Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

Purpose of the article: This review emphasizes the significance of emerging drug delivery technologies and explores potential avenues for future dermatological treatments.

Materials and methods: Hyperpigmentation is a prevalent skin condition characterized by dark patches due to excessive melanin production. Various forms, such as melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and UV induced pigmentation, arise from a complex interplay of genetic factors, inflammation, hormonal fluctuations, and light exposure. While conventional topical treatments, including azelaic acid, retinoids, hydroquinone, and kojic acid, remain effective, their use is often limited by adverse effects like skin irritation, blistering, and sensitivity. To address these challenges, advanced drug delivery systems have been developed to improve therapeutic efficacy, enhance formulation stability, and enable targeted delivery, thereby minimizing potential side effects.

Results and conclusions: Advanced vesicular carriers, including liposomes, niosomes, lipid nanoparticles, and nano-emulsions, offer enhanced drug penetration, bioavailability, and reduced toxicity. However, achieving sustained results and preventing recurrence remain critical challenges in hyperpigmentation management. Recent advancements in personalized treatment strategies and novel delivery methods provide promising solutions for safer and more effective therapies. Additionally, procedural interventions such as chemical peels and micro-needling have demonstrated encouraging results in managing chronic hyperpigmentation.

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder treated effectively with oral isotretinoin, which can cause significant side effects. This study compares the efficacy and adverse events of single versus divided dosing and evaluates morning versus evening administration.

Methods: This single-center, retrospective cohort study included 60 acne vulgaris patients treated with oral isotretinoin between October 2021 and December 2022. Patients were grouped based on dosing regimen: 30 mg received as a single daily dose and 30 mg received in divided doses (15 mg in the morning, 15 mg in the evening). Laboratory parameters (Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and total cholesterol) were measured at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 months. Acne severity was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System. Clinical side effects were recorded during follow-up visits.

Results: Both dosing regimens showed similar efficacy, with significant reductions in acne severity. No significant differences were observed in laboratory parameters between the groups. patients on the single-dose regimen experienced a higher incidence of conjunctivitis and facial erythema compared to those on divided doses (p-values 0.01 for both). Morning dose was associated with a significantly higher incidence of ocular side effects than evening dosing.

Conclusion: Divided dosing of isotretinoin preserves efficacy while reducing conjunctivitis and erythema. If a single dose is preferred, evening administration may minimize ocular adverse events. These results support using divided or evening dosing to improve tolerability without compromising treatment outcomes. .

Background and objective: Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, doxycycline is widely used in the treatment of various dermatological diseases. Recent studies have indicated that doxycycline may influence hematological parameters by suppressing the inflammatory response. This study aimed to evaluate changes in hematological inflammatory parameters (NLR, PLR, MLR, MPV, and SII) in patients undergoing doxycycline treatment.

Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 72 patients who were prescribed doxycycline treatment. The severity of acne was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS). Hematological parameters (NLR, PLR, MLR, MPV, and SII) were recorded and analyzed at baseline (month 0), during treatment (month 1), and at the second month of treatment.

Results: A significant decrease in NLR, PLR, and SII values was observed during doxycycline treatment. The initial NLR value was 2.24 ± 1.69, which decreased significantly to 1.59 ± 0.575 in the second month (p = 0.002). The initial SII value was 640 ± 593, which also decreased significantly to 432 ± 277 in the second month (p = 0.004). The initial Global Acne Grading Score (GAGS) was 26.3 ± 5.40, decreasing significantly to 21.9 ± 5.78 by the second month (p < 0.001). Additionally, NLR, PLR, and SII values showed a significant positive correlation with the Global Acne Grading Score (GAGS) both at baseline (month 0) and after treatment (month 2). NLR exhibited the strongest relationship with GAGS (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that doxycycline treatment significantly reduces inflammatory response markers, including NLR, PLR, and SII. The significant decrease in GAGS scores, along with NLR, PLR, and SII, confirms the inflammatory role of these markers. Further large-scale, controlled studies are needed to better understand the systemic anti-inflammatory effects of doxycycline.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of two different concentrations of atropine eye drops on choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in a Caucasian child population after one year of treatment.

Methods: The medical records of patients who received atropine eye drops every other day (0.01% and 0.05%) due to myopia progression were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data and ocular biometry were recorded. The ChT (subfoveal, 1000 µm nasal, and 1000 µm temporal) was measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and CVI were assessed with ImageJ software. Comparisons were made between baseline and 1-year data.

Results: Sixty-eight eyes of 34 (25 female, 73.5%) patients were included in the study. The spherical equivalent was significantly increased, whereas axial length and anterior chamber depth changes were not significant. Baseline to one-year changes in ChT, TCA, LA, SA, and CVI were not statistically significant both in all eyes and in 0.01% and 0.05% groups.

Conclusions: Atropine eye drops used at 0.01% and 0.05% doses every other day did not cause a statistically significant change in ChT, TCA, LA, SA, and CVI at the end of 1 year.

Introduction: Regulations require that agrochemicals be labeled to indicate potential harmful effects caused by exposure. The in vivo Draize rabbit eye test has historically been the standard method used to assess the eye irritation or corrosion potential of chemical substances. However, as scientific confidence has been established for certain in chemico, in vitro, and ex vivo methods developed for this purpose, regulators are increasingly accepting data from such methods in lieu of the in vivo test. Defined approaches (DAs) may also be used to derive hazard and potency predictions by applying fixed data interpretation procedures to results from multiple methods, thereby leveraging strengths of different methods. Currently, the DAs accepted by regulators to predict eye irritation or corrosion potential do not specifically list agrochemical formulations within their applicability domains.

Methods: To address this gap, we conducted testing to confirm the applicability of in vitro methods to agrochemical formulations and to develop DAs to predict eye irritation hazard labeling according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling (GHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classification system. Twenty-nine formulations were tested in up to four methods: bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP; OECD TG 437) including histopathology, EpiOcular Eye Irritation Test (EO; OECD TG 492), SkinEthic time-to-toxicity for liquids (TTL; OECD TG 492B), and EyeIRR-IS. We propose four DAs comprising BCOP with histopathology alone, and combined with EO, TTL, or EyeIRR-IS.

Results and conclusion: Instead of evaluating direct concordance of the four individual DAs with historical in vivo rabbit eye test data, for each formulation, we assessed orthogonal concordance of GHS and EPA classifications predicted across all five approaches. Predictions were considered orthogonally concordant when they aligned with the prediction of at least two other approaches (i.e. a majority, or at least 3 of the 5 approaches, achieved the same prediction), referred to as the 'majority prediction.' We also evaluated hazard labeling and PPE labeling associated with the GHS and EPA predictions, respectively. Relative to the hazard and PPE labeling associated with the majority predictions, each of the four DAs were as, or more, protective of human health than the rabbit test; hence, we conclude that these DAs can be used to predict the GHS and EPA classifications of agrochemical formulations.

Wound healing is an intricate, complicated process that needs special attention because of its related complications that may occur if not treated properly or because of therapeutic insufficiency. Common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis L.) is a deep-rooted, hairy perennial herb used in folk medicine for numerous human issues, including wound recovery. To delineate its safety and healing potentials, we investigated the acute toxicity and wound-healing effects of Anchusa officinalis L. (APEAO) aerial part extracts on excisional neck injury in rats. A uniform dorsal neck cut was formed in twenty-four albino rats, which were arbitrarily divided into 4 groups and treated daily with a topical 0.2 ml dose of the following: group A, rats received 10% tween 20; group B, rats received intrasite gel; groups C and D, rats had 250 and 500 mg/kg of APEAO, respectively. The APEAO treatment did not cause toxic damage in rats administered with up to 5 g/kg APEAO. In the wound experiment, APEAO-treated skin exhibited significantly higher deposition of tissue collagen and fibroblast cells. In contrast, inflammatory cells were significantly lower in the recovered tissues of than positve control rats. Topical application of APEAO caused positive modulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (angiogenesis) in recovered skin, indicating elevated tissue growth and faster wound-healing action. Moreover, APEAO treatment caused a significant elevation in tissue antioxidants (Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalyze) and hydroxyproline (collagen) content, lowering Malondialdehyde levels compared to vehicle rats. Serum inflammatory chemicals (Transforming growth factor α, Interlukin-6, and Interlukin-10) were significantly modulated following APEAO application. The outcomes revealed significant tissue regeneration potentials of APEAO exhibited by its modulatory actions on several cellular processes, which could serve as scientific evidence for future investigation regarding the production of potent pharmaceuticals for faster wound contraction.

Background: To explore the regulatory molecular mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) expression on keloid formation.

Methods: The expression differences of SNHG1, miR-320b, and Catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1) in keloid tissue and normal skin tissue of patients with keloid were detected. Normal cultured human fibroblasts were used as the Blank group (Blank) and then transfected with si-SNHG1 to silence SNHG1 expression. MTT assay, Transwell chamber assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot (WB) were used. SNHG1 and miR-320b, as well as miR-320b and CTNNB1, were found to be targeted using the dual luciferase reporter gene (DLRG) strategy.

Results: As against normal skin tissue, SNHG1 and CTNNB1 were increased, while miR-320b was decreased in keloid tissue (P < 0.05). As against the Blank, there was a drop in the number of transferring and attacking cells, a decrease in the proliferative activity, an increase in the expression of miR-320b, a decrease in CTNNB1, and the relative expression (RE) of Pro-Collagen I, Cyclin D1, VEGF, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 was decreased in the si-SNHG1 group (AG) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: SNHG1 could target and regulate miR-320b, and miR-320b could target and regulate CTNNB1. Fibroblast transfer, attack, and multiplication may all be prevented by reducing SNHG1 expression.

Purpose: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a treatment modality commonly used for various medical conditions, such as diabetic foot ulcers and sudden hearing loss. This study aims to evaluate HBOT's effects on central corneal thickness (CCT) and other corneal topographic parameters through comprehensive ophthalmic assessment.

Materials and methods: Detailed ophthalmologic examinations and corneal topography measurements were performed on 92 patients with various non-ophthalmologic diseases, both before and immediately after undergoing HBOT. Corneal topography was measured before and after the therapy. The recorded parameters included central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, and corneal volume. The patients were also categorised into two groups: diabetic (n = 22) and non-diabetic (n = 70).

Results: Following treatment, statistically significant reductions were observed in CCT (529.69 ± 31.7 μm vs. 526.63 ± 33 μm, p = 0.002) and corneal volume (58.63 ± 3.71 mm³ vs. 58.21 ± 3.58 mm³, p = 0.016). Conversely, anterior chamber volume significantly increased (124.38 ± 30 mm³ vs. 126.42 ± 30.7 mm³, p = 0.003). Comparative analysis between diabetic and non-diabetic groups revealed no substantial differences in CCT and corneal volume changes following HBOT. However, the diabetic group exhibited significantly lower baseline anterior chamber volume before treatment (p = 0.01 and p = 0.042).

Conclusions: HBOT administration resulted in measurable reductions in CCT and corneal volume, along with an increase in anterior chamber volume, in all treated eyes. The observed decrease in corneal thickness manifested less prominently in diabetic patients compared to their non-diabetic counterparts, suggesting potential metabolic influences on corneal response to hyperoxic conditions.

Objective: The skin is the biggest organ of the body being most exposed to UV radiation (UVR). Many skin diseases may develop due to UV exposure. Thus, it is extremely important to reveal molecules that can prevent these diseases.

Material and method: Carvacrol (CVC), a liquid phenolic monoterpenoid is found in thyme and some plants related to thyme. In our study, for the first time in the literature we aimed to determine the effects of CVC on autophagy and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) mechanisms in skin damage of rats exposed to combined UVA and UVB radiation. For this purpose, twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: I (Control), II (CVC alone), III (UVA + UVB), IV (UVA + UVB + CVC). While UVA + UVB was applied without any treatment in Group III, this application was performed with CVC support in Group IV. As for the animals in Group II, only carvacrol was given. On the 30th day of the trial, expression of certain genes playing a role in autophagy and EMT pathways were evaluated at mRNA and protein level by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining in the shaved back skin tissues of rats.

Results: Based on our results, it can be concluded that CVC may prevent autophagic cell death by suppressing autophagy and it might support the wound healing process by inducing EMT in UV-induced skin damage. The molecular mechanisms of the effect of CVC on autophagy and EMT mechanisms should be clarified in further studies.

Introduction: Despite evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of Calendula officinalis, well-designed and controlled studies are still needed to confirm its beneficial effects on various health conditions, including skin care. This study therefore evaluates the effectiveness of topically administered 5% aqueous Calendula officinalis extract on healing full-thickness skin wounds in male BALB/c mice.

Methods: Seventy-two mice were divided into three groups: CAL (treated with calendula extract), PSS (treated with physiological saline), and NC (negative control/no treatment). Wound healing was assessed over 14 days using planimetric measurements, counting fibroblasts and macrophages, biochemical analyses of growth factors, inflammation markers, hydroxyproline levels, and genomic analyses.

Results: The data obtained show that the application of CAL extract significantly reduces wound areas by day 7 compared to the NC and PSS groups. CAL extract also leads to an increase in fibroblasts, fibroblast growth factor, and hydroxyproline levels, while it reduces macrophages and inflammatory biomarkers levels in the healing wound. Genomic analyses indicate that topical application of CAL extract significantly reduces the expression of inflammatory biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9.

Conclusions: These findings show that 5% aqueous CAL extract enhances wound healing promising new insights for the effective topical treatment of skin wounds.