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Glove decontamination procedures to prevent pathogen and DNA cross-contamination among frogs. 防止青蛙病原体和 DNA 交叉感染的手套净化程序。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.3354/dao03793
James E Noelker, Vitoria Abreu Ruozzi, Hunter M Craig, Jason P Sckrabulis, Thomas R Raffel

Working with aquatic organisms often requires handling multiple individuals in a single session, potentially resulting in cross-contamination by live pathogens or DNA. Most researchers address this problem by disposing of gloves between animals. However, this generates excessive waste and may be impractical for processing very slippery animals that might be easier to handle with cotton gloves. We tested methods to decontaminate cotton or nitrile gloves after contamination with cultured Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) or after handling heavily Bd-infected Xenopus laevis with layered cotton and nitrile gloves. Bleach eliminated detectable Bd DNA from culture-contaminated nitrile gloves, but gloves retained detectable Bd DNA following ethanol disinfection. After handling a Bd-infected frog, Bd DNA contamination was greatly reduced by removal of the outer cotton glove, after which either bleach decontamination or ethanol decontamination followed by drying hands with a paper towel lowered Bd DNA below the detection threshold of our assay. These results provide new options to prevent pathogen or DNA cross-contamination, especially when handling slippery aquatic organisms. However, tradeoffs should be considered when selecting an animal handling procedure, such as the potential for cotton gloves to abrade amphibian skin or disrupt skin mucus. Disposing of gloves between animals should remain the gold standard for maintaining biosecurity in sensitive situations.

与水生生物打交道通常需要在一次工作中处理多个个体,这可能会导致活病原体或 DNA 的交叉感染。大多数研究人员通过在动物之间丢弃手套来解决这个问题。然而,这样做会产生过多的废物,而且对于处理非常滑溜的动物可能不切实际,因为使用棉手套可能更容易处理这些动物。我们测试了在棉手套或丁腈手套受到培养的巴特拉氏菌(Bd)污染后,或在使用分层棉手套和丁腈手套处理受到严重 Bd 感染的爪蟾后对其进行净化的方法。漂白剂消除了受培养物污染的丁腈手套中可检测到的 Bd DNA,但乙醇消毒后手套仍可检测到 Bd DNA。在处理受 Bd 感染的青蛙后,脱掉外层棉手套可大大减少 Bd DNA 污染,之后无论是漂白剂去污还是乙醇去污,再用纸巾擦干双手,都可将 Bd DNA 降低到检测阈值以下。这些结果为防止病原体或 DNA 交叉污染提供了新的选择,尤其是在处理湿滑的水生生物时。不过,在选择动物处理程序时应考虑折衷因素,如棉手套可能会磨损两栖动物皮肤或破坏皮肤粘液。在动物之间丢弃手套仍应是在敏感情况下保持生物安全的黄金标准。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence of Stenurus globicephalae (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae) in the blowhole of Globicephala macrorhynchus (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Tasmania, Australia. 澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚 Globicephala macrorhynchus(鲸目目:海豚科)喷孔中 Stenurus globicephalae(线虫纲:伪蝶形目)的出现。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3354/dao03791
Shokoofeh Shamsi, František Moravec, Diane P Barton

Information about parasites of cetaceans in Australia is scarce and mostly opportunistic. The morphology of specimens of the metastrongyloid Stenurus globicephalae Baylis & Daubney, 1925 (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae), collected from the blowhole of a pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 (Cetacea: Delphinidae) off northern Tasmania, Australia, were studied. Light and scanning electron microscopical examinations enabled a detailed redescription of this nematode species, including corrections of some inaccuracies in previous species descriptions, particularly those concerning cephalic and caudal structures. The presence of numerous ventrolateral oblique muscle bands, characteristic of the males of S. globicephalae, is reported for the first time. This is the second finding of this nematode parasite, in a different host species, in Tasmania.

有关澳大利亚鲸目动物寄生虫的信息很少,而且大多是机会性的。我们研究了从澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚岛北部领航鲸 Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846(鲸目:海豚科)的吹孔中采集的中兽皮线虫 Stenurus globicephalae Baylis & Daubney, 1925(线虫纲:伪线虫科)标本的形态。通过光镜和扫描电子显微镜检查,对这一线虫物种进行了详细的重新描述,包括纠正了以前物种描述中的一些不准确之处,特别是有关头和尾部结构的描述。首次报告了许多腹侧斜肌带的存在,这是球头线虫雄虫的特征。这是第二次在塔斯马尼亚发现这种寄生于不同宿主物种的线虫。
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引用次数: 0
Bacterial and viral co-infections in aquaculture under climate warming: co-evolutionary implications, diagnosis, and treatment 气候变暖条件下水产养殖中的细菌和病毒共同感染:共同进化的影响、诊断和治疗
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.3354/dao03778
Sarahí Vega-Heredia, Ivone Giffard-Mena, Miriam Reverter
ABSTRACT: Climate change and the associated environmental temperature fluctuations are contributing to increases in the frequency and severity of disease outbreaks in both wild and farmed aquatic species. This has a significant impact on biodiversity and also puts global food production systems, such as aquaculture, at risk. Most infections are the result of complex interactions between multiple pathogens, and understanding these interactions and their co-evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for developing effective diagnosis and control strategies. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on bacteria-bacteria, virus-virus, and bacterial and viral co-infections in aquaculture as well as their co-evolution in the context of global warming. We also propose a framework and different novel methods (e.g. advanced molecular tools such as digital PCR and next-generation sequencing) to (1) precisely identify overlooked co-infections, (2) gain an understanding of the co-infection dynamics and mechanisms by knowing species interactions, and (3) facilitate the development multi-pathogen preventive measures such as polyvalent vaccines. As aquaculture disease outbreaks are forecasted to increase both due to the intensification of practices to meet the protein demand of the increasing global population and as a result of global warming, understanding and treating co-infections in aquatic species has important implications for global food security and the economy.
摘要:气候变化和相关的环境温度波动导致野生和养殖水生物种爆发疾病的频率和严重程度增加。这对生物多样性产生了重大影响,也使水产养殖等全球食品生产系统面临风险。大多数感染是多种病原体之间复杂相互作用的结果,了解这些相互作用及其共同进化机制对于制定有效的诊断和控制策略至关重要。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了当前有关水产养殖中细菌-细菌、病毒-病毒、细菌和病毒共同感染的知识,以及它们在全球变暖背景下的共同进化。我们还提出了一个框架和不同的新方法(如先进的分子工具,如数字 PCR 和下一代测序),以 (1) 精确识别被忽视的共感染,(2) 通过了解物种间的相互作用来了解共感染的动态和机制,以及 (3) 促进多病原体预防措施(如多价疫苗)的开发。由于为满足全球人口增长对蛋白质的需求而加强养殖,以及全球变暖,预计水产养殖疾病爆发将增加,因此了解和治疗水产物种的共感染对全球粮食安全和经济具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Association of ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis counts on farmed Atlantic salmon and wild sea trout in Scotland. 苏格兰养殖大西洋鲑鱼和野生海鳟体外寄生虫 Lepeophtheirus salmonis 数量的关联。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03774
Stephen C Ives, Alexander G Murray, John D Armstrong

Parasitic sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) colonising marine salmonid (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) aquaculture production facilities have been implicated as a possible pressure on wild salmon and sea trout populations. This investigation uses monitoring data from the mainland west coast and Western Isles of Scotland to estimate the association of the abundance of adult female Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) colonising farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. with the occurrence of juvenile and mobile L. salmonis on wild sea trout, anadromous S. trutta L. The associations were evaluated using generalised linear mixed models incorporating farmed adult female salmon louse abundances which are temporally lagged relative to dependent wild trout values. The pattern of lags, which is consistent with time for L. salmonis development between egg and infective stage, was evaluated using model deviances. A significant positive association is identified between adult female L. salmonis abundance on farms and juvenile L. salmonis on wild trout. This association is consistent with a causal relationship in which increases in the number of L. salmonis copepodids originating from lice colonising farmed Atlantic salmon cause an increase of L. salmonis abundance on wild sea trout.

寄生在海水鲑科(鲑形目:鲑鱼科)水产养殖生产设施中的寄生海虱(桡足目:海虱科)被认为可能会对野生鲑鱼和海鳟种群造成压力。本研究利用苏格兰大陆西海岸和西岛的监测数据,估算了养殖大西洋鲑鱼(Salmo salar L.)上的成年雌性大马哈鱼虱(Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer))数量与野生海鳟(溯河产卵的 S. trutta L.)上幼年和移动大马哈鱼虱发生量之间的关联。滞后模式与鲑虱从卵到感染期的发育时间一致,使用模型偏差进行评估。养殖场中成年雌性 L. salmonis 数量与野生鳟鱼中幼年 L. salmonis 数量之间存在明显的正相关关系。这种关联符合一种因果关系,即养殖大西洋鲑鱼上的虱目鲑桡足类数量增加会导致野生海鳟上的鲑桡足类数量增加。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of in vitro treatments against the causative agent of Diadema antillarum scuticociliatosis (DaSc). 评估针对恙虫病(Diadema antillarum scuticociliatosis,DaSc)病原体的体外疗法。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03776
James S Evans, Julie J Voelschow, Isabella T Ritchie, Mya Breitbart, Ian Hewson, Christina A Kellogg

In the 1980s, a mass die-off of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum occurred on Florida and Caribbean coral reefs. D. antillarum populations largely did not recover, and in 2022, remaining populations experienced another mass mortality event. A ciliate most similar to Philaster apodigitiformis was identified as the causative agent of the 2022 event, which was named D. antillarum scuticociliatosis (DaSc). Here, we investigated possible treatments for this pathogen. We tested the efficacy of 10 compounds at final concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.13 µM, or a 10-fold serial dilution series, against ciliates cultured from an infected D. antillarum specimen. Of the tested compounds, 8 induced 100% ciliate mortality at some dose after 24 h. The most effective (defined as those requiring the lowest dose to induce 100% ciliate mortality) were quinacrine and tomatine (both effective at 12.5 µM), followed by furaltadone and plumbagin (25 µM), bithionol sulfoxide and 2'4' dihydroxychalcone (50 µM), and oxyclozanide and carnidazole (100 µM). Toltrazuril and a commercially available anticiliate product containing naphthoquinones were not effective at any dose tested. Shortened (15 min) time trials were performed using ciliate cultures reared in natural seawater to better reflect natural environmental conditions, and revealed that 2 of the compounds (quinacrine and tomatine) induced 100% ciliate mortality at 100 µM, with tomatine also effective at 50 µM. This study identified several treatments effective against the causative agent of DaSc in vitro, but their toxicity and utility in vivo remain unknown.

20 世纪 80 年代,佛罗里达和加勒比海珊瑚礁上的长棘海胆 Diadema antillarum 大规模死亡。D. antillarum 的种群基本上没有恢复,2022 年,剩余的种群又经历了一次大规模死亡事件。一种与 Philaster apodigitiformis 最为相似的纤毛虫被确定为 2022 年事件的致病因子,并被命名为 D. antillarum scuticociliatosis(DaSc)。在此,我们研究了这种病原体的可能治疗方法。我们测试了 10 种化合物(最终浓度分别为 100、50、25、12.5、6.25 和 3.13 µM,或 10 倍序列稀释系列)对从受感染的 D. antillarum 标本中培养出的纤毛虫的疗效。在测试的化合物中,有 8 种化合物能在 24 小时后以某种剂量诱导纤毛虫 100%死亡。最有效的(定义为需要最低剂量才能诱导纤毛虫 100%死亡的化合物)是喹吖啶和番茄碱(均在 12.5 µM 时有效),其次是呋喃他酮和plumbagin(25 µM)、双硫醇亚砜和 2'4' 二羟基查尔酮(50 µM)以及氧环扎腈和肉桂唑(100 µM)。唑螨酯和一种含有萘醌的市售抗螨产品在任何剂量的测试中都无效。为了更好地反映自然环境条件,使用在天然海水中饲养的纤毛虫培养物进行了缩短(15 分钟)时间试验,结果表明,其中 2 种化合物(喹吖啶和番茄碱)在 100 µM 的剂量下可诱导 100%的纤毛虫死亡,番茄碱在 50 µM 的剂量下也有效。这项研究确定了几种在体外对 DaSc 致病菌有效的治疗方法,但它们在体内的毒性和效用仍然未知。
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引用次数: 0
First molecular confirmation of cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV1) in diseased carp in Serbia. 首次从分子角度证实塞尔维亚患病鲤鱼体内存在鲤科疱疹病毒 1 (CyHV1)。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03777
Vladimir Radosavljevic, Dimitrije Glisic, Jelena Maksimovic-Zoric, Ljubisa Veljovic, Bozidar Savic

Mass mortality of farmed 1 yr old common carp Cyprinus carpio occurred at a carp farm in April 2022. In addition to high mortality, diseased fish exhibited papillomatous growths on the skin and fins, characteristic of carp pox. To investigate a possible viral cause, tissue samples were collected and nucleic acid was extracted using standard procedures. In a pooled sample from the gills and kidneys, carp edema virus (CEV) was detected by real-time PCR. In a skin tissue sample with papillomatous growths, cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV1) was detected by a conventional PCR targeting a conserved region of the DNA polymerase of cyprinid herpesviruses. PCR products were visualized through agarose gel electrophoresis, and the presence of CyHV1 DNA was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This represents the first molecular confirmation of CyHV1 in common carp in Serbia.

2022 年 4 月,一家鲤鱼养殖场的 1 龄鲤鱼大量死亡。除死亡率高外,病鱼的皮肤和鳍上出现乳头状增生,这是鲤鱼痘的特征。为了调查可能的病毒原因,我们采集了组织样本,并使用标准程序提取核酸。通过实时聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR),在鳃和肾的集合样本中检测到了鲤鱼水肿病毒(CEV)。在有乳头状增生的皮肤组织样本中,通过针对鲤科疱疹病毒 DNA 聚合酶保守区的传统 PCR 方法检测到了鲤科疱疹病毒 1(CyHV1)。PCR 产物通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳显现,CyHV1 DNA 的存在通过桑格测序得到证实。这是塞尔维亚首次从分子角度证实鲤鱼感染了 CyHV1。
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引用次数: 0
Susceptibility of shellfish aquaculture species in the Chesapeake Bay and Maryland coastal bays to ostreid herpesvirus 1 microvariants. 切萨皮克湾和马里兰沿海海湾的贝类水产养殖物种对奥斯特里德疱疹病毒 1 微变种的易感性。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03775
M L Kachmar, K S Reece, M V Agnew, H J Schreier, C A Burge

Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (µVars) cause economically devastating mass mortalities of oysters and pose a threat to the shellfish aquaculture industry globally. OsHV-1 outbreaks can cause up to 100% mortality in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. However, OsHV-1 and its variants have a broad host range and can infect at least 7 bivalve species, including bay scallops Argopecten irradians and eastern oysters C. virginica. Determining the susceptibility of economically and ecologically important bivalve species to OsHV-1 is critical for improving biosecurity and disease management to protect the aquaculture industry. Surveys of eastern oysters were conducted in June to August 2021 in the Maryland portion of the Chesapeake Bay to determine the prevalence and viral load of OsHV-1 at 5 aquaculture farms. Using quantitative PCR, OsHV-1 was not detected at any sites. Experiments examined the susceptibility of single stocks of eastern oysters and hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria to the virus and their ability to horizontally transmit it using OsHV-1 µVar SD (San Diego, California) and OsHV-1 µVar FRA (Marennes-Olreon, France). Results showed that OsHV-1 µVars did not cause mortality or symptomatic infection in the single stocks of eastern oysters and hard clams used in these experiments using natural infection pathways. However, the eastern oyster stock, when injected with OsHV-1, did transmit the virus to naïve Pacific oysters. Further experimentation using additional stocks and lines and establishment of surveillance programs along the east and Gulf coasts of the USA are necessary to prepare for the potential spread and impact of OsHV-1 related disease.

牡蛎疱疹病毒 1(OsHV-1)及其微变体(µVars)会造成牡蛎大量死亡,对经济造成破坏性影响,并对全球贝类养殖业构成威胁。OsHV-1 的爆发可导致太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)100%死亡。然而,OsHV-1 及其变种的宿主范围很广,至少可以感染 7 种双壳贝类,包括海湾扇贝 Argopecten irradians 和东部牡蛎 C. virginica。确定具有重要经济和生态意义的双壳贝类对 OsHV-1 的易感性对于改善生物安全和疾病管理以保护水产养殖业至关重要。2021 年 6 月至 8 月,在切萨皮克湾的马里兰州部分对东部牡蛎进行了调查,以确定 5 个水产养殖场 OsHV-1 的流行率和病毒载量。通过定量 PCR,没有在任何地点检测到 OsHV-1。实验使用 OsHV-1 µVar SD(加利福尼亚州圣迭戈)和 OsHV-1 µVar FRA(法国马伦内-奥利昂)检测了东部牡蛎和硬蛤 Mercenaria mercenaria 单一种群对病毒的敏感性及其水平传播病毒的能力。结果表明,OsHV-1 µVars在这些实验中使用的东部牡蛎和硬蛤的单一种群中不会导致死亡或症状感染。然而,东部牡蛎种群在注射 OsHV-1 后,确实将病毒传播给了天真的太平洋牡蛎。有必要使用更多的种群和品系进行进一步的实验,并在美国东部和海湾沿岸建立监控计划,为 OsHV-1 相关疾病的潜在传播和影响做好准备。
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引用次数: 0
Habitat shift of adult Caligus undulatus (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) from host fish to plankton in response to host behavior. 桡足类:虹吸目:桡足科)成体根据宿主行为从宿主鱼类转移到浮游生物的栖息地。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03773
Yusuke Kondo, Susumu Ohtsuka, Masaki Nawata, Yusuke Nishida, Sota Komeda, Sadaharu Iwasaki, Panakkool Thamban Aneesh, Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran

Before 2019, adults of the sea louse Caligus undulatus were reported exclusively in plankton from ocean samples worldwide and were not known to parasitize fish hosts. In 2019, the first instance of this caligid parasitizing a fish host, Japanese sardinella Sardinella zunasi, was reported in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The presently reported study aimed to investigate the biology and ecology of adult C. undulatus in plankton communities in the Seto Inland Sea and surrounding waters from March 2020 to November 2021. The occurrence of sea lice in plankton communities was restricted to the period of August-January, mainly between October and December with maximum plankton abundance (10.5 ind. per 1000 m3) recorded on 30 November 2020. All post-naupliar stages of C. undulatus were found on the host fish, and they represented a typical life cycle pattern known for Caligus species. The sex ratios in both planktonic and parasitic adults were not significantly different. The frequency of occurrence of planktonic and parasitic adult females with egg strings was 68 and 46%, respectively. The number of eggs per string was significantly higher in parasitic adult females (mean ± SD: 16.9 ± 8.6) than in planktonic females (10.4 ± 10.8). These data suggest that adult females were detached from their hosts and continued to produce eggs without feeding. Seasonal migration of S. zunasi to brackish water for spawning may result in the detachment of mature caligids from the host and may be effective in protecting the offspring, which are less tolerant of less brackish water.

2019年之前,海虱Caligus undulatus的成虫仅见于世界各地海洋样本中的浮游生物,尚未发现其寄生于鱼类宿主。2019 年,日本濑户内海首次报道了这种海虱寄生鱼类宿主日本沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)的情况。本次报告的研究旨在调查 2020 年 3 月至 2021 年 11 月期间濑户内海及周边水域浮游生物群落中的海虱成虫的生物学和生态学情况。浮游生物群落中海虱的出现仅限于 8 月至 1 月期间,主要集中在 10 月至 12 月期间,2020 年 11 月 30 日记录到最大浮游生物丰度(每 1000 立方米 10.5 个)。在寄主鱼类身上发现了所有后甲壳虫阶段,它们代表了 Caligus 物种已知的典型生命周期模式。浮游成虫和寄生成虫的性别比例没有显著差异。浮游雌成虫和寄生雌成虫带卵串的出现频率分别为 68% 和 46% 。寄生雌性成虫的每串卵数(平均值 ± 标准差:16.9 ± 8.6)明显高于浮游雌性成虫(10.4 ± 10.8)。这些数据表明,雌性成虫脱离寄主后,在不摄食的情况下继续产卵。S.zunasi季节性迁移到咸水中产卵,可能会导致成熟的鳞鳃鱼脱离宿主,并能有效保护后代,因为后代对咸水的耐受性较差。
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引用次数: 0
Novel lambdapapillomavirus in northern sea otters Enhydra lutris kenyoni, associated with oral hyperplastic nodules. 与口腔增生性结节有关的北部海獭Enhydra lutris kenyoni体内的新型羊羔病毒。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.3354/dao03771
Carlos H Romero, Pam Tuomi, Kathleen A Burek-Huntington, Verena A Gill

A novel papillomavirus (PV) associated with hyperplastic nodules scattered over the muco-cutaneous border of the oral cavity of a dead, wild, subadult northern sea otter Enhydra lutris kenyoni (NSO) in 2004 in Homer, Alaska, USA, was genetically characterized. Primers for the amplification of 2 large overlapping DNA fragments that contained the complete genome of the NSO PV were designed. Sanger methodology generated sequences from which new specific primers were designed for the primer-walking approach. The NSO PV genome consists of 8085 nucleotides and contains an early region composed of E6, E7, E1, and E2 open reading frames (ORFs), an E4 ORF (contained within E2) lacking an in-frame proximal ATG start codon, an unusually long (907 nucleotide) stretch lacking any ORFs, a late region that contains the capsid genes L2 and L1, and a non-coding regulatory region (ncRR). This NSO PV has been tentatively named Enhydra lutris kenyoni PV2 (ElkPV2). Pairwise and multiple sequence alignments of the complete L1 ORF nucleotides and concatenated E1-E2-L1 amino acid sequences showed that the NSO PV is a novel PV, phylogenetically most closely related to southern sea otter PV1. The carboxy end of the E6 oncoprotein does not contain the PDZ-binding motif with a strong correlation with oncogenicity, suggesting a low-risk PV, which is in agreement with histopathological findings. However, the ElkPV2 E7 oncoprotein does contain the retinoblastoma (pRb) binding domain LXCXE (LQCYE in ElkPV2), associated with oncogenicity in some high-risk PVs. Further studies on the prevalence and clinical significance of ElkPV2 infections in NSO are needed.

研究人员对 2004 年在美国阿拉斯加霍默发现的一种新型乳头状瘤病毒(PV)进行了基因鉴定,这种病毒与一只死亡的野生亚成年北海獭(Enhydra lutris kenyoni,NSO)口腔黏膜-皮肤边界散布的增生结节有关。设计了用于扩增包含 NSO PV 完整基因组的 2 个大的重叠 DNA 片段的引物。桑格方法产生了序列,并据此设计了新的特异引物,用于引物游走法。NSO PV基因组由8085个核苷酸组成,包含一个由E6、E7、E1和E2开放阅读框(ORF)组成的早期区域、一个缺乏框内近端ATG起始密码子的E4 ORF(包含在E2中)、一个缺乏任何ORF的异常长(907个核苷酸)区段、一个包含帽状体基因L2和L1的晚期区域以及一个非编码调控区(ncRR)。这种 NSO PV 被暂时命名为 Enhydra lutris kenyoni PV2(ElkPV2)。完整的 L1 ORF 核苷酸和 E1-E2-L1 氨基酸序列的配对和多重序列比对显示,NSO PV 是一种新型 PV,在系统发育上与南部海獭 PV1 的亲缘关系最为密切。E6 肿瘤蛋白的羧基末端不包含与致癌性密切相关的 PDZ 结合基序,这表明这是一种低风险的 PV,这与组织病理学结果一致。然而,ElkPV2 E7 肿瘤蛋白确实含有视网膜母细胞瘤(pRb)结合结构域 LXCXE(ElkPV2 中为 LQCYE),这与某些高风险 PV 的致癌性有关。我们需要进一步研究 ElkPV2 在 NSO 中的感染率和临床意义。
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引用次数: 0
Variation in Paramarteilia canceri infections in velvet crab Necora puber. 绒蟹(Necora puber)体内癌副马氏管感染的变异。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.3354/dao03772
Signe Martin, Deborah Cheslett, Evelyn Collins, Simona Georgieva, Ian O Connor, Fiona Swords, Katie O Dwyer

Sustainable management of crustacean populations requires an understanding of the range of factors affecting different crustacean species. Recently, a high prevalence of a paramyxid parasite, Paramarteilia canceri, was reported in velvet crabs Necora puber in Ireland. Similar parasites have been known to cause mass mortalities in bivalves and, as velvet crabs are an important commercial species, these parasite infections are cause for concern. The main objective of this study was to examine variation in P. canceri infections in relation to host biology and season over a 2 yr period. In addition, we tested a range of host tissues and organs to gain more information on the host-parasite interaction. The parasite was present in all tissues and organs investigated, including the gonad and eggs of a berried female. Parasite prevalence was highest in the cuticular epithelium and hepatopancreas. Both annual and seasonal variation was found in parasite prevalence and parasite load. No difference was found in parasite prevalence or parasite load with either crab size or crab sex. Granulomas as a response to infection were significantly more abundant in infected velvet crab individuals. The results of this study provide important information on the host-parasite interaction between P. canceri and the velvet crab and highlight the importance of including parasite monitoring in the management of crustacean fisheries.

甲壳类种群的可持续管理需要了解影响不同甲壳类物种的各种因素。最近,有报告称,在爱尔兰的绒蟹 Necora puber 中,寄生虫 Paramarteilia canceri 的发病率很高。已知类似的寄生虫会导致双壳类动物大量死亡,由于绒蟹是重要的商业物种,这些寄生虫感染令人担忧。这项研究的主要目的是研究两年内P. canceri感染的变化与宿主生物学和季节的关系。此外,我们还检测了一系列宿主组织和器官,以获得更多有关宿主与寄生虫相互作用的信息。寄生虫存在于调查的所有组织和器官中,包括雌虫的生殖腺和卵。寄生虫在角质上皮和肝胰腺中的感染率最高。寄生虫感染率和寄生虫量存在年度和季节性变化。寄生虫流行率和寄生虫量与蟹的大小和性别均无差异。作为对感染的一种反应,肉芽肿在受感染的绒蟹个体中明显较多。这项研究的结果提供了关于P. canceri与绒蟹之间宿主-寄生虫相互作用的重要信息,并强调了将寄生虫监测纳入甲壳类渔业管理的重要性。
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Diseases of aquatic organisms
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