNOT, fountain, TAD and chromatin loop. At the same time, some regulators associated with three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architectures are also discussed to understand the regulation of 3D chromatin architecture in plants. Furthermore, this review offers directions of 3D chromatin architecture in plants in terms of both technological developments and scientific mechanisms.
{"title":"Fine-scale 3D chromatin architectures and their regulatory mechanisms in plants","authors":"Suxin Xiao, Lingxiao Luo, Minqi Yang, Hang He, Yue Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies have demonstrated that fine-scale chromatin architectures, including topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromatin loops, play critical roles in plant growth and development. Advanced technologies with increased resolution and reduced sequencing costs have provided more detailed interaction information, enabling the identification of additional chromatin loops and their associated biological processes. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the technologies that have been successfully applied in plants, followed by a detailed description of KNOT, fountain, TAD and chromatin loop. At the same time, some regulators associated with three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architectures are also discussed to understand the regulation of 3D chromatin architecture in plants. Furthermore, this review offers directions of 3D chromatin architecture in plants in terms of both technological developments and scientific mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102786"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102784
Yiting He , Lin Xu , Qikun Liu
Plants exhibit remarkable regenerative capacities, enabling tissue repair, de novo organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis in response to mechanical injury or phytohormone induction. At the cellular level, this process is driven by the establishment of pluripotency and cell fate specification, regulated through dynamic epigenomic remodeling. Emerging studies have begun to unravel the intricate regulatory circuits governing regeneration in a cell-type- and lineage-specific manner. In this short review, we synthesize key findings from interconnected studies, exploring potential common mechanisms underlying the epigenetic regulation of plant regeneration. We also highlight promising research directions, emerging tools, and innovative strategies to investigate plant regeneration epigenetics at single-cell and single-cell-type resolution. These technological advances will provide critical insights into plant cell fate determination, the fundamental process governing regeneration.
{"title":"The cellular epigenetic blueprint of plant regeneration","authors":"Yiting He , Lin Xu , Qikun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants exhibit remarkable regenerative capacities, enabling tissue repair, <em>de novo</em> organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis in response to mechanical injury or phytohormone induction. At the cellular level, this process is driven by the establishment of pluripotency and cell fate specification, regulated through dynamic epigenomic remodeling. Emerging studies have begun to unravel the intricate regulatory circuits governing regeneration in a cell-type- and lineage-specific manner. In this short review, we synthesize key findings from interconnected studies, exploring potential common mechanisms underlying the epigenetic regulation of plant regeneration. We also highlight promising research directions, emerging tools, and innovative strategies to investigate plant regeneration epigenetics at single-cell and single-cell-type resolution. These technological advances will provide critical insights into plant cell fate determination, the fundamental process governing regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102784"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102785
Ya Min
Early floral meristem (FM) patterning is one of the most intensively studied developmental programs in plants. While extensive work has uncovered the molecular networks underlying key processes such as organ initiation and identity specification, integrating this knowledge into a comprehensive framework remains challenging. Organ initiation is governed by auxin-mediated positioning and boundary formation, whereas organ identity is determined by the combinatorial activities of ABCE-class transcription factors. These processes have often been studied in isolation, even though proper flower development requires their coordination in space and time. This review synthesizes current insights into early floral organ initiation and identity determination, and potential molecular links bridging these two programs. I also discuss persistent gaps in our understanding, the challenges in addressing these knowledge gaps, and how emerging tools can help disentangle the complex crosstalk between initiation and identity, ultimately advancing a more integrated view of the regulatory networks that pattern the early FM.
{"title":"Position and identity, two separable but inseparable processes in floral meristem patterning","authors":"Ya Min","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early floral meristem (FM) patterning is one of the most intensively studied developmental programs in plants. While extensive work has uncovered the molecular networks underlying key processes such as organ initiation and identity specification, integrating this knowledge into a comprehensive framework remains challenging. Organ initiation is governed by auxin-mediated positioning and boundary formation, whereas organ identity is determined by the combinatorial activities of ABCE-class transcription factors. These processes have often been studied in isolation, even though proper flower development requires their coordination in space and time. This review synthesizes current insights into early floral organ initiation and identity determination, and potential molecular links bridging these two programs. I also discuss persistent gaps in our understanding, the challenges in addressing these knowledge gaps, and how emerging tools can help disentangle the complex crosstalk between initiation and identity, ultimately advancing a more integrated view of the regulatory networks that pattern the early FM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102785"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102783
Ahamed Khan, Biswajit Ghosh, Daniel Schubert
Epigenetic regulators are multiprotein complexes that modify chromatin architecture to control gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues. These complexes function in a highly coordinated manner, often collaborating with various accessory proteins to precisely regulate the dynamic nature of chromatin states. However, our understanding of how these core histone-modifying regulators co-evolved with accessory proteins during plant evolution remains limited. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the evolution of major histone modification regulators, with a focus on Polycomb group complexes and their associated accessory proteins. We discuss how accessory proteins have evolved to modulate the activity of conserved core components, supporting key innovations during plant evolution. Lastly, we highlight the role of accessory proteins in mediating crosstalk between histone-modifying complexes, emerging as key evolutionary factors that shape the epigenetic landscape and influence plant development and environmental adaptation.
{"title":"Interplay between Polycomb-group associated histone modifiers and accessory proteins in plant evolution","authors":"Ahamed Khan, Biswajit Ghosh, Daniel Schubert","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epigenetic regulators are multiprotein complexes that modify chromatin architecture to control gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues. These complexes function in a highly coordinated manner, often collaborating with various accessory proteins to precisely regulate the dynamic nature of chromatin states. However, our understanding of how these core histone-modifying regulators co-evolved with accessory proteins during plant evolution remains limited. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the evolution of major histone modification regulators, with a focus on Polycomb group complexes and their associated accessory proteins. We discuss how accessory proteins have evolved to modulate the activity of conserved core components, supporting key innovations during plant evolution. Lastly, we highlight the role of accessory proteins in mediating crosstalk between histone-modifying complexes, emerging as key evolutionary factors that shape the epigenetic landscape and influence plant development and environmental adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102783"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102781
Hwi Seong Jeon , Eunjeong Jang , Ohkmae K. Park
Autophagy is a highly conserved trafficking pathway that mediates selective degradation of intracellular components via the vacuole or lysosome. Although its roles in cellular homeostasis and stress adaptation are well characterized, the specific functions of autophagy in plant immunity remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence reveals that autophagy dynamically modulates plant immune responses, contributing to both resistance and susceptibility to a broad spectrum of pathogens. In this review, we explore recent advances in understanding the multifaceted roles of autophagy in plant immunity, with an emphasis on its mechanistic contributions to plant–microbe interactions.
{"title":"The multifaceted roles of autophagy in plant immunity","authors":"Hwi Seong Jeon , Eunjeong Jang , Ohkmae K. Park","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autophagy is a highly conserved trafficking pathway that mediates selective degradation of intracellular components via the vacuole or lysosome. Although its roles in cellular homeostasis and stress adaptation are well characterized, the specific functions of autophagy in plant immunity remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence reveals that autophagy dynamically modulates plant immune responses, contributing to both resistance and susceptibility to a broad spectrum of pathogens. In this review, we explore recent advances in understanding the multifaceted roles of autophagy in plant immunity, with an emphasis on its mechanistic contributions to plant–microbe interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102781"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102782
Sarah Lederer , Anja Liese , Justin Lee , Tina Romeis
Calcium (Ca2+) signalling plays a central role in plant immunity, as underscored by recent findings showing that many disease resistance mechanisms result in formation of Ca2+-permeable pores, and that optogenetic activation of Ca2+ influx is sufficient to trigger immune responses. This review emphasizes on Ca2+ decoding, i.e. how diverse intracellular proteins interpret Ca2+ signals to drive cellular reactions. States of “Ca2+ responsiveness” — defined by the distinct sensitivities of various decoders and additional sensitization mechanisms — contribute to the regulation of immunity, possibly including the mutual potentiation of pattern- and effector-triggered immunity pathways. Additionally, the “PRIMER-bystander” model of immune signalling is interpreted within this decoding framework. Here, infected cells are proposed to enter a primed (PRIMER) immune state through strong Ca2+ signals derived from resistosome pores, while adjacent bystander cells respond to spreading signalling molecules from their neighbours. Through this spatial arrangement, coordination is achieved between cell-autonomous (autocrine) responses and non-autonomous (paracrine or endocrine) signalling, allowing robust immune propagation across plant tissues. By framing plant immunity through this Ca2+ “sense and sensitivity” paradigm, insights are provided into immune system robustness, and potential targets may be identified for future development of disease-resistant, climate-resilient crops.
{"title":"Sense and sensitivity - decoding calcium signalling across cellular, autocrine, paracrine and endocrine pathways in plant resilience","authors":"Sarah Lederer , Anja Liese , Justin Lee , Tina Romeis","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) signalling plays a central role in plant immunity, as underscored by recent findings showing that many disease resistance mechanisms result in formation of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-permeable pores, and that optogenetic activation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx is sufficient to trigger immune responses. This review emphasizes on Ca<sup>2+</sup> decoding, i.e. how diverse intracellular proteins interpret Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals to drive cellular reactions. States of “Ca<sup>2+</sup> responsiveness” — defined by the distinct sensitivities of various decoders and additional sensitization mechanisms — contribute to the regulation of immunity, possibly including the mutual potentiation of pattern- and effector-triggered immunity pathways. Additionally, the “PRIMER-bystander” model of immune signalling is interpreted within this decoding framework. Here, infected cells are proposed to enter a primed (PRIMER) immune state through strong Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals derived from resistosome pores, while adjacent bystander cells respond to spreading signalling molecules from their neighbours. Through this spatial arrangement, coordination is achieved between cell-autonomous (autocrine) responses and non-autonomous (paracrine or endocrine) signalling, allowing robust immune propagation across plant tissues. By framing plant immunity through this Ca<sup>2+</sup> “sense and sensitivity” paradigm, insights are provided into immune system robustness, and potential targets may be identified for future development of disease-resistant, climate-resilient crops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102782"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethylene is an essential phytohormone that controls a plethora of plant developmental and stress responses. Accordingly, ethylene signal generation and progression must be under tight spatiotemporal control. This review highlights the latest milestones in understanding how epigenetic mechanisms govern ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, and how ethylene-mediated recruitment of epigenetic modifiers in turn controls gene expression and biological processes. We discuss a central mechanism of how ethylene-controlled histone acetylation is essential for ethylene signal progression. In addition, we outline how a wide range of epigenetic mechanisms control ethylene-mediated developmental and stress responses, with a focus on fruit ripening. Finally, we propose future research directions and open questions of ethylene signal integration through epigenetic mechanisms in plants.
{"title":"Ethylene signal integration through epigenetic mechanisms in plants","authors":"Aida Maric , Advait Agashe , Johanna Söntgerath , Sjon Hartman","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ethylene is an essential phytohormone that controls a plethora of plant developmental and stress responses. Accordingly, ethylene signal generation and progression must be under tight spatiotemporal control. This review highlights the latest milestones in understanding how epigenetic mechanisms govern ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, and how ethylene-mediated recruitment of epigenetic modifiers in turn controls gene expression and biological processes. We discuss a central mechanism of how ethylene-controlled histone acetylation is essential for ethylene signal progression. In addition, we outline how a wide range of epigenetic mechanisms control ethylene-mediated developmental and stress responses, with a focus on fruit ripening. Finally, we propose future research directions and open questions of ethylene signal integration through epigenetic mechanisms in plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102780"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102766
Camila Goldy , Virginia Barrera , Mariana Sotelo-Silveira , Ramiro E. Rodriguez
Diffuse cell expansion mainly in the longitudinal axis of the organ significantly contributes to root organ growth. Root cell expansion is a diverse, plastic, and dynamic process, as each cell expands at specific rates and directions according to its developmental stage and in response to different ambient conditions, helping to shape the root system architecture. In this review, we focus on Arabidopsis thaliana to summarize the modes and magnitudes of cell expansion in both meristematic and postmitotic root cells and assess recent advances in the understanding of the transitions required for cell expansion to occur. We also elaborate on the gene expression programs that control the forces, the biochemical and the molecular mechanisms that determine cell expansion, and finally, on how variations in the magnitude and distribution of this process contribute to root adaptation to the environment.
{"title":"Cell biology features and gene expression programs modulating cell expansion during root organ growth","authors":"Camila Goldy , Virginia Barrera , Mariana Sotelo-Silveira , Ramiro E. Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diffuse cell expansion mainly in the longitudinal axis of the organ significantly contributes to root organ growth. Root cell expansion is a diverse, plastic, and dynamic process, as each cell expands at specific rates and directions according to its developmental stage and in response to different ambient conditions, helping to shape the root system architecture. In this review, we focus on <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> to summarize the modes and magnitudes of cell expansion in both meristematic and postmitotic root cells and assess recent advances in the understanding of the transitions required for cell expansion to occur. We also elaborate on the gene expression programs that control the forces, the biochemical and the molecular mechanisms that determine cell expansion, and finally, on how variations in the magnitude and distribution of this process contribute to root adaptation to the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102766"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102767
Alisdair R. Fernie, Shijuan Yan
{"title":"Metabolic innovations: The study of the less ordinary","authors":"Alisdair R. Fernie, Shijuan Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102767","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102767"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Engineering rapid stomatal responses to improve the coordination between stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation under fluctuating light conditions is crucial for enhancing crop productivity while conserving water. To identify promising engineering targets, we applied machine learning models to analyze published data from diverse plant lineages to reveal the primary factors driving the natural variation in the speed of stomatal opening. We highlight the versatile role of guard cell starch in integrating and modulating some of these factors and suggest starch as a previously overlooked target for optimizing stomatal function.
{"title":"The versatile role of guard cell starch in speedy stomata: Beyond Arabidopsis","authors":"Hongyuan Zhang, Trang Dang, Lucia Piro, Diana Santelia","doi":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineering rapid stomatal responses to improve the coordination between stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation under fluctuating light conditions is crucial for enhancing crop productivity while conserving water. To identify promising engineering targets, we applied machine learning models to analyze published data from diverse plant lineages to reveal the primary factors driving the natural variation in the speed of stomatal opening. We highlight the versatile role of guard cell starch in integrating and modulating some of these factors and suggest starch as a previously overlooked target for optimizing stomatal function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11003,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in plant biology","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102762"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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