Pub Date : 2020-01-24DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.18.555979
A. B.
Background: Antibiotics are usually prescribed to preterm infants during their early days of life in neonatal intensive care units. The effects of this intervention on the developing gut microbiome are poorly understood but might have important consequences for health. We aimed to explore the routinely used antibiotics in a neonatal intensive care unit and to what extent this intervention alters the preterm gut microbiome. Methods: The three most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations were analysed VCM (Vancomycin, Ceftazidine and Metronidazole), VC (Vancomycin and Ceftazidine) and AFG (Amoxicillin, Flucloxacillin, and Gentamicin). Sampling was performed at four time points: 2-3 days before course started (Pre), last day of administration (During), 1-2 days after antibiotic was given (After), and one week later than or as late as possible before next antibiotic course. In total, 141 stool samples were collected from 38 patients and bacterial profiling was performed by 16SrRNA gene sequencing (Miseq, Illumina) Results: Bacterial diversity increased significantly after the VC course was stopped (P=0.1). Diversity was reduced for all antibiotic treatment during their administration (P>0.05). Generally, VCM and VC were comparable with lower bacterial taxa when compared to AFG which recorded higher bacterial taxa. The result also showed that VC and VCM recovered but AFG does not. Conclusion: The three antibiotics courses differentially affected the preterm gut microbiome, causing reductions in the diversity. Further work is necessary to determine the contribution of these changes to health and how medical intervention can be tailored to achieve optimal outcomes for preterm infants.
{"title":"Impact of Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics on Preterm Gut Microbiome in Necrotising Enterocolitis and Late Onset Sepsis","authors":"A. B.","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.18.555979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.18.555979","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antibiotics are usually prescribed to preterm infants during their early days of life in neonatal intensive care units. The effects of this intervention on the developing gut microbiome are poorly understood but might have important consequences for health. We aimed to explore the routinely used antibiotics in a neonatal intensive care unit and to what extent this intervention alters the preterm gut microbiome. Methods: The three most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations were analysed VCM (Vancomycin, Ceftazidine and Metronidazole), VC (Vancomycin and Ceftazidine) and AFG (Amoxicillin, Flucloxacillin, and Gentamicin). Sampling was performed at four time points: 2-3 days before course started (Pre), last day of administration (During), 1-2 days after antibiotic was given (After), and one week later than or as late as possible before next antibiotic course. In total, 141 stool samples were collected from 38 patients and bacterial profiling was performed by 16SrRNA gene sequencing (Miseq, Illumina) Results: Bacterial diversity increased significantly after the VC course was stopped (P=0.1). Diversity was reduced for all antibiotic treatment during their administration (P>0.05). Generally, VCM and VC were comparable with lower bacterial taxa when compared to AFG which recorded higher bacterial taxa. The result also showed that VC and VCM recovered but AFG does not. Conclusion: The three antibiotics courses differentially affected the preterm gut microbiome, causing reductions in the diversity. Further work is necessary to determine the contribution of these changes to health and how medical intervention can be tailored to achieve optimal outcomes for preterm infants.","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83669023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556019
Jingshan Shi
{"title":"Estrogen and Susceptibility of Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"Jingshan Shi","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82079125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-06DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556018
S. Saganuwan
Electrical related deaths are more frequent among school age children as a result of high voltage and lightning strike [1]. Lightening, a transfer of an electrical charge, which results in discharge of static electricity, kills about 1000 people in the US every year [2]. Lightening causes muscular spasm, neurosis, thrombosis, damage of blood vessels, unconsciousness, cardiac arrest, hypoxia, respiratory arrest and death [3]. The types of lightning strikes are intracloud, cloud to ground and ground to cloud [4]. The most important resistor to the flow of current from lightening electricity is skin [5]. Estimated are 50,000 thunderstorms, 8 million lightning flashes [6], with mortality rate of 30% [7] and survival rate of 70% [8], affecting more people of less than 40years of age [9]. The effect depends on the intensity of current, voltage, body exposure among others [10]. A voltage of 30V can cause ventricular fibrillation. Electric shock is a sudden violent response to electric current, which may lead to death (electrocution). Let go phenomenon for high voltage (7600V) could be tolerated for 100 milliseconds or less [11]. Lightning has been considered by some ethnic groups as myth, miracle and mirage [12], which is cruelty to animals, and may be caused by witches [13]. In view of traditional beliefs and toxicity effects associated with lightning and electric current, there is need for acute toxicity study of electric current, with a view to determining the resistance threshold of lightning and electric current in humans and animals.
{"title":"Median Lethal Dose (Ld50) Of Electric Current","authors":"S. Saganuwan","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556018","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical related deaths are more frequent among school age children as a result of high voltage and lightning strike [1]. Lightening, a transfer of an electrical charge, which results in discharge of static electricity, kills about 1000 people in the US every year [2]. Lightening causes muscular spasm, neurosis, thrombosis, damage of blood vessels, unconsciousness, cardiac arrest, hypoxia, respiratory arrest and death [3]. The types of lightning strikes are intracloud, cloud to ground and ground to cloud [4]. The most important resistor to the flow of current from lightening electricity is skin [5]. Estimated are 50,000 thunderstorms, 8 million lightning flashes [6], with mortality rate of 30% [7] and survival rate of 70% [8], affecting more people of less than 40years of age [9]. The effect depends on the intensity of current, voltage, body exposure among others [10]. A voltage of 30V can cause ventricular fibrillation. Electric shock is a sudden violent response to electric current, which may lead to death (electrocution). Let go phenomenon for high voltage (7600V) could be tolerated for 100 milliseconds or less [11]. Lightning has been considered by some ethnic groups as myth, miracle and mirage [12], which is cruelty to animals, and may be caused by witches [13]. In view of traditional beliefs and toxicity effects associated with lightning and electric current, there is need for acute toxicity study of electric current, with a view to determining the resistance threshold of lightning and electric current in humans and animals.","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74565167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-14DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556016
V. Ekaterina
Today the pharmaceutical industry is one of the highly regulated fields with many rules and regulations which are quite volatile and are updated at least every decade [1-8]. Practical guidelines and recommendations are published by regulatory authorities and manufacturers even more often. As a result, things that were state-of-the art yesterday may not be appropriate tomorrow, especially in the rapidly changing area of biopharmaceutical development.
{"title":"The Assessment of The Quality, Efficacy and Safety of The Investigational Medicinal Product in The Absence of An Approved Registration Dossier","authors":"V. Ekaterina","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556016","url":null,"abstract":"Today the pharmaceutical industry is one of the highly regulated fields with many rules and regulations which are quite volatile and are updated at least every decade [1-8]. Practical guidelines and recommendations are published by regulatory authorities and manufacturers even more often. As a result, things that were state-of-the art yesterday may not be appropriate tomorrow, especially in the rapidly changing area of biopharmaceutical development.","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84004993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-10DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556013
T. Michałowski
One of the most important achievements in formulation of electrolytic systems is the discovery of Generalized Electron Balance (GEB) [1], as an equation (unknown earlier in Science) completing the set of equations needed for thermodynamic solving electrolytic redox systems of any degree of complexity, i.e., equilibrium, metastable and kinetic systems, in monophase, two-phase, multiphase, and multi-solvent media. Redox and non-redox systems are resolved according to Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES) [2,3], formulated by Michałowski; for redox systems, the acronym GATES/GEB is applied.
{"title":"GATES/GEB as the New Paradigm for Electrolytic Redox Systems","authors":"T. Michałowski","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556013","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important achievements in formulation of electrolytic systems is the discovery of Generalized Electron Balance (GEB) [1], as an equation (unknown earlier in Science) completing the set of equations needed for thermodynamic solving electrolytic redox systems of any degree of complexity, i.e., equilibrium, metastable and kinetic systems, in monophase, two-phase, multiphase, and multi-solvent media. Redox and non-redox systems are resolved according to Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES) [2,3], formulated by Michałowski; for redox systems, the acronym GATES/GEB is applied.","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73625195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-09DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556012
T. Ishida
Anti-viral vaccine activity of Zn2+ ions for viral prevention, pathogenesis processes, and ROS generation causing to oxidative stress have been investigated. AZP is efficient for viral prevention by inhibitions of BSCTV and DNA virus replications. The AZP phenotypes show strongly resistant to virus infection and viral DNA replication could be applied to the prevention of virus infections in humans. ZnOTs exhibit the ability to neutralize HSV-2 virions and blocking HSV-2 attachment activity. Zinc salts can mediate antiviral activity on RSV by altering the ability of the cell to support RSV replication. The effect of zinc sulfate on seroconversion after a simple method vaccination had been identified that accelerated HB vaccination can shorten duration of immunization of this clinical trial for showing its effectiveness. The inhibition of zinc binding activity of hMPV M2-1 protein can lead to the development of novel, live attenuated vaccines as well as antiviral drugs for pneumoviruses. The CCHH zinc finger motif provides potential vaccine candidates for the development of live species-specific attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Chelates zinc ions inhibit HIV-1 replication. The LAIVs are attracting attention as several advantages over inactivated vaccines. Zinc finger reactive compounds also inactivate retroviruses. ZOTEN promoted the presentation of bound HSV-2 virions.
{"title":"Anti-Viral Vaccine Activity of Zinc(Ⅱ) for Viral Prevention, Entry, Replication, and Spreading During Pathogenesis Process","authors":"T. Ishida","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556012","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-viral vaccine activity of Zn2+ ions for viral prevention, pathogenesis processes, and ROS generation causing to oxidative stress have been investigated. AZP is efficient for viral prevention by inhibitions of BSCTV and DNA virus replications. The AZP phenotypes show strongly resistant to virus infection and viral DNA replication could be applied to the prevention of virus infections in humans. ZnOTs exhibit the ability to neutralize HSV-2 virions and blocking HSV-2 attachment activity. Zinc salts can mediate antiviral activity on RSV by altering the ability of the cell to support RSV replication. The effect of zinc sulfate on seroconversion after a simple method vaccination had been identified that accelerated HB vaccination can shorten duration of immunization of this clinical trial for showing its effectiveness. The inhibition of zinc binding activity of hMPV M2-1 protein can lead to the development of novel, live attenuated vaccines as well as antiviral drugs for pneumoviruses. The CCHH zinc finger motif provides potential vaccine candidates for the development of live species-specific attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Chelates zinc ions inhibit HIV-1 replication. The LAIVs are attracting attention as several advantages over inactivated vaccines. Zinc finger reactive compounds also inactivate retroviruses. ZOTEN promoted the presentation of bound HSV-2 virions.","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"31 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86110790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556011
S. Habib
The present study was carried out to checked the elevation of hypertension level and risk factors associated with hypertension in the different educational sectors of Mainwali district. The questionnaire was design to obtained the data, which comprises of three parts i.e. part one comprises of demographic records (Age, weight etc), second were related to life style character (obesity, physical inactivity etc) and third one consist of the elements in blood like calcium, sodium, potassium, ferritin level and HB%. Basic descriptive statistical analysis, Chi – square test and odd square estimation was used to analyse the data. The result showed that the demographic characters are main cause of hypertension. Increasing age (above 40 year), weight (above 63) and body mass index cause elevation of blood pressure. Low level of education and post increase the blood pressure. Urban areas (65%) had higher rate of hypertension. Obese women (67%), physical activity have low prevalence of hypertension (75% in normotensive and 18.35% in hypertensive. Low socioeconomic status also causes prevalence of hypertension. High level of sodium (136.84 mEq/L), calcium (2.22mg/dL) and potassium (4.15 mEq/L) increases the higher risk of hypertension. Mean value of HB level is higher in normotensive (11.40g/dl) and pre-hypertensive (11.15g/dl) individual. Ferritin level was high in normotensive group (118.77ng/ ml) but low in pre-hypertensive (115.74ng/dl) and hypertensive group (114.33ng/dl). The low concentration of HB and ferritin affect the blood pressure and causes prevalence of hypertension. The present study provided data about factors that elevate the blood pressure and caution that will minimize our blood pressure.
{"title":"Prevalence of Hypertension in Women Working in Different Educational Institutes of District Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"S. Habib","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556011","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out to checked the elevation of hypertension level and risk factors associated with hypertension in the different educational sectors of Mainwali district. The questionnaire was design to obtained the data, which comprises of three parts i.e. part one comprises of demographic records (Age, weight etc), second were related to life style character (obesity, physical inactivity etc) and third one consist of the elements in blood like calcium, sodium, potassium, ferritin level and HB%. Basic descriptive statistical analysis, Chi – square test and odd square estimation was used to analyse the data. The result showed that the demographic characters are main cause of hypertension. Increasing age (above 40 year), weight (above 63) and body mass index cause elevation of blood pressure. Low level of education and post increase the blood pressure. Urban areas (65%) had higher rate of hypertension. Obese women (67%), physical activity have low prevalence of hypertension (75% in normotensive and 18.35% in hypertensive. Low socioeconomic status also causes prevalence of hypertension. High level of sodium (136.84 mEq/L), calcium (2.22mg/dL) and potassium (4.15 mEq/L) increases the higher risk of hypertension. Mean value of HB level is higher in normotensive (11.40g/dl) and pre-hypertensive (11.15g/dl) individual. Ferritin level was high in normotensive group (118.77ng/ ml) but low in pre-hypertensive (115.74ng/dl) and hypertensive group (114.33ng/dl). The low concentration of HB and ferritin affect the blood pressure and causes prevalence of hypertension. The present study provided data about factors that elevate the blood pressure and caution that will minimize our blood pressure.","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73237671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556009
Jermen Mamo
Bromelain is an extract isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus) mainly containing proteinase. It is a crude, aqueous extract from the stems and fruits of pineapples (Ananas comosus) derived from Bromeliaceae family. It has showed significant antibacterial activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus sanguis (10556 ATCC), Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial mechanism of bromelain is not well known but it may inhibit the growth of bacteria through hydrolysis of some peptide bonds present in the bacterial cell wall. Bromelain also showed significant anticancer activity against breast cancer cells, melanoma cells, human epidermoid carcinoma cells, malignant peritoneal mesothelioma cells and mammary carcinoma cells. The major anticancer mechanism of bromelain is by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing differentiation of leukemic cells.
{"title":"Antibacterial and Anticancer Property of Bromelain: A Plant Protease Enzyme from Pineapples (Ananas comosus)","authors":"Jermen Mamo","doi":"10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ctbeb.2019.19.556009","url":null,"abstract":"Bromelain is an extract isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus) mainly containing proteinase. It is a crude, aqueous extract from the stems and fruits of pineapples (Ananas comosus) derived from Bromeliaceae family. It has showed significant antibacterial activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus sanguis (10556 ATCC), Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial mechanism of bromelain is not well known but it may inhibit the growth of bacteria through hydrolysis of some peptide bonds present in the bacterial cell wall. Bromelain also showed significant anticancer activity against breast cancer cells, melanoma cells, human epidermoid carcinoma cells, malignant peritoneal mesothelioma cells and mammary carcinoma cells. The major anticancer mechanism of bromelain is by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing differentiation of leukemic cells.","PeriodicalId":11007,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76916253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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