Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101478
Nora M Gerhards, Luca Bordes, Manouk Vrieling, Rineke de Jong, Rik L de Swart
Development of multispecies well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (WD-AEC) models derived from either primary cells or airway organoids has led to novel options for in vitro characterization of host–pathogen interactions for viruses associated with the respiratory disease complex in livestock. Whereas assessment of adaptive immune responses to infection or vaccination currently still requires studies in animals, viral host restriction, tropism, entry, replication, virulence, and innate host responses of the respiratory epithelium can effectively be studied in WD-AEC cultures. Moreover, these models are also suitable for highly sensitive isolation of field strains of respiratory viruses that can replicate to relatively high titers without relying on multiple passages to generate adequate virus stocks with reduced risk of cell-culture adaptations compared to passaging in immortalized cell lines. In this review, we provide a brief overview of currently available methods and potential model applications.
{"title":"Applications and limitations of respiratory virus infection models in well-differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures of livestock","authors":"Nora M Gerhards, Luca Bordes, Manouk Vrieling, Rineke de Jong, Rik L de Swart","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Development of multispecies well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (WD-AEC) models derived from either primary cells or airway organoids has led to novel options for <em>in vitro</em> characterization of host–pathogen interactions for viruses associated with the respiratory disease complex in livestock. Whereas assessment of adaptive immune responses to infection or vaccination currently still requires studies in animals, viral host restriction, tropism, entry, replication, virulence, and innate host responses of the respiratory epithelium can effectively be studied in WD-AEC cultures. Moreover, these models are also suitable for highly sensitive isolation of field strains of respiratory viruses that can replicate to relatively high titers without relying on multiple passages to generate adequate virus stocks with reduced risk of cell-culture adaptations compared to passaging in immortalized cell lines. In this review, we provide a brief overview of currently available methods and potential model applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 101478"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101477
Claire E Ruckel, Josef D Wolf, Richard K Plemper
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes major morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations. In infants, RSV infection is a leading cause of hospitalization and can result to severe respiratory complications marked by bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia. Currently, prophylaxis exists in the form of three licensed vaccines, all approved for adults aged >65 years or pregnant women, but no vaccination is available specifically for infants. Prophylactic monoclonal antibody treatments, palivizumab and nirsevimab, are recommended in some instances for newborns, but treatment cost and need for intravenous administration limit universal accessibility. The only antiviral approved for the RSV indication, ribavirin, is no longer recommended for clinical use, creating an urgent need for a novel generation of effective therapeutics. Extensive anti-RSV drug discovery efforts have long been dominated by viral entry inhibitors that emerged as pharmacodominant in automated drug discovery campaigns, yet more recently developed candidates have expanded the target range to the viral polymerase complex and nucleoprotein. Focusing on advanced therapeutic candidates and investigational drugs that have entered clinical trials, this review will discuss challenges in RSV drug development in perspective of recent breakthroughs in RSV prophylaxis, assess the current stage of RSV therapeutic candidates, and identify key requirements for future improved RSV disease management.
{"title":"Status of advanced respiratory syncytial virus antiviral therapeutics 2025","authors":"Claire E Ruckel, Josef D Wolf, Richard K Plemper","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes major morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations. In infants, RSV infection is a leading cause of hospitalization and can result to severe respiratory complications marked by bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia. Currently, prophylaxis exists in the form of three licensed vaccines, all approved for adults aged >65 years or pregnant women, but no vaccination is available specifically for infants. Prophylactic monoclonal antibody treatments, palivizumab and nirsevimab, are recommended in some instances for newborns, but treatment cost and need for intravenous administration limit universal accessibility. The only antiviral approved for the RSV indication, ribavirin, is no longer recommended for clinical use, creating an urgent need for a novel generation of effective therapeutics. Extensive anti-RSV drug discovery efforts have long been dominated by viral entry inhibitors that emerged as pharmacodominant in automated drug discovery campaigns, yet more recently developed candidates have expanded the target range to the viral polymerase complex and nucleoprotein. Focusing on advanced therapeutic candidates and investigational drugs that have entered clinical trials, this review will discuss challenges in RSV drug development in perspective of recent breakthroughs in RSV prophylaxis, assess the current stage of RSV therapeutic candidates, and identify key requirements for future improved RSV disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 101477"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101476
Merel R te Marvelde , Laura LA van Dijk , Mark A Power , Melanie Rissmann, Rory D de Vries, Bart L Haagmans
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emphasized the need to study coronaviruses more thoroughly. Next to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans can be infected by SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and various seasonal coronaviruses. It is likely that all human coronaviruses have a zoonotic origin and circulated in animal reservoirs before crossing the species barrier into humans. Historically, these viruses have been investigated in vitro and in vivo, mainly utilizing immortalized cell lines and animal models, respectively. Recently, more advanced physiological model systems have been developed to study coronavirus host interactions, with human organoids serving as innovative in vitro tissue culture system that closely mimics human physiology. Organoids provide a promising platform for investigating coronavirus infections, exploring viral tropism, studying host immune responses, and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. This review explores the origins and use of airway organoids in studying coronaviruses. Additionally, it outlines prospects for leveraging airway organoids for examination of both innate and adaptive immune responses, evaluation of antiviral drugs, and creating intricate co-culture models for enhanced insight into coronavirus infections of the respiratory tract.
{"title":"Human organoid models to study coronavirus infections of the respiratory tract","authors":"Merel R te Marvelde , Laura LA van Dijk , Mark A Power , Melanie Rissmann, Rory D de Vries, Bart L Haagmans","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emphasized the need to study coronaviruses more thoroughly. Next to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans can be infected by SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and various seasonal coronaviruses. It is likely that all human coronaviruses have a zoonotic origin and circulated in animal reservoirs before crossing the species barrier into humans. Historically, these viruses have been investigated <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>, mainly utilizing immortalized cell lines and animal models, respectively. Recently, more advanced physiological model systems have been developed to study coronavirus host interactions, with human organoids serving as innovative <em>in vitro</em> tissue culture system that closely mimics human physiology. Organoids provide a promising platform for investigating coronavirus infections, exploring viral tropism, studying host immune responses, and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. This review explores the origins and use of airway organoids in studying coronaviruses. Additionally, it outlines prospects for leveraging airway organoids for examination of both innate and adaptive immune responses, evaluation of antiviral drugs, and creating intricate co-culture models for enhanced insight into coronavirus infections of the respiratory tract.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101476"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-09DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101475
Himanshu Sharma , Marie N Sorin , Kiran B Sharma , Lars-Anders Carlson
Viral proteins typically exist in the context of complex virions or in the even more complex host cells in which they replicate. Hence, meaningful insights into virus protein structure often need to account for this context. Various flavors of in situ cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), such as cryo-electron tomography, are key methods for the contextual study of virus protein structure in pleomorphic virions and host cells. Here, we review recent in situ cryo-EM work on three selected phenomena in RNA virus replication: the maturation and nuclear entry of HIV-1, the membrane-bound replication organelles of positive-sense RNA viruses, and the membrane-less viral factories of negative-sense RNA viruses. We highlight cases where the imaged phenomena are targets of novel antiviral drugs (such as the recently approved antiretroviral Lenacapavir), drug candidates, and antiviral strategies. Finally, we discuss recent technical advances that extend the reach of in situ cryo-EM in virology.
{"title":"Illuminating druggable dark matter in RNA virus replication using in situ cryo-EM","authors":"Himanshu Sharma , Marie N Sorin , Kiran B Sharma , Lars-Anders Carlson","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viral proteins typically exist in the context of complex virions or in the even more complex host cells in which they replicate. Hence, meaningful insights into virus protein structure often need to account for this context. Various flavors of <em>in situ</em> cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), such as cryo-electron tomography, are key methods for the contextual study of virus protein structure in pleomorphic virions and host cells. Here, we review recent <em>in situ</em> cryo-EM work on three selected phenomena in RNA virus replication: the maturation and nuclear entry of HIV-1, the membrane-bound replication organelles of positive-sense RNA viruses, and the membrane-less viral factories of negative-sense RNA viruses. We highlight cases where the imaged phenomena are targets of novel antiviral drugs (such as the recently approved antiretroviral Lenacapavir), drug candidates, and antiviral strategies. Finally, we discuss recent technical advances that extend the reach of <em>in situ</em> cryo-EM in virology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101475"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-05DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101474
Luca D Bertzbach , Nicole Fischer , Benedikt B Kaufer
{"title":"Editorial overview: Viruses and cancer — challenges, breakthroughs, and future directions","authors":"Luca D Bertzbach , Nicole Fischer , Benedikt B Kaufer","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101474","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101474"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101472
Katrin Schröer , Lotta Fiege , Alina Wolf , Vesna Bjelic-Radisic , Anja Ehrhardt
In most clinical trials, oncolytic viruses (OAds) based on human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) were explored, and only rarely a complete switch to another adenovirus type was evaluated. This review highlights the broader diversity of human adenoviruses and discusses advances in engineering non-HAdV-C5 OAds. We will discuss ongoing research to refine adenoviral constructs derived from alternative adenovirus species, including chimeric viruses, to optimize viral delivery and enhance antitumor immune responses. We summarize translational and clinical studies using these alternative OAds, emphasizing their therapeutic promise despite remaining challenges. Unlocking the full potential of diverse OAds could significantly expand cancer treatment options.
{"title":"State-of-the-art in oncolytic virotherapy using adenoviruses other than the commonly applied adenovirus type 5","authors":"Katrin Schröer , Lotta Fiege , Alina Wolf , Vesna Bjelic-Radisic , Anja Ehrhardt","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In most clinical trials, oncolytic viruses (OAds) based on human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) were explored, and only rarely a complete switch to another adenovirus type was evaluated. This review highlights the broader diversity of human adenoviruses and discusses advances in engineering non-HAdV-C5 OAds. We will discuss ongoing research to refine adenoviral constructs derived from alternative adenovirus species, including chimeric viruses, to optimize viral delivery and enhance antitumor immune responses. We summarize translational and clinical studies using these alternative OAds, emphasizing their therapeutic promise despite remaining challenges. Unlocking the full potential of diverse OAds could significantly expand cancer treatment options.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101472"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-25DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101473
Isabel O Delwel , Erin A Mordecai
Climate change is a critical driver in the outbreaks of vector-borne infectious diseases worldwide. Arbovirus vectors, namely, mosquitoes, exhibit strong and nonlinear responses to climatic factors, such as temperature driving changes in infectious disease dynamics. In this review, we highlight key climate change factors that can affect arboviruses and their mosquito vectors across multiple biological levels, emphasizing the consequences for the transmission and spread of viruses impacting human hosts. We examine the complex interplay between environmental changes and vector biology, including life history traits, vector competence, and species interactions. We characterize vector ecology across scales critical for our understanding of forecasting the impacts of climate change on mosquito-borne viruses, predicting disease outbreaks and developing effective control measures.
{"title":"Molecules to spillover: how climate warming impacts mosquito-borne viruses","authors":"Isabel O Delwel , Erin A Mordecai","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is a critical driver in the outbreaks of vector-borne infectious diseases worldwide. Arbovirus vectors, namely, mosquitoes, exhibit strong and nonlinear responses to climatic factors, such as temperature driving changes in infectious disease dynamics. In this review, we highlight key climate change factors that can affect arboviruses and their mosquito vectors across multiple biological levels, emphasizing the consequences for the transmission and spread of viruses impacting human hosts. We examine the complex interplay between environmental changes and vector biology, including life history traits, vector competence, and species interactions. We characterize vector ecology across scales critical for our understanding of forecasting the impacts of climate change on mosquito-borne viruses, predicting disease outbreaks and developing effective control measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101473"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101462
Esther Föderl-Höbenreich, Katrin Panzitt
Ex vivo liver culture models, particularly three-dimensional (3D) models, are vital for studying viral infections of the liver, as they replicate the complex microenvironment more accurately than traditional two-dimensional cultures. These models are essential for understanding viral pathogenesis, replication, and host responses, which are crucial for developing antiviral therapies. Here, we review various ex vivo liver culture models, including primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), liver-on-a-chip, organoids, and precision-cut liver slices. Each model has unique advantages and limitations. For instance, PHHs maintain physiological characteristics but have a limited lifespan, while liver-on-a-chip systems enable dynamic studies but require advanced engineering. Despite challenges in translating findings to human disease, these 3D models hold promise for advancing liver disease research and drug development. Future research should focus on expanding the scope of these models to include a wider range of viruses and improving their physiological relevance to better mimic in vivo conditions.
{"title":"Ex vivo culture models to study viral infections of the liver","authors":"Esther Föderl-Höbenreich, Katrin Panzitt","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ex vivo</em> liver culture models, particularly three-dimensional (3D) models, are vital for studying viral infections of the liver, as they replicate the complex microenvironment more accurately than traditional two-dimensional cultures. These models are essential for understanding viral pathogenesis, replication, and host responses, which are crucial for developing antiviral therapies. Here, we review various <em>ex vivo</em> liver culture models, including primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), liver-on-a-chip, organoids, and precision-cut liver slices. Each model has unique advantages and limitations. For instance, PHHs maintain physiological characteristics but have a limited lifespan, while liver-on-a-chip systems enable dynamic studies but require advanced engineering. Despite challenges in translating findings to human disease, these 3D models hold promise for advancing liver disease research and drug development. Future research should focus on expanding the scope of these models to include a wider range of viruses and improving their physiological relevance to better mimic <em>in vivo</em> conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101462"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To model infection of viruses targeting the liver and the central nervous system, two-dimensional in vitro cultures rapidly show their limitations. Conversely, in vivo models do not easily allow the investigation of early events of the infection process. In between, ex vivo models, comprising mainly organoids and organotypic cultures, mimic or retain the cytoarchitecture of the organ while being relatively simple to handle and analyze. Here, we summarize the main features of brain and liver ex vivo models and pinpoint examples of their utilization for studying encephalitogenic and hepatotropic viruses. We highlight a gap of development and application of liver compared to ex vivo models in virology. Many hepatotropic viruses can also infect and/or have impacts on the central nervous system. In this sense, we sought to present these ex vivo models while providing a conceptual framework for the modeling of the hepatocerebral axis in the context of viral infections.
{"title":"The liver as a potential gate to the brain for encephalitic viruses","authors":"Alexandre Lalande , Lola Canus , Amélie Bourgeais, Cyrille Mathieu, Eva Ogire","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To model infection of viruses targeting the liver and the central nervous system, two-dimensional <em>in vitro</em> cultures rapidly show their limitations. Conversely, <em>in vivo</em> models do not easily allow the investigation of early events of the infection process. In between, <em>ex vivo</em> models, comprising mainly organoids and organotypic cultures, mimic or retain the cytoarchitecture of the organ while being relatively simple to handle and analyze. Here, we summarize the main features of brain and liver <em>ex vivo</em> models and pinpoint examples of their utilization for studying encephalitogenic and hepatotropic viruses. We highlight a gap of development and application of liver compared to <em>ex vivo</em> models in virology. Many hepatotropic viruses can also infect and/or have impacts on the central nervous system. In this sense, we sought to present these <em>ex vivo</em> models while providing a conceptual framework for the modeling of the hepatocerebral axis in the context of viral infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101463"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101461
Christian Münz
The two human γ-herpesviruses Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) cause around 2–3% of all cancers in man. Their exclusive tropism for humans and associated lack of small animal models has impeded the dissection of individual viral gene contributions to tumor formation and of protection by distinct immune responses that are observed in virus carriers. Mice with reconstituted human immune systems (humanized mice) now offer the possibility to study these questions and to develop adoptive antibody and T cell transfers against EBV- and KSHV-associated pathologies. Based on such protective immune responses, vaccine candidates can then be developed to prophylactically and therapeutically induce immune control, similar to the one that avoids virus-associated pathologies in the vast majority of infected individuals.
{"title":"Recent advances in animal models of lymphomagenesis caused by human γ-herpesviruses","authors":"Christian Münz","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2025.101461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two human γ-herpesviruses Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) cause around 2–3% of all cancers in man. Their exclusive tropism for humans and associated lack of small animal models has impeded the dissection of individual viral gene contributions to tumor formation and of protection by distinct immune responses that are observed in virus carriers. Mice with reconstituted human immune systems (humanized mice) now offer the possibility to study these questions and to develop adoptive antibody and T cell transfers against EBV- and KSHV-associated pathologies. Based on such protective immune responses, vaccine candidates can then be developed to prophylactically and therapeutically induce immune control, similar to the one that avoids virus-associated pathologies in the vast majority of infected individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101461"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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