Current topics in medicinal chemistry最新文献

Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier 1 Pseudogene 3 (SUMO1P3) is a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located at the 1q23.2 locus of the human chromosome. Recent evidence indicates that SUMO1P3 is aberrantly upregulated in nine types of human cancer and functions as an oncogene. Elevated SUMO1P3 expression is strongly associated with unfavorable clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in eight cancer types. Mechanistically, SUMO1P3 functions as a miRNA sponge, an epigenetic regulator, and directly interacting with proteins. It activates key signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin and AKT pathways, and regulates Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), which facilitates cancer progression and therapy resistance. Due to its diverse functional roles, SUMO1P3 emerges as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as a potential therapeutic target in precision oncology. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current research on SUMO1P3, highlighting its regulatory mechanisms, biological functions, and clinical significance in cancer biology.

Various drugs face limitations in their solubility parameters which limits their total oral bioavailability, and such drugs are also categorized under the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) Class II. To modulate such limitations there were various novel drug delivery systems (DDS) designed including lipid-based DDS such as liposomes, niosomes, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsion, self-nanoemulsifying DDS (SNEDDS) but the most effective and easily prepared DDS is nano-cocrystals (NCs). This study aims to give a clear emphasis on the NCs, their development and various advantages related to their usage as DDS. NCs are developed to modify the characteristics of dynamic drug adjustments with enhanced dissolvability, disintegration, and bioavailability compared to their naive form. Due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and co-crystal structure, easily converted in the nanosized range, they can further enhance these qualities. Even though NCs have been the subject of numerous studies, drug NC research is still in its early stages. In this review, many methods for organizing NCs have been discussed. A detailed understanding of NCs will be provided by a thorough examination of a few scientific methods and representations. The purpose of this analysis is to provide direction for the development of novel NCs with pharmaceutical industry economic value and proven as an effective approach for enhancement of drug aqueous solubility and ultimately resulted in the modulation of total oral bioavailability of the drug. NCs will be the modern DDS from the futuristic point of view due to their easy development and better physiochemical properties.

Introduction: During cerebral ischemia, brain tissue is damaged in two successive stages: ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). In the ischemic phase, brain tissue undergoes energy failure due to an impaired circulatory system (cerebrovascular), resulting in oxygen and glucose deprivation and consequent brain damage.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of a two-week administration of naringin on caspase-3, IL-17, and NF-κB levels in cerebellar tissue in experimental focal brain ischemiareperfusion in rats.

Methods: The research was conducted on 10- to 12-week-old Wistar-type rats obtained from the Selcuk University Experimental Animals Research and Application Center. Experimental brain ischemia-reperfusion in rats was performed under general anesthesia (carotid arteries were exposed to ischemia for 30 minutes). Experimental groups were formed as follows. 1) Control group, 2) Sham, 3) Sham + vehicle, 4) Ischemia-reperfusion, 5) Ischemia-reperfusion + Naringin supplemented group for two weeks (100mg/kg). At the end of the experiments, the levels of IL-17, caspase-3, and NF-κB were determined in the cerebellum tissue of the animals under general anesthesia. First of all, blood was drawn from the heart, and the animals were killed by cervical dislocation.

Results: Experimental brain ischemia-reperfusion significantly increased caspase-3, IL-17, and NF-κB levels in the brain tissue of rats. In contrast, naringin supplementation for 2 weeks significantly suppressed the ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammatory process.

Discussion: The findings obtained from our research generally showed that, as a result of focal brain ischemia-reperfusion in rats, the levels of NF-κB, a key molecule involved in inflammatory pathways, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 and caspase-3, an indicator of apoptosis, increased significantly in cerebellar tissue. However, intragastric naringin supplementation for two weeks following ischemia-reperfusion led to significant improvements in the adverse effects caused by the ischemic injury.

Conclusion: The study's results demonstrate that naringin treatment effectively mitigates inflammatory activation in the cerebellum following brain ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

Microfluidics-based polymers are transforming drug delivery systems for liver cancer treatment as they enable precise synthesis of nano- and microparticles suitable for targeted therapy. The manufacture of programmable nanoparticles and tunable sizes is made possible by microfluidic platforms, which are essential for improving the effectiveness of medication administration. A wide range of therapeutic chemicals, including hydrophobic medications like doxorubicin, can be encapsulated in these systems to target liver cancers while reducing systemic toxicity effectively. It has also been demonstrated that combining natural hydrogels and droplet microfluidics can create multicellular tumor spheroids that resemble the tumor microenvironment more closely. This methodology improves screening and drug efficacy research and offers a strong foundation for assessing treatment outcomes. This research also explores novel uses of microfluidic technologies to develop intelligent drug delivery devices that respond to particular stimuli and release medication at the tumor site. It also investigated how artificial cell assemblies made with microfluidics can open new possibilities for individualized cancer treatment. To sum up, microfluidic-based polymers offer advanced tools for developing tailored and efficient drug delivery systems that can enhance patient outcomes, and represent a significant advancement in the treatment of liver cancer. The review paper discusses challenges in liver cancer treatment, including high drug clearance rates, low concentrations, and multidrug resistance. It suggests microfluidic technology can improve drug delivery systems by creating controlled particles and responding to tumor conditions. This could revolutionize liver cancer therapies, enabling better drug testing and treatment prediction, as well as designing tailored therapies.

Aim: This study explores the unbinding dynamics of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) from wild-type and mutant IDH1/IDH2 enzymes through steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, examining how mutations influence binding, stability and enzymatic behaviour.

Background: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes are essential for cellular metabolism, catalyzing the conversion of isocitrate to AKG in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 lead to the aberrant accumulation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), disrupting normal metabolic processes and contributing to tumorigenesis.

Methods: SMD simulations were employed to investigate AKG unbinding from both wild-type and mutant IDH1/IDH2. External forces were applied to quantify rupture forces and assess differences in stability among enzyme variants.

Results: Wild-type IDH1 exhibited strong and stable AKG interactions, reflected by higher rupture forces and a greater number of hydrogen bonds, consistent with its normal catalytic function. In contrast, the R132H mutation in IDH1 weakened AKG binding, facilitating dissociation and potentially promoting 2-HG formation. Among IDH2 variants, the R140Q mutant demonstrated lower binding stability compared to R172K, while the wild-type enzyme maintained stronger interactions.

Conclusion: Mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 disrupt AKG binding and alter the stability, which may contribute to the pathological accumulation of 2-HG. These findings provide molecular insights into the oncogenic effects of IDH mutations and may aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to inhibit mutant enzyme activity in cancer.

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy is a common microvascular complication that affects 20-40% of individuals with diabetes worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of amla fruit against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy using animal models.

Methods: The male Wistar rats procured for the study were divided into four groups randomly, G1 (negative control group), G2 (positive control group), G3 (rats receiving amla powder at 5% of their diet), and G4 (rats receiving amla powder at 7% of their diet). Diabetic nephropathy was induced using streptozotocin at a dose of 65 mg/kg. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis quantified the bioactive constituents of amla. Physical, glycemic, oxidative, inflammatory, and renal biomarkers were assessed periodically.

Results: HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of high levels of vitamin C, gallic acid, and quercetin in amla. Amla supplementation significantly improved body weight, controlled kidney hypertrophy, reduced blood glucose levels, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT), and suppressed inflammatory cytokines. Renal function markers, including serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine albumin, were significantly improved in the amla-treated groups. The 5% amla diet showed slightly superior effects compared to the 7% amla diet, although the differences were not statistically significant.

Discussion: The findings suggested that amla mitigates DN progression by targeting key pathological pathways, particularly oxidative stress and inflammation. Its bioactive compounds appear to modulate glucose homeostasis, restore antioxidant defence, and reduce inflammatory responses. The findings also suggested a potential non-linear dose-response relationship, indicating 5% as a more effective dietary inclusion.

Conclusion: Conclusively, amla fruit effectively alleviated streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats by controlling oxidative stress, inflammation, and hyperglycemia.

Introduction: Polysaccharide-derived biomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for wound healing applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to mimic the extracellular matrix. These materials play a crucial role in maintaining a moist wound environment, promoting cell proliferation, and exhibiting anti-microbial properties, making them suitable alternatives to traditional wound dressings.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using reputable databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant studies were identified, screened, and analyzed to ensure comprehensive coverage of the topic.

Result: Wound healing is aided by essential polysaccharides such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, and carrageenan, which help to retain moisture, promote cell proliferation, and prevent infections.

Discussion: Polysaccharide-derived biomaterials, including chitosan, alginate, and cellulose, facilitate wound healing by maintaining moisture, promoting cell migration, and exhibiting antimicrobial properties. However, challenges such as weak mechanical strength and rapid degradation limit their clinical use. Recent advancements in composite hydrogels, nanomaterials, and 3Dprinted scaffolds have improved stability, drug release, and anti-microbial efficacy. Further research is required to enhance their mechanical properties and long-term applicability for clinical wound care solutions.

Conclusion: Biomaterials developed from polysaccharides have the potential to revolutionize wound healing by providing biocompatible, adaptable solutions that promote enhanced tissue regeneration and infection control.

Background: The development of secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) involves multiple pathophysiological processes. Da-cheng-qi decoction (DCQD) has a long history of effectiveness in treating ICH and exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects. However, the phytochemicals and targets of DCQD targeting the pathophysiological processes of ICH still require further elucidation. This study aims to investigate the mechanism and key phytochemicals of DCQD in treating ICH based on the pathophysiological processes.

Methods: We used the UHPLC-MS/MS method to identify the main phytochemicals of DCQD and evaluate their pharmacological and toxicological parameters. We obtained and systematically analyzed the action targets of the main phytochemicals of DCQD and screened the targets related to ICH key pathophysiological processes and the corresponding phytochemicals. The results of molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations, the GEO database and in vitro validation experiments confirmed the results of network pharmacology.

Results: The 20 main phytochemicals of DCQD interact with a total of 186 targets, with 75 targets specifically associated with the treatment of ICH identified through pathophysiological processes. Among them, chrysophanol 1-glucoside, aloe emodin, emodin, hesperidin, tangeritin, rhein and physcion were recognized as the potential phytochemicals of DCQD for the treatment of ICH. Neuroinflammation is a crucial factor in the development of secondary brain injury following ICH. Further analysis results suggest that targeting ferroptosis is one of the mechanisms by which DCQD regulates the pathophysiology processes of ICH to improve ICH. In vitro cell experiment results have demonstrated the regulatory effect of naringin on TNF-α and Cox2. In addition, the phytochemicals in DCQD also contribute to enhancement of cognitive function impaired by ICH.

Conclusion: This study contributes to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind DCQD's medicinal effects in treating ICH, offering insights into potential lead compounds for the development of anti-ICH drugs.

A four-membered heterocycle synthesis offers a thorough exploration of these unstable organic compounds, systematically introducing the synthesis and reactions of all standard fourmembered heterocycles while showcasing various methods for creating unique variants. Due to their inherent strain, four-membered heterocyclic compounds are classified as unstable organic compounds, which makes them valuable as precursors for synthesizing a wide range of complex heterocyclic molecules. These compounds have become essential frameworks in medicinal chemistry, providing unique properties that enhance drug design and development. The incorporation of heteroatoms like nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur into four-membered rings (such as azetidines, oxetanes, and thietanes) leads to diverse electronic, steric, and metabolic characteristics that can improve therapeutic efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetics. Despite the challenges posed by their ring strain, recent advancements in chemical synthesis and functionalization techniques have made these compounds more accessible for various therapeutic applications. These strained ring structures offer increased metabolic stability, controlled lipophilicity, and the potential for advantageous binding interactions, making them suitable for multiple therapeutic uses, including oncology, infectious diseases, and CNS disorders. This review examines the key properties of four-membered heterocyclic rings, their role in drug development, recent synthetic advancements, and the potential of these compounds to yield next-generation medications with enhanced efficacy and precision.

Introduction: Long noncoding RNAs are essential regulators in numerous biological processes and have been linked to various diseases, including cancer. Despite their initial classification as transcriptional byproducts, lncRNAs have been shown to modulate chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing, protein translation, and intranuclear transport. LINC-PINT, a lncRNA induced by P53, is particularly noteworthy for its role in tumor suppression across multiple cancers.

Methods: By utilizing the PubMed database and applying inclusion criteria based on relevance, literature quality, and data availability, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 128 studies to provide an overview of the functions of LINC-PINT and its mechanisms of action in cancers.

Results: LINC-PINT was confirmed to function as a tumor suppressor factor in many cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, glioma, melanoma, osteosarcoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, retinoblastoma, ovarian cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic cancer by promoting apoptosis and senescence, inhibiting proliferation, migration, invasion, drug resistance, cell stemness, EMT, radioresistance, and DNA damage repair.

Discussion: LINC-PINT serves as a tumor suppressor with its ability to sponge miRNAs, regulate epigenetic modulation, DNA damage repair, etc. Despite the promising findings, the complex and tissue-specific functions of LINC-PINT, along with the need for further clinical validation, underscore the importance of continued research to fully understand its mechanisms and potential as a therapeutic target.

Conclusion: LINC-PINT is a potential target in cancer progression and treatment.