Lozenges are one of the more well-liked and inventive oral confectionery products in the market. The lozenges also act as solid medications that are flavored, sweetened, and meant to be sucked into the mouth/pharynx or held over that cavity. Garlic contains anti-microbial agents which help to reduce the impact of cough and reduce it. The goal of the current research is to formulate and investigate herbal lozenges by using garlic tinctures with their antimicrobial action to cure the infection caused by microbes Hard lozenges were prepared by Heating and congealing techniques and statistical analysis was done by using one sample chi-square test (IBM SPSS version 20). Hard lozenges were formulated by using garlic tinctures with minimum excipients. According to ICH recommendations, stability experiments were conducted. According to the stability investigations, there were no major changes noticed during the period after the one-month stability test. The antimicrobial activity was studied under different time intervals after 8-72 hours. The inhibition zone value for the test sample was found to be 0.1-0.5 mm and for the standard sample was noticed from 0.5-0.8 mm, respectively. The statistical test outcome revealed, no remarkable difference shown between the prepared and the marketed formulation (p>0.05). From the present work, it was concluded that the prepared lozenges have similar result with minimum ingredients as compared to the marketed formulation (Tulsi-ginger lozenges). Hence, the formulation, testing, and antimicrobial activity for oral use in garlic lozenges were effective.
润喉糖是市场上较受欢迎和较有创意的口腔糖果产品之一。润喉糖也是一种固体药物，有味道、有甜味，可以吸入口腔/咽部或含在咽部。本研究的目标是利用大蒜酊剂的抗菌作用配制和研究草药锭剂，以治疗微生物引起的感染。根据 ICH 建议，进行了稳定性实验。根据稳定性调查，在一个月的稳定性测试后，没有发现任何重大变化。在 8-72 小时后的不同时间间隔内对抗菌活性进行了研究。试验样品的抑菌区值为 0.1-0.5 毫米，标准样品的抑菌区值为 0.5-0.8 毫米。统计检验结果表明，制备的锭剂与市场上销售的制剂没有明显差异（P>0.05）。因此，大蒜锭剂的配方、测试和口服抗菌活性都是有效的。
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Hard Lozenges by Using Garlic Tincture","authors":"Anmol Popli, Uditi Handa, Kuldeep Kumar, Prerna Sharma, Kumar Guarve, Ishika Parmar, Lavish Chabra, Kajal Nagpal, Nidhi Rani, Inderjeet Verma","doi":"10.2174/0115748855258962230920111057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855258962230920111057","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Lozenges are one of the more well-liked and inventive oral confectionery\u0000products in the market. The lozenges also act as solid medications that are flavored, sweetened, and\u0000meant to be sucked into the mouth/pharynx or held over that cavity. Garlic contains anti-microbial\u0000agents which help to reduce the impact of cough and reduce it.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The goal of the current research is to formulate and investigate herbal lozenges by using garlic\u0000tinctures with their antimicrobial action to cure the infection caused by microbes\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hard lozenges were prepared by Heating and congealing techniques and statistical analysis\u0000was done by using one sample chi-square test (IBM SPSS version 20).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hard lozenges were formulated by using garlic tinctures with minimum excipients. According\u0000to ICH recommendations, stability experiments were conducted. According to the stability investigations,\u0000there were no major changes noticed during the period after the one-month stability test. The antimicrobial\u0000activity was studied under different time intervals after 8-72 hours. The inhibition zone\u0000value for the test sample was found to be 0.1-0.5 mm and for the standard sample was noticed from\u00000.5-0.8 mm, respectively. The statistical test outcome revealed, no remarkable difference shown between\u0000the prepared and the marketed formulation (p>0.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000From the present work, it was concluded that the prepared lozenges have similar result\u0000with minimum ingredients as compared to the marketed formulation (Tulsi-ginger lozenges). Hence,\u0000the formulation, testing, and antimicrobial activity for oral use in garlic lozenges were effective.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140259103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-23DOI: 10.2174/0115748855285457240213074307
Dilpreet Singh
The emergence and spread of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) pose a grave threat to global public health. In the pursuit of innovative solutions, targeting the immune cell CD4 receptors (iCD4) has gained momentum as a potential strategy for combating AMR. This abstract explores drug delivery strategies aimed at harnessing iCD4 receptors to enhance the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies. The CD4 receptor, primarily found on the surface of T-helper lymphocytes, plays a pivotal role in immune responses. Recent research has revealed that iCD4 receptors are also expressed on other immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which are integral in the host's defense against pathogens. Leveraging these receptors as drug targets opens new avenues for the precise delivery of antimicrobial agents. Various drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and antibody- drug conjugates, can be engineered to specifically target iCD4 receptors. These carriers offer improved drug stability, controlled release, and reduced side effects. Furthermore, the functionalization of these carriers with ligands that bind selectively to iCD4 receptors ensures targeted drug delivery to infected tissues. In summary, drug delivery strategies that target iCD4 receptors hold immense promise for combatting AMR. By delivering antimicrobial agents directly to immune cells involved in the host defense, we can potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce side effects, and mitigate the emergence of resistance. This approach represents a promising avenue for the development of innovative treatments to address the urgent global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
抗菌素耐药性（AMR）的出现和传播对全球公共卫生构成严重威胁。在寻求创新解决方案的过程中，以免疫细胞 CD4 受体（iCD4）为靶点作为抗击 AMR 的一种潜在战略已获得了强劲的发展势头。本摘要探讨了旨在利用 iCD4 受体提高抗菌疗法疗效的给药策略。CD4 受体主要存在于 T 辅助淋巴细胞表面，在免疫反应中起着关键作用。最近的研究发现，iCD4 受体在巨噬细胞和树突状细胞等其他免疫细胞上也有表达，这些细胞是宿主抵御病原体的重要组成部分。利用这些受体作为药物靶点为精确输送抗微生物制剂开辟了新途径。各种给药系统，包括纳米颗粒、脂质体和抗体-药物共轭物，都可以设计成专门针对 iCD4 受体。这些载体可提高药物稳定性、控制释放和减少副作用。此外，用能选择性结合 iCD4 受体的配体对这些载体进行功能化处理，可确保向受感染组织定向递送药物。总之，以 iCD4 受体为靶点的给药策略在抗击 AMR 方面大有可为。通过将抗菌药物直接输送到参与宿主防御的免疫细胞，我们有可能提高疗效、减少副作用并缓解耐药性的出现。这种方法是开发创新疗法以应对抗菌药耐药性这一紧迫的全球性挑战的一条大有可为的途径。
{"title":"Nanocarrier Mediated Molecular Taregting Strategies For iCD4 Receptors to Combat Anti-Microbial Resistance","authors":"Dilpreet Singh","doi":"10.2174/0115748855285457240213074307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855285457240213074307","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The emergence and spread of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) pose a grave threat to\u0000global public health. In the pursuit of innovative solutions, targeting the immune cell CD4 receptors\u0000(iCD4) has gained momentum as a potential strategy for combating AMR. This abstract explores drug\u0000delivery strategies aimed at harnessing iCD4 receptors to enhance the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies.\u0000The CD4 receptor, primarily found on the surface of T-helper lymphocytes, plays a pivotal role\u0000in immune responses. Recent research has revealed that iCD4 receptors are also expressed on other\u0000immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which are integral in the host's defense against\u0000pathogens. Leveraging these receptors as drug targets opens new avenues for the precise delivery of\u0000antimicrobial agents. Various drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and antibody-\u0000drug conjugates, can be engineered to specifically target iCD4 receptors. These carriers offer\u0000improved drug stability, controlled release, and reduced side effects. Furthermore, the functionalization\u0000of these carriers with ligands that bind selectively to iCD4 receptors ensures targeted drug delivery\u0000to infected tissues. In summary, drug delivery strategies that target iCD4 receptors hold immense\u0000promise for combatting AMR. By delivering antimicrobial agents directly to immune cells involved\u0000in the host defense, we can potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce side effects, and mitigate\u0000the emergence of resistance. This approach represents a promising avenue for the development of\u0000innovative treatments to address the urgent global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.2174/0115748855284781240202054050
R. Pal, Y. Pal, M. Chaitanya, Neha Sharma, Anjana Rani, Shubham Kumar, Preeti Srivastava
In particular, throughout life, women's health depends on having an ideal micronutrient level. Thus, pregnancy outcomes and the long-term health of a woman's offspring are significantly influenced by her physical and nutritional well-being during the preconception stage. Various nutrients are required in sufficient amounts to fulfill the requirements at the various phases in the life of females. Our analysis of the state of nutrition shows illnesses connected to micronutrient deficiencies, particularly anemia and its related deficiencies. Peer-reviewed publication databases and publicly available data from international and national sources were targeted in a structured literature search to sort out the direct or indirect association between the different micronutrients, their levels, sources and significance in the various stages of life of females. The goal of the current review is to identify any direct or indirect relationships between the numerous micronutrients, their sources, concentrations, and importance at different phases of female development.
{"title":"Improving Women's Health and Immunity: A Thorough Mapping Micronutrients and Dietary Recommendations","authors":"R. Pal, Y. Pal, M. Chaitanya, Neha Sharma, Anjana Rani, Shubham Kumar, Preeti Srivastava","doi":"10.2174/0115748855284781240202054050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855284781240202054050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In particular, throughout life, women's health depends on having an ideal micronutrient\u0000level. Thus, pregnancy outcomes and the long-term health of a woman's offspring are significantly\u0000influenced by her physical and nutritional well-being during the preconception stage. Various nutrients\u0000are required in sufficient amounts to fulfill the requirements at the various phases in the life of\u0000females. Our analysis of the state of nutrition shows illnesses connected to micronutrient deficiencies,\u0000particularly anemia and its related deficiencies. Peer-reviewed publication databases and publicly\u0000available data from international and national sources were targeted in a structured literature search\u0000to sort out the direct or indirect association between the different micronutrients, their levels, sources\u0000and significance in the various stages of life of females. The goal of the current review is to identify\u0000any direct or indirect relationships between the numerous micronutrients, their sources, concentrations,\u0000and importance at different phases of female development.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140449942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.2174/0115748855278863240130074330
Aastha Dangwal, Vikas Bhatt, Shiv Kumar Gupta
The nasolacrimal channels drain the medication from the pre-corneal area, causing the majority of the ophthalmic medication to be quickly removed following topical instillation. Over the past thirty years, newer medical techniques, such as in situ gel, nanoparticle, liposome, nanosuspension, microemulsion, iontophoresis, and occuserts have been created in an effort to overcome these challenges. These methods gradually and deliberately boost the drug's bioavailability. This article discusses ocular drug delivery for ophthalmics and its ideal characteristics, and also provides an insight on the use of nanotechnology in the form of nanoparticles used for the treatment of glaucoma in the eyes, employing HPH, ultrasonication/HSH, SE, SED technique, SFM, ME technique, SD method, DE method, PM, FUD, and other techniques to offer continuous and controlled IOP inside the eye chamber, make drug more ocularly bioavailable, and address a few pharmacological difficulties in ophthalmology. The creation of new drug delivery methods is currently gaining popularity, and this can facilitate the development of medicines for diseases that endanger eyesight.
{"title":"Ocular Drug Delivery of Nanoparticles for Glaucoma","authors":"Aastha Dangwal, Vikas Bhatt, Shiv Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.2174/0115748855278863240130074330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855278863240130074330","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The nasolacrimal channels drain the medication from the pre-corneal area, causing the\u0000majority of the ophthalmic medication to be quickly removed following topical instillation. Over the\u0000past thirty years, newer medical techniques, such as in situ gel, nanoparticle, liposome, nanosuspension,\u0000microemulsion, iontophoresis, and occuserts have been created in an effort to overcome these\u0000challenges. These methods gradually and deliberately boost the drug's bioavailability. This article\u0000discusses ocular drug delivery for ophthalmics and its ideal characteristics, and also provides an insight\u0000on the use of nanotechnology in the form of nanoparticles used for the treatment of glaucoma\u0000in the eyes, employing HPH, ultrasonication/HSH, SE, SED technique, SFM, ME technique, SD\u0000method, DE method, PM, FUD, and other techniques to offer continuous and controlled IOP inside\u0000the eye chamber, make drug more ocularly bioavailable, and address a few pharmacological difficulties\u0000in ophthalmology. The creation of new drug delivery methods is currently gaining popularity,\u0000and this can facilitate the development of medicines for diseases that endanger eyesight.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140451692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.2174/0115748855261762231011050708
S. Martsevich, Yulia V. Lukina, O. Lerman, N. Kutishenko, A. R. Kiselev, O. Drapkina
Despite the proven effectiveness of lifestyle interventions and specific medications in the treatment of obesity, little is known about their use in real-world practice. Aim – to study the awareness of patients about the problem of overweight/obesity, as well as the clinical practice of non-drug and drug therapy according to the survey. Eligible patients were recruited from the prospective outpatient registry of patients with cardiovascular diseases. The design of the study was a cross-sectional cohort singlecentre. All of the included patients completed a specifically designed questionnaire. The study included 295 patients (mean age 66.8 ± 11.8 years) with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2. One hundred eight (36.6%) individuals were overweight, 124 (42.2%) had first-class obesity, 42 (14.2%) had second-class obesity, and 21 (7.1%) patients had third-class obesity. 252 patients (85.4%) were informed of being overweight/obese, and all of them received non-drug recommendations for the treatment of obesity. Anti-obesity medications (AOM) were recommended only to 25 (8.5%) patients: 3 – overweight, 11 – obesity class I, 6 obesity class II, and 5 – obesity class III. Twenty-one (7.1%) patients took the prescribed medications (84% adherence). The drugs were more often taken by patients with class II and III disease (40.5% and 57.1% of patients, respectively). Overweight (8.5%) and class I obesity (18.0%) patients took these drugs less often (p<0.0001). The results of the survey have demonstrated good awareness of patients about their obesity/overweight and quite frequent use of non-drug obesity therapy. However, the rate of AOM prescription was extremely low.
尽管生活方式干预和特定药物治疗肥胖症的有效性已得到证实，但人们对其在实际应用中的情况却知之甚少。目的--根据调查研究患者对超重/肥胖问题的认识，以及非药物治疗和药物治疗的临床实践。研究设计为横断面队列单中心研究。所有纳入研究的患者都填写了一份专门设计的调查问卷。研究包括 295 名体重指数（BMI）≥25 kg/m2 的患者（平均年龄为 66.8 ± 11.8 岁）。252名患者（85.4%）被告知超重/肥胖，所有患者都接受了治疗肥胖的非药物建议。只有 25 名患者（8.5%）被建议服用抗肥胖药物（AOM）：其中 3 人超重，11 人肥胖 I 级，6 人肥胖 II 级，5 人肥胖 III 级。21名（7.1%）患者服用了处方药物（依从性为84%）。II级和III级患者服用药物的比例更高（分别为40.5%和57.1%）。调查结果显示，患者对肥胖/超重有良好的认识，并经常使用非药物肥胖疗法。然而，AOM 的处方率极低。
{"title":"Self-awareness Regarding Obesity and Specific Therapy in Patients with\u0000Overweight or Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases from Moscow Region","authors":"S. Martsevich, Yulia V. Lukina, O. Lerman, N. Kutishenko, A. R. Kiselev, O. Drapkina","doi":"10.2174/0115748855261762231011050708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855261762231011050708","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Despite the proven effectiveness of lifestyle interventions and specific medications\u0000in the treatment of obesity, little is known about their use in real-world practice. Aim – to\u0000study the awareness of patients about the problem of overweight/obesity, as well as the clinical\u0000practice of non-drug and drug therapy according to the survey.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Eligible patients were recruited from the prospective outpatient registry of\u0000patients with cardiovascular diseases. The design of the study was a cross-sectional cohort singlecentre.\u0000All of the included patients completed a specifically designed questionnaire. The study included\u0000295 patients (mean age 66.8 ± 11.8 years) with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2. One\u0000hundred eight (36.6%) individuals were overweight, 124 (42.2%) had first-class obesity, 42 (14.2%)\u0000had second-class obesity, and 21 (7.1%) patients had third-class obesity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000252 patients (85.4%) were informed of being overweight/obese, and all of them received\u0000non-drug recommendations for the treatment of obesity. Anti-obesity medications (AOM) were\u0000recommended only to 25 (8.5%) patients: 3 – overweight, 11 – obesity class I, 6 obesity class II,\u0000and 5 – obesity class III. Twenty-one (7.1%) patients took the prescribed medications (84% adherence).\u0000The drugs were more often taken by patients with class II and III disease (40.5% and 57.1%\u0000of patients, respectively). Overweight (8.5%) and class I obesity (18.0%) patients took these drugs\u0000less often (p<0.0001).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results of the survey have demonstrated good awareness of patients about their\u0000obesity/overweight and quite frequent use of non-drug obesity therapy. However, the rate of AOM\u0000prescription was extremely low.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140451455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A herbal approach to Guggulu (Commiphora wightii), as an anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent is anticipated. Phyto-constituents Guggulusterone, Naringenin, and myrrhanol were reported for the anti-inflammatory activity of Guggulu. Studies suggests, that sesame oil (Sesamum indicum L.) and Ratanjot (Arnebia nobilis) also act as potent anti-inflammatory agents.. A combination of all three of these gives a synergistic effect for anti-inflammatory and excisional wound healing activity. A simple ointment base, BP and 5% Ratanjot, and Sesame oil were prepared. All the components, i.e., Guggulu, 5% Ratanjot Sesame oil, and simple ointment base, were added and triturated uni-directionally until a smooth, homogenous mixture was obtained. 25% w/w (F1) and 27% w/w (F2) Guggulu ointment were prepared. Four groups, each with three wistar rats, were studied for fourteen days. On the fourteenth day, rats were sacrificed, and tissues were collected for histopathological studies. F1 was compared against the standard formulation (10% w/w betadine, Win-Medicare) for excisional wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in rats. On the foutheenth day, the results for percentage wound contraction in groups 1 (Negative control, vaseline), 2 (Controlled, ointment base), 3 (F1), and 4 (positive control, standard) were found to be 12.01, 25.32, 96.14, and 81.23, respectively.. Results of histopathological studies and H&E staining supported the action of F1, as skin sections showed the junction of normal skin and wound area. Sub-epithelial tissues showed low (-) to mild (+) inflammation. Mild oedema (+) was also noted. The rat group treated with F1 showed maximum wound contraction, healing, and antiinflammatory activity as per percentage wound contraction and histopathological studies
{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Potential of Comphora Wightii,\u0000Herbal Ointment on Wistar Rats","authors":"Ishu Garg, Neelam Singh, Ishika Sharma, Jayeeta Dhingra, Kartik Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0115748855264144231124085824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855264144231124085824","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000A herbal approach to Guggulu (Commiphora wightii), as an anti-inflammatory\u0000and wound healing agent is anticipated. Phyto-constituents Guggulusterone, Naringenin, and\u0000myrrhanol were reported for the anti-inflammatory activity of Guggulu. Studies suggests, that sesame\u0000oil (Sesamum indicum L.) and Ratanjot (Arnebia nobilis) also act as potent anti-inflammatory agents..\u0000A combination of all three of these gives a synergistic effect for anti-inflammatory and excisional\u0000wound healing activity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A simple ointment base, BP and 5% Ratanjot, and Sesame oil were prepared.\u0000All the components, i.e., Guggulu, 5% Ratanjot Sesame oil, and simple ointment base, were added\u0000and triturated uni-directionally until a smooth, homogenous mixture was obtained. 25% w/w (F1) and\u000027% w/w (F2) Guggulu ointment were prepared. Four groups, each with three wistar rats, were studied\u0000for fourteen days. On the fourteenth day, rats were sacrificed, and tissues were collected for histopathological\u0000studies.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000F1 was compared against the standard formulation (10% w/w betadine, Win-Medicare) for\u0000excisional wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in rats. On the foutheenth day, the results\u0000for percentage wound contraction in groups 1 (Negative control, vaseline), 2 (Controlled, ointment\u0000base), 3 (F1), and 4 (positive control, standard) were found to be 12.01, 25.32, 96.14, and 81.23,\u0000respectively.. Results of histopathological studies and H&E staining supported the action of F1, as\u0000skin sections showed the junction of normal skin and wound area. Sub-epithelial tissues showed low\u0000(-) to mild (+) inflammation. Mild oedema (+) was also noted.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The rat group treated with F1 showed maximum wound contraction, healing, and antiinflammatory\u0000activity as per percentage wound contraction and histopathological studies\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140454462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microspheres are naturally biodegradable, free-flowing powders with a particle size of less than 200 micrometres that are comprised of proteins or synthetic polymers. Using microspheres is a reliable strategy to ensure that the drug is accurately delivered to the target area and that the right concentration is kept there without having any unfavourable side effects. The objective of the present study was to create a sustained-release cefixime trihydrate microsphere delivery system employing natural and synthetic polymers as a carrier and increase therapeutic effectiveness. Due to the simplicity of processing, the solvent injection method was used to create microspheres. Microspheres were created with this technology using the sustained-release polymer, sodium alginate, and active material (drug). The compatibility of components with the drug was evaluated using XRD and FT-IR. In an in-vitro release research, the dissolving medium was phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. For the kinetic analysis of the drug release mechanism, graphs for zero-order, first-order, Higuchi's, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixson-Crowell models were also created. The best formulation was chosen from the batches, and in-vitro cefixime trihydrate release studies for various microspheres containing cefixime trihydrate in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 8 hours were performed. The dissolution profiles of formulations F4 and F8 showed that the formulation, including xanthan gum, F8, released 55.01% more medication in 8 hours than the formulation using HPMC, F4. X-ray diffraction, swelling index of drug-laden microspheres, and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to evaluate formulation F8. The graphs for zero-order, first-order, Higuchi's, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixson- Crowell models were plotted, and the optimised batch was discovered to match Higuchi's drug release kinetics with an R2 value of 0.990. Cefixime trihydrate microspheres can be utilized as a new drug delivery technology to minimize dose frequency and, as a result, to promote patient compliance.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Cefixime Microspheres Utilizing a Natural Polymer\u0000and a Synthetic Polymer","authors":"Deepshi Arora, Yugam Taneja, Anjali Sharma, Prerna Sharma, Jatin, Kumar Guarve, Nidhi Rani, Inderjeet Verma","doi":"10.2174/0115748855269112231215040322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855269112231215040322","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Microspheres are naturally biodegradable, free-flowing powders with a particle\u0000size of less than 200 micrometres that are comprised of proteins or synthetic polymers. Using\u0000microspheres is a reliable strategy to ensure that the drug is accurately delivered to the target area and\u0000that the right concentration is kept there without having any unfavourable side effects.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of the present study was to create a sustained-release cefixime trihydrate\u0000microsphere delivery system employing natural and synthetic polymers as a carrier and increase therapeutic\u0000effectiveness.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Due to the simplicity of processing, the solvent injection method was used to create microspheres.\u0000Microspheres were created with this technology using the sustained-release polymer, sodium\u0000alginate, and active material (drug). The compatibility of components with the drug was evaluated\u0000using XRD and FT-IR. In an in-vitro release research, the dissolving medium was phosphate buffer\u0000at pH 6.8. For the kinetic analysis of the drug release mechanism, graphs for zero-order, first-order,\u0000Higuchi's, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixson-Crowell models were also created.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The best formulation was chosen from the batches, and in-vitro cefixime trihydrate release\u0000studies for various microspheres containing cefixime trihydrate in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 8\u0000hours were performed. The dissolution profiles of formulations F4 and F8 showed that the formulation,\u0000including xanthan gum, F8, released 55.01% more medication in 8 hours than the formulation\u0000using HPMC, F4. X-ray diffraction, swelling index of drug-laden microspheres, and Scanning Electron\u0000Microscopy were used to evaluate formulation F8. The graphs for zero-order, first-order, Higuchi's,\u0000Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixson- Crowell models were plotted, and the optimised batch was\u0000discovered to match Higuchi's drug release kinetics with an R2 value of 0.990.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Cefixime trihydrate microspheres can be utilized as a new drug delivery technology to\u0000minimize dose frequency and, as a result, to promote patient compliance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140455109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-15DOI: 10.2174/0115748855278592240131105512
Pearl Pinto, Louis Cojandaraj
In the current scenario, discovery of natural bioactive components can be considered as a major development in treating common ailments. One of the medicinally important herbs is Murraya koenigii. The biological functions are promoted by the leaves, fruits, roots, and bark of this beautiful plant. It is the carbazole alkaloids that promote most of the medicinal properties and contribute to the anti-oxidative properties as well. Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Saponins and Phenols isolated from different parts of the plant have unique hypocholestrolemic and antidiabetic activities. Among commonly used alternative therapies, plant sterols present in M. koenigii may help to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels, in turn managing heart diseases. Experimental animal studies are proving the hypolipidemic ability of M. koenigii. Possible mechanisms involved in exhibiting such an amazing hypolipidemic ability can be attributed to the phytochemicals, some of which can reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines or accelerate the catabolism of fats. In contrast, others can inhibit the enzyme HMG CoA reductase. M. koenigii can inhibit pancreatic lipase. Such a response could be due to the presence of carbazole alkaloids like Mahanimbin, Isomahanine, Murrayacinine, Koenimbine, Mahanimboline, Murrayazolinine, Girinimbine etc. These enzymes can be selected for the pharmaceutical mediation of hypocholesterolemia agents. A triumph over the production of lipids in the hepatic cells is achieved upon feeding M. koenigii, thereby bringing about a drastic fall in triglyceride levels. The present review provides a better understanding of the major components of M. koenigii against dyslipidemia that could serve as an herbal alternative while treating other pathological conditions. Although various extracts of M. koenigii have numerous medical applications, an extensive investigation of their toxicity, along with more clinical trials and standardization of protocols, is required to produce modern drugs from these leaf extracts.
在当前形势下，天然生物活性成分的发现可以说是治疗常见疾病的一大进步。墨旱莲是其中一种重要的药用植物。这种美丽植物的叶、果、根和树皮都能促进生物功能。它的咔唑生物碱促进了大部分药用特性，同时还有助于抗氧化特性。从这种植物的不同部分分离出来的萜类、黄酮类、皂苷类和酚类具有独特的降胆固醇和抗糖尿病活性。在常用的替代疗法中，柯尼希菌中的植物固醇可帮助降低胆固醇和甘油三酯水平，进而控制心脏病。动物实验研究证明了柯尼希菌的降血脂作用。植物化学物质可能是显示出如此惊人的降脂能力的机制，其中一些可以减少肠道对胆固醇的吸收或加速脂肪的分解。与此相反，其他植物化学物质则能抑制 HMG CoA 还原酶。柯尼希菌可抑制胰脂肪酶。这种反应可能是由于存在咔唑生物碱，如 Mahanimbin、Isomahanine、Murrayacinine、Koenimbine、Mahanimboline、Murrayazolinine、Girinimbine 等。这些酶可被选为降胆固醇药物。喂食柯尼希菌后，肝细胞中的脂质生成量会显著减少，从而导致甘油三酯水平急剧下降。本综述让人们更好地了解了柯尼希菌的主要成分，这些成分可在治疗其他病症的同时作为一种草药替代品来对抗血脂异常。虽然柯尼希牛肝菌的各种提取物有许多医疗用途，但要从这些叶提取物中生产出现代药物，还需要对其毒性进行广泛的研究，并进行更多的临床试验和标准化方案。
{"title":"Protective Effects of Murraya koenigii: Focus on Antihyperlipidemic Property","authors":"Pearl Pinto, Louis Cojandaraj","doi":"10.2174/0115748855278592240131105512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855278592240131105512","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In the current scenario, discovery of natural bioactive components can be considered as a\u0000major development in treating common ailments. One of the medicinally important herbs is Murraya\u0000koenigii. The biological functions are promoted by the leaves, fruits, roots, and bark of this beautiful\u0000plant. It is the carbazole alkaloids that promote most of the medicinal properties and contribute to the\u0000anti-oxidative properties as well. Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Saponins and Phenols isolated from different\u0000parts of the plant have unique hypocholestrolemic and antidiabetic activities. Among commonly\u0000used alternative therapies, plant sterols present in M. koenigii may help to reduce cholesterol and\u0000triglyceride levels, in turn managing heart diseases. Experimental animal studies are proving the hypolipidemic\u0000ability of M. koenigii. Possible mechanisms involved in exhibiting such an amazing hypolipidemic\u0000ability can be attributed to the phytochemicals, some of which can reduce the absorption\u0000of cholesterol in the intestines or accelerate the catabolism of fats. In contrast, others can inhibit the\u0000enzyme HMG CoA reductase. M. koenigii can inhibit pancreatic lipase. Such a response could be\u0000due to the presence of carbazole alkaloids like Mahanimbin, Isomahanine, Murrayacinine,\u0000Koenimbine, Mahanimboline, Murrayazolinine, Girinimbine etc. These enzymes can be selected for\u0000the pharmaceutical mediation of hypocholesterolemia agents. A triumph over the production of lipids\u0000in the hepatic cells is achieved upon feeding M. koenigii, thereby bringing about a drastic fall in\u0000triglyceride levels. The present review provides a better understanding of the major components of\u0000M. koenigii against dyslipidemia that could serve as an herbal alternative while treating other pathological\u0000conditions. Although various extracts of M. koenigii have numerous medical applications, an\u0000extensive investigation of their toxicity, along with more clinical trials and standardization of protocols,\u0000is required to produce modern drugs from these leaf extracts.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140456360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a developed technology, microfluidics now offers a great toolkit for handling and manipulating suspended samples, fluid samples, and particles. A regular chip is different from a microfluidic chip. A microfluidic chip is made of a series of grooves or microchannels carved on various materials. This arrangement of microchannels contained within the microfluidic chip is connected to the outside by inputs and outputs passing through the chip. This review includes the current progress in the field of microfluidic chips, their advantages and their biomedical applications in diagnosis. The various manuscripts were collected in the field of microfluidic chip that have biomedical applications from the different sources like Pubmed,Science direct and Google Scholar, out of which some were relevant and considered for the present manuscript. Microfluidic channels inside the chip allow for the processing of the fluid, such as blending and physicochemical reactions. Aside from its practical, technological, and physical benefits, microscale fluidic circuits also improve researchers' capacity to do more accurate quantitative measurements while researching biological systems. Microfluidic chips, a developing type of biochip, were primarily focused on miniaturising analytical procedures, especially to enhance analyte separation. Since then, the procedures for device construction and operation have gotten much simpler. For bioanalytical operations, microfluidic technology has many advantages. As originally intended, a micro total analysis system might be built using microfluidic devices to integrate various functional modules (or operational units) onto a single platform. More researchers were able to design, produce, and use microfluidic devices because of increased accessibility, which quickly demonstrated the probability of wide-ranging applicability in all branches of biology
作为一项发达的技术，微流体技术现在为处理和操作悬浮样品、流体样品和颗粒提供了一个很好的工具包。普通芯片与微流控芯片不同。微流控芯片由一系列刻在不同材料上的凹槽或微通道组成。本综述包括微流控芯片领域的最新进展、优势及其在生物医学诊断中的应用。从 Pubmed、Science direct 和 Google Scholar 等不同来源收集了有关微流控芯片在生物医学领域应用的各种手稿，其中一些与本手稿相关并被考虑在内。除了在实用性、技术和物理方面的优势外，微尺度流体回路还能提高研究人员在研究生物系统时进行更精确定量测量的能力。微流控芯片是一种发展中的生物芯片，主要用于实现分析程序的微型化，特别是提高分析物的分离效果。按照最初的设想，可以利用微流体设备将各种功能模块（或操作单元）集成到一个平台上，从而建立一个微型整体分析系统。由于越来越容易获得，更多的研究人员能够设计、生产和使用微流控设备，这迅速证明了微流控设备在生物学各分支领域的广泛适用性。
{"title":"Current Advances and Applications of Diagnostic Microfluidic Chip: A\u0000Review","authors":"Garima Katyal, Anuj Pathak, Parul Grover, Vaibhav Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115748855269330240122100529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855269330240122100529","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000As a developed technology, microfluidics now offers a great toolkit for handling and manipulating suspended samples, fluid samples, and particles. A regular chip is different\u0000from a microfluidic chip. A microfluidic chip is made of a series of grooves or microchannels carved\u0000on various materials. This arrangement of microchannels contained within the microfluidic chip is\u0000connected to the outside by inputs and outputs passing through the chip.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review includes the current progress in the field of microfluidic chips, their advantages and their biomedical applications in diagnosis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The various manuscripts were collected in the field of microfluidic chip that have biomedical applications from the different sources like Pubmed,Science direct and Google Scholar, out of\u0000which some were relevant and considered for the present manuscript.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Microfluidic channels inside the chip allow for the processing of the fluid, such as blending\u0000and physicochemical reactions. Aside from its practical, technological, and physical benefits, microscale fluidic circuits also improve researchers' capacity to do more accurate quantitative measurements while researching biological systems. Microfluidic chips, a developing type of biochip, were\u0000primarily focused on miniaturising analytical procedures, especially to enhance analyte separation.\u0000Since then, the procedures for device construction and operation have gotten much simpler.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000For bioanalytical operations, microfluidic technology has many advantages. As originally intended, a micro total analysis system might be built using microfluidic devices to integrate\u0000various functional modules (or operational units) onto a single platform. More researchers were able\u0000to design, produce, and use microfluidic devices because of increased accessibility, which quickly\u0000demonstrated the probability of wide-ranging applicability in all branches of biology\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139859236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a developed technology, microfluidics now offers a great toolkit for handling and manipulating suspended samples, fluid samples, and particles. A regular chip is different from a microfluidic chip. A microfluidic chip is made of a series of grooves or microchannels carved on various materials. This arrangement of microchannels contained within the microfluidic chip is connected to the outside by inputs and outputs passing through the chip. This review includes the current progress in the field of microfluidic chips, their advantages and their biomedical applications in diagnosis. The various manuscripts were collected in the field of microfluidic chip that have biomedical applications from the different sources like Pubmed,Science direct and Google Scholar, out of which some were relevant and considered for the present manuscript. Microfluidic channels inside the chip allow for the processing of the fluid, such as blending and physicochemical reactions. Aside from its practical, technological, and physical benefits, microscale fluidic circuits also improve researchers' capacity to do more accurate quantitative measurements while researching biological systems. Microfluidic chips, a developing type of biochip, were primarily focused on miniaturising analytical procedures, especially to enhance analyte separation. Since then, the procedures for device construction and operation have gotten much simpler. For bioanalytical operations, microfluidic technology has many advantages. As originally intended, a micro total analysis system might be built using microfluidic devices to integrate various functional modules (or operational units) onto a single platform. More researchers were able to design, produce, and use microfluidic devices because of increased accessibility, which quickly demonstrated the probability of wide-ranging applicability in all branches of biology
作为一项发达的技术，微流体技术现在为处理和操作悬浮样品、流体样品和颗粒提供了一个很好的工具包。普通芯片与微流控芯片不同。微流控芯片由一系列刻在不同材料上的凹槽或微通道组成。本综述包括微流控芯片领域的最新进展、优势及其在生物医学诊断中的应用。从 Pubmed、Science direct 和 Google Scholar 等不同来源收集了有关微流控芯片在生物医学领域应用的各种手稿，其中一些与本手稿相关并被考虑在内。除了在实用性、技术和物理方面的优势外，微尺度流体回路还能提高研究人员在研究生物系统时进行更精确定量测量的能力。微流控芯片是一种发展中的生物芯片，主要用于实现分析程序的微型化，特别是提高分析物的分离效果。按照最初的设想，可以利用微流体设备将各种功能模块（或操作单元）集成到一个平台上，从而建立一个微型整体分析系统。由于越来越容易获得，更多的研究人员能够设计、生产和使用微流控设备，这迅速证明了微流控设备在生物学各分支领域的广泛适用性。
{"title":"Current Advances and Applications of Diagnostic Microfluidic Chip: A\u0000Review","authors":"Garima Katyal, Anuj Pathak, Parul Grover, Vaibhav Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115748855269330240122100529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855269330240122100529","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000As a developed technology, microfluidics now offers a great toolkit for handling and manipulating suspended samples, fluid samples, and particles. A regular chip is different\u0000from a microfluidic chip. A microfluidic chip is made of a series of grooves or microchannels carved\u0000on various materials. This arrangement of microchannels contained within the microfluidic chip is\u0000connected to the outside by inputs and outputs passing through the chip.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review includes the current progress in the field of microfluidic chips, their advantages and their biomedical applications in diagnosis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The various manuscripts were collected in the field of microfluidic chip that have biomedical applications from the different sources like Pubmed,Science direct and Google Scholar, out of\u0000which some were relevant and considered for the present manuscript.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Microfluidic channels inside the chip allow for the processing of the fluid, such as blending\u0000and physicochemical reactions. Aside from its practical, technological, and physical benefits, microscale fluidic circuits also improve researchers' capacity to do more accurate quantitative measurements while researching biological systems. Microfluidic chips, a developing type of biochip, were\u0000primarily focused on miniaturising analytical procedures, especially to enhance analyte separation.\u0000Since then, the procedures for device construction and operation have gotten much simpler.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000For bioanalytical operations, microfluidic technology has many advantages. As originally intended, a micro total analysis system might be built using microfluidic devices to integrate\u0000various functional modules (or operational units) onto a single platform. More researchers were able\u0000to design, produce, and use microfluidic devices because of increased accessibility, which quickly\u0000demonstrated the probability of wide-ranging applicability in all branches of biology\u0000","PeriodicalId":11004,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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