Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

Objective: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a chronic inflammatory disease that typically manifests after puberty, is characterised by painful nodules, abscesses, draining sinus tracts, and scars in areas rich in apocrine glands such as the axillary and inguinal regions. In recent years, blood-based biomarkers such as the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), Monocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value (PIV) have been used as significant indicators of systemic inflammation. While there are few studies evaluating these biomarkers in HS, the response of these markers to treatment has only been assessed in one study to date. Our study aims to investigate the effect of adalimumab treatment on blood-based systemic inflammation biomarkers in HS, where inflammation plays a significant role.

Methods: The study included 42 adult patients who received adalimumab treatment at our dermatology and venereology clinic between January 2020 and January 2023. Medical records for complete blood count results of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. All systemic inflammation-based biomarkers were calculated from the absolute values of the complete blood count. The SII was calculated with the following formula: (neutrophil count × platelet count/lymphocyte count). The PIV was calculated as follows: (neutrophil count × platelet count × monocyte count/lymphocyte count). Values before the treatment and at the 12th week of treatment were compared.

Results: When the changes in the inflammatory parameters of the patients were examined, it was found that NLR (2.13 ± 0.87 vs 2.26 ± 1.12), PLR (111.01 ± 39.89 vs 99.43 ± 35.34), MLR (0.27 ± 0.11 vs 0.28 ± 0.12), MPV (9.59 ± 0.71 vs 9.70 ± 0.79), SII (680.79 ± 330.18 vs 687.89 ± 442.66), and PIV (552.02 ± 330.71 vs 605.05 ± 415.96) values did not change statistically significantly after treatment (p > 0.05). While there was a significant decrease in platelet count compared to before treatment, no statistically significant difference was found in the other evaluated blood cells.

Conclusion: Adalimumab treatment has not had a significant effect on systemic inflammation markers in HS, an inflammatory disease. More studies are needed to evaluate the effect of adalimumab on these markers in HS.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal chlorhexidine (CHX) for sterilising the vitreous cavity in bacterial endophthalmitis.

Methods: For in-vitro experiments, full-thickness retina explants were harvested from freshly enucleated pig eyes. Six-millimeter circular sensory retina patches were then incubated in varying concentrations of CHX (0.625-800 µg/mL) for 24 hours. Retinal cell viability was determined at the end of the incubation period with a live-dead assay. The bactericidal effects of the tested CHX concentrations were determined using a quantitative suspension test on Staphylococcus epidermidis. The safety of CHX was also tested by injecting varying doses of CHX (50-400 µg/mL) into the vitreous cavity of albino rabbits followed by flash electroretinography (ERG) and light microscopy. The bactericidal effect of the non-toxic CHX doses was determined using the rabbit model of endophthalmitis created by injecting 3000 CFU/0.1 mL of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Results: In vitro concentrations of CHX greater than 6.25 µgr/mL exerted a bactericidal effect, while concentrations of CHX less than 200 µg/mL did not impair retinal cell viability. Intravitreal concentrations of CHX between 20-100 µg/mL were adequate to sterilise the infected rabbit vitreous cavity in the animal model. No significant functional or anatomical deleterious effect was observed with ERG or light microscopy.

Conclusion: CHX can sterilise the vitreous cavity in an animal model of bacterial endophthalmitis without impairing retinal cell viability. Our results encourage further research for clinical use of chlorhexidine in treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.

Objective: The widespread use of nanoparticles in recent years has increased the risk of ocular exposure. zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used in the field of cosmetics because of its unique chemical properties. The application of graphene oxide (GO) as an emerging nanomaterial in the field of eye drops is also gradually emerging. Currently, research on ZnO and GO eye exposure mainly focuses on application or toxicity to optic nerve cells. There's less study on corneal wound healing effects. and the previous research hasn't compared ZnO and GO corneal toxicity.

Methods: We systematically established a complete chain study of in vitro and in vivo experiments and mouse corneal injury model, and comprehensively evaluated the ocular safety and toxicity of ZnO and GO.

Results: We found that 50 ug/mL GO and 0.5 ug/mL ZnO can reduce human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC) viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Short-term repeated exposure to ZnO can cause sterile inflammation of the cornea with concentration-dependence, while GO have not been significantly altered. 50 ug/mL ZnO could significantly delay the healing of corneal wounds, while GO did not change wound healing.

Conclusion: The toxic effect of ZnO is higher than that of GO. Inflammatory signal transduction, oxidative stress and apopnano zitosis are involved in the ocular toxicity injury process of nanoparticles. Research can provide a judgement basis for people's eye health and eye protection risk control.

Purpose: There is a lack of long-term and large-scale studies on the adverse effects of soft contact lenses (SCLs) on the corneal endothelia of Asian populations. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of long-term SCL use on corneal endothelial density and morphology.

Materials and methods: This retrospective study involved consecutive patients at the Miyata Eye Hospital (Miyazaki, Japan), who had used SCLs for more than 1 year. Patients with ophthalmological disorders without refractive errors were excluded. The period of SCL use, SCL type, corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), appearance rate of hexagonal cells (HEX), and coefficient of variation of cells (CV) were analyzed.

Results: In total, 17,732 eyes of 8866 patients were included in the analysis (age, 26.0 ± 8.8 years). The mean period of SCL use was 6.3 ± 5.4 years. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that ECD and HEX were significantly negatively correlated with the period of SCL use, age, and sex (p < 0.001 for all). The CV was significantly positively correlated with the period of use (p < 0.001), sex (p = 0.002), and age (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Corneal ECD, HEX, and CV were significantly associated with the period of SCL use in long-term users. It is essential to regularly check the corneal endothelium in patients with a history of long-term SCL use.

Purpose: This study aimed to biochemically and histopathologically evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of elamipretide and methylprednisolone on methanol poisoning-induced brain, optic nerve, and retinal toxicity.

Method: In this study, 40 male Wistar Albino rats were divided into six groups: healthy control (HC), methotrexate (MTX, 0.3 mg/kg/d for 7 d), methotrexate + methanol (MTX-M, 0.3 mg/kg/d for 7 d + methanol 3 g/kg on Day 8), methotrexate + methanol + methylprednisolone (MTX-M-MPZ, 0.3 mg/kg/d for 7 d + methanol 3 g/kg on Day 8 + MPZ 1 mg/kg/d for 3 d), methotrexate + methanol + elamipretide (MTX-M-E, 0.3 mg/kg/d for 7 d + methanol 3 g/kg on Day 8 + elamipretide 5 mg/kg/d for 3 d), and methotrexate + methanol + methylprednisolone + elamipretide (MTX-M-MPZ-E, 0.3 mg/kg/d for 7 d + methanol 3 g/kg on Day 8 + MPZ 1 mg/kg/d + Elamipretide 5 mg/kg/d for 3 d). The rats were euthanized 8 h after the last drug administration. Histopathological and biochemical evaluations were performed on serum, caudatoputamen, and ocular tissues. Retinal degeneration was assessed using a scoring system where higher scores indicate less degeneration, with a score of 5 representing normal structure and 1 reflecting severe degeneration.

Results: In the MTX-M-MPZ-E group, the retinal degeneration score was higher than in MTX-M group (p = 0.002). The apoptosis index in the retina was highest in MTX-M group, while it was lower in MTX-M-MPZ-E group compared to MTX-M group (p = 0.018). In addition, the apoptosis index in the caudatoputamen was lower in MTX-M-MPZ-E group compared to MTX-M group (p = 0.009).

Conclusion: Combined elamipretide and methylprednisolone treatment improved optic nerve and retinal degeneration, reduced neuronal degeneration in the caudatoputamen, decreased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and reduced apoptosis in the retina and caudatoputamen.