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Marteilia pararefringens infections are more frequent than revealed by the Norwegian surveillance programme, highlighting the need for its improvement. 副猪嗜血杆菌(Marteilia pararefringens)感染的频率比挪威监测计划显示的频率更高,这凸显了改进该计划的必要性。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.3354/dao03785
Mats Bøgwald, Stein Mortensen

Norway had historically been considered free of marteiliosis in bivalves since the disease surveillance programme began in 1995. However, in 2016, Marteilia pararefringens, a protistan parasite of mussels Mytilus spp., was described in a heliothermic lagoon-a poll-previously used to produce flat oyster spat. To study whether the parasite was introduced, and possibly spread, via the historical flat oyster networks on the south and west coast, we sampled aquaculture polls that were part of different networks of farmers and wild, natural polls with no aquaculture activity. Additionally, we sampled mussel banks influenced by polls and sheltered bays that could have a similar environment to that of polls. We identified 7 sites with M. pararefringens-infected mussel populations: 5 were polls used in flat oyster production and 2 were in fjord areas with no known connection to any bivalve aquaculture. Prevalence ranged between 2 and 88%. At one site, Trysfjorden, we found M. pararefringens in atypical organs, including the gills, mantle, and intestine. Marteilia-like cells were also observed in the epithelium, lumen, and surrounding connective tissue of metanephridia and in the sinus of the anterior retractor muscle. Our results demonstrate that the parasite is more widespread than previously thought and is neither isolated to polls nor connected directly to aquaculture activity. Lastly, our findings highlight the need for an improved sampling strategy in surveillance programmes to detect marteiliosis in mussels.

自1995年开始实施疾病监测计划以来,挪威一直被认为没有双壳贝类马氏囊虫病。然而,2016年,在一个曾用于生产平牡蛎种苗的日光温室泻湖中发现了一种寄生于贻贝(Mytilus spp.)的原生寄生虫Marteilia pararefringens。为了研究这种寄生虫是否是通过南海岸和西海岸历史上的平牡蛎网络引入并传播的,我们对属于不同养殖户网络的水产养殖场和没有水产养殖活动的野生自然养殖场进行了采样。此外,我们还对受民意调查影响的贻贝滩以及可能与民意调查环境相似的遮蔽海湾进行了采样。我们在 7 个地点发现了受副扇贝属贻贝感染的贻贝种群:其中 5 个是用于生产扁平牡蛎的海滨,2 个位于峡湾地区,与任何双壳贝类水产养殖业均无关联。感染率在 2% 到 88% 之间。在 Trysfjorden 的一个地点,我们在非典型器官中发现了 M. pararefringens,包括鳃、甲壳和肠道。在偏肾上皮细胞、管腔、周围结缔组织以及前缩肌窦中也观察到了类似马氏体的细胞。我们的研究结果表明,寄生虫的传播范围比以前想象的要广,既不局限于民意调查,也不直接与水产养殖活动有关。最后,我们的研究结果突出表明,需要改进监测计划中的采样策略,以检测贻贝中的马氏囊虫病。
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引用次数: 0
Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid panzootic lineage in Uruguay is constrained by climate. 两栖动物糜烂泛祖系在乌拉圭的广泛出现受到气候的制约。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.3354/dao03783
Claudio Borteiro, Gabriel Laufer, Noelia Gobel, Mailén Arleo, Francisco Kolenc, Sofía Cortizas, Diego A Barrasso, Rafael O de Sá, Alvaro Soutullo, Martin Ubilla, Claudio Martínez-Debat

The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes chytridiomycosis, a disease among the main causes of amphibian declines worldwide. However, Bd studies on Neotropical amphibians from temperate areas are scarce. We present a comprehensive survey of Bd in Uruguay, in temperate central eastern South America, carried out between 2006 and 2014. Skin swabs of 535 specimens of 21 native and exotic frogs were tested by PCR. We used individual-level data to examine the relationship between infection, climatic variables, and their effects on body condition and the number of prey items found in stomach contents. Infection was widespread in free-ranging anurans with an overall prevalence of 41.9%, detected in 15 native species, wild American bullfrogs Aquarana catesbeiana, and captive specimens of Ceratophrys ornata and Xenopus laevis. Three haplotypes of the Bd ITS region were identified in native amphibians, all belonging to the global panzootic lineage (BdGPL), of which only one was present in exotic hosts. Despite high infection frequencies in different anurans, we found no evidence of morbidity or mortality attributable to chytridiomycosis, and we observed no discernible impact on body condition or consumed prey. Climatic conditions at the time of our surveys suggested that the chance of infection is associated with monthly mean temperature, mean humidity, and total precipitation. Temperatures below 21°C combined with moderate humidity and pronounced rainfall may increase the likelihood of infection. Multiple haplotypes of BdGPL combined with high frequencies of infection suggest an enzootic pattern in native species, underscoring the need for continued monitoring.

两栖动物糜烂真菌 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd)会引起糜烂真菌病,这种疾病是导致全球两栖动物数量减少的主要原因之一。然而,对温带地区新热带两栖动物的 Bd 研究却很少。我们介绍了 2006 年至 2014 年期间在南美洲中东部温带地区乌拉圭对 Bd 进行的全面调查。通过 PCR 对 21 种本地和外来蛙类的 535 份皮肤拭子标本进行了检测。我们利用个体数据研究了感染、气候变量及其对身体状况和胃内容物中发现的猎物数量的影响之间的关系。感染在自由放养的无尾蛙类中很普遍,总感染率为 41.9%,在 15 个本地物种、野生美洲牛蛙 Aquarana catesbeiana 以及圈养的 Ceratophrys ornata 和 Xenopus laevis 标本中均有发现。在本地两栖动物中发现了 Bd ITS 区域的三个单倍型,它们都属于全球泛祖系(BdGPL),其中只有一个单倍型存在于外来宿主中。尽管不同无尾类的感染频率很高,但我们没有发现糜烂丝虫病导致发病或死亡的证据,也没有观察到糜烂丝虫病对身体状况或消耗的猎物有明显影响。我们调查时的气候条件表明,感染几率与月平均温度、平均湿度和总降水量有关。温度低于 21°C,加上湿度适中和降雨明显,可能会增加感染的几率。BdGPL 的多种单倍型与高感染频率相结合,表明在本地物种中存在一种流行模式,强调了持续监测的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Glove decontamination procedures to prevent pathogen and DNA cross-contamination among frogs. 防止青蛙病原体和 DNA 交叉感染的手套净化程序。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.3354/dao03793
James E Noelker, Vitoria Abreu Ruozzi, Hunter M Craig, Jason P Sckrabulis, Thomas R Raffel

Working with aquatic organisms often requires handling multiple individuals in a single session, potentially resulting in cross-contamination by live pathogens or DNA. Most researchers address this problem by disposing of gloves between animals. However, this generates excessive waste and may be impractical for processing very slippery animals that might be easier to handle with cotton gloves. We tested methods to decontaminate cotton or nitrile gloves after contamination with cultured Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) or after handling heavily Bd-infected Xenopus laevis with layered cotton and nitrile gloves. Bleach eliminated detectable Bd DNA from culture-contaminated nitrile gloves, but gloves retained detectable Bd DNA following ethanol disinfection. After handling a Bd-infected frog, Bd DNA contamination was greatly reduced by removal of the outer cotton glove, after which either bleach decontamination or ethanol decontamination followed by drying hands with a paper towel lowered Bd DNA below the detection threshold of our assay. These results provide new options to prevent pathogen or DNA cross-contamination, especially when handling slippery aquatic organisms. However, tradeoffs should be considered when selecting an animal handling procedure, such as the potential for cotton gloves to abrade amphibian skin or disrupt skin mucus. Disposing of gloves between animals should remain the gold standard for maintaining biosecurity in sensitive situations.

与水生生物打交道通常需要在一次工作中处理多个个体,这可能会导致活病原体或 DNA 的交叉感染。大多数研究人员通过在动物之间丢弃手套来解决这个问题。然而,这样做会产生过多的废物,而且对于处理非常滑溜的动物可能不切实际,因为使用棉手套可能更容易处理这些动物。我们测试了在棉手套或丁腈手套受到培养的巴特拉氏菌(Bd)污染后,或在使用分层棉手套和丁腈手套处理受到严重 Bd 感染的爪蟾后对其进行净化的方法。漂白剂消除了受培养物污染的丁腈手套中可检测到的 Bd DNA,但乙醇消毒后手套仍可检测到 Bd DNA。在处理受 Bd 感染的青蛙后,脱掉外层棉手套可大大减少 Bd DNA 污染,之后无论是漂白剂去污还是乙醇去污,再用纸巾擦干双手,都可将 Bd DNA 降低到检测阈值以下。这些结果为防止病原体或 DNA 交叉污染提供了新的选择,尤其是在处理湿滑的水生生物时。不过,在选择动物处理程序时应考虑折衷因素,如棉手套可能会磨损两栖动物皮肤或破坏皮肤粘液。在动物之间丢弃手套仍应是在敏感情况下保持生物安全的黄金标准。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence of Stenurus globicephalae (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae) in the blowhole of Globicephala macrorhynchus (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Tasmania, Australia. 澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚 Globicephala macrorhynchus(鲸目目:海豚科)喷孔中 Stenurus globicephalae(线虫纲:伪蝶形目)的出现。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3354/dao03791
Shokoofeh Shamsi, František Moravec, Diane P Barton

Information about parasites of cetaceans in Australia is scarce and mostly opportunistic. The morphology of specimens of the metastrongyloid Stenurus globicephalae Baylis & Daubney, 1925 (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae), collected from the blowhole of a pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 (Cetacea: Delphinidae) off northern Tasmania, Australia, were studied. Light and scanning electron microscopical examinations enabled a detailed redescription of this nematode species, including corrections of some inaccuracies in previous species descriptions, particularly those concerning cephalic and caudal structures. The presence of numerous ventrolateral oblique muscle bands, characteristic of the males of S. globicephalae, is reported for the first time. This is the second finding of this nematode parasite, in a different host species, in Tasmania.

有关澳大利亚鲸目动物寄生虫的信息很少,而且大多是机会性的。我们研究了从澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚岛北部领航鲸 Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846(鲸目:海豚科)的吹孔中采集的中兽皮线虫 Stenurus globicephalae Baylis & Daubney, 1925(线虫纲:伪线虫科)标本的形态。通过光镜和扫描电子显微镜检查,对这一线虫物种进行了详细的重新描述,包括纠正了以前物种描述中的一些不准确之处,特别是有关头和尾部结构的描述。首次报告了许多腹侧斜肌带的存在,这是球头线虫雄虫的特征。这是第二次在塔斯马尼亚发现这种寄生于不同宿主物种的线虫。
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引用次数: 0
Bacterial and viral co-infections in aquaculture under climate warming: co-evolutionary implications, diagnosis, and treatment 气候变暖条件下水产养殖中的细菌和病毒共同感染:共同进化的影响、诊断和治疗
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.3354/dao03778
Sarahí Vega-Heredia, Ivone Giffard-Mena, Miriam Reverter
ABSTRACT: Climate change and the associated environmental temperature fluctuations are contributing to increases in the frequency and severity of disease outbreaks in both wild and farmed aquatic species. This has a significant impact on biodiversity and also puts global food production systems, such as aquaculture, at risk. Most infections are the result of complex interactions between multiple pathogens, and understanding these interactions and their co-evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for developing effective diagnosis and control strategies. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on bacteria-bacteria, virus-virus, and bacterial and viral co-infections in aquaculture as well as their co-evolution in the context of global warming. We also propose a framework and different novel methods (e.g. advanced molecular tools such as digital PCR and next-generation sequencing) to (1) precisely identify overlooked co-infections, (2) gain an understanding of the co-infection dynamics and mechanisms by knowing species interactions, and (3) facilitate the development multi-pathogen preventive measures such as polyvalent vaccines. As aquaculture disease outbreaks are forecasted to increase both due to the intensification of practices to meet the protein demand of the increasing global population and as a result of global warming, understanding and treating co-infections in aquatic species has important implications for global food security and the economy.
摘要:气候变化和相关的环境温度波动导致野生和养殖水生物种爆发疾病的频率和严重程度增加。这对生物多样性产生了重大影响,也使水产养殖等全球食品生产系统面临风险。大多数感染是多种病原体之间复杂相互作用的结果,了解这些相互作用及其共同进化机制对于制定有效的诊断和控制策略至关重要。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了当前有关水产养殖中细菌-细菌、病毒-病毒、细菌和病毒共同感染的知识,以及它们在全球变暖背景下的共同进化。我们还提出了一个框架和不同的新方法(如先进的分子工具,如数字 PCR 和下一代测序),以 (1) 精确识别被忽视的共感染,(2) 通过了解物种间的相互作用来了解共感染的动态和机制,以及 (3) 促进多病原体预防措施(如多价疫苗)的开发。由于为满足全球人口增长对蛋白质的需求而加强养殖,以及全球变暖,预计水产养殖疾病爆发将增加,因此了解和治疗水产物种的共感染对全球粮食安全和经济具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Association of ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis counts on farmed Atlantic salmon and wild sea trout in Scotland. 苏格兰养殖大西洋鲑鱼和野生海鳟体外寄生虫 Lepeophtheirus salmonis 数量的关联。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03774
Stephen C Ives, Alexander G Murray, John D Armstrong

Parasitic sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) colonising marine salmonid (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) aquaculture production facilities have been implicated as a possible pressure on wild salmon and sea trout populations. This investigation uses monitoring data from the mainland west coast and Western Isles of Scotland to estimate the association of the abundance of adult female Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) colonising farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. with the occurrence of juvenile and mobile L. salmonis on wild sea trout, anadromous S. trutta L. The associations were evaluated using generalised linear mixed models incorporating farmed adult female salmon louse abundances which are temporally lagged relative to dependent wild trout values. The pattern of lags, which is consistent with time for L. salmonis development between egg and infective stage, was evaluated using model deviances. A significant positive association is identified between adult female L. salmonis abundance on farms and juvenile L. salmonis on wild trout. This association is consistent with a causal relationship in which increases in the number of L. salmonis copepodids originating from lice colonising farmed Atlantic salmon cause an increase of L. salmonis abundance on wild sea trout.

寄生在海水鲑科(鲑形目:鲑鱼科)水产养殖生产设施中的寄生海虱(桡足目:海虱科)被认为可能会对野生鲑鱼和海鳟种群造成压力。本研究利用苏格兰大陆西海岸和西岛的监测数据,估算了养殖大西洋鲑鱼(Salmo salar L.)上的成年雌性大马哈鱼虱(Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer))数量与野生海鳟(溯河产卵的 S. trutta L.)上幼年和移动大马哈鱼虱发生量之间的关联。滞后模式与鲑虱从卵到感染期的发育时间一致,使用模型偏差进行评估。养殖场中成年雌性 L. salmonis 数量与野生鳟鱼中幼年 L. salmonis 数量之间存在明显的正相关关系。这种关联符合一种因果关系,即养殖大西洋鲑鱼上的虱目鲑桡足类数量增加会导致野生海鳟上的鲑桡足类数量增加。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of in vitro treatments against the causative agent of Diadema antillarum scuticociliatosis (DaSc). 评估针对恙虫病(Diadema antillarum scuticociliatosis,DaSc)病原体的体外疗法。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03776
James S Evans, Julie J Voelschow, Isabella T Ritchie, Mya Breitbart, Ian Hewson, Christina A Kellogg

In the 1980s, a mass die-off of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum occurred on Florida and Caribbean coral reefs. D. antillarum populations largely did not recover, and in 2022, remaining populations experienced another mass mortality event. A ciliate most similar to Philaster apodigitiformis was identified as the causative agent of the 2022 event, which was named D. antillarum scuticociliatosis (DaSc). Here, we investigated possible treatments for this pathogen. We tested the efficacy of 10 compounds at final concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.13 µM, or a 10-fold serial dilution series, against ciliates cultured from an infected D. antillarum specimen. Of the tested compounds, 8 induced 100% ciliate mortality at some dose after 24 h. The most effective (defined as those requiring the lowest dose to induce 100% ciliate mortality) were quinacrine and tomatine (both effective at 12.5 µM), followed by furaltadone and plumbagin (25 µM), bithionol sulfoxide and 2'4' dihydroxychalcone (50 µM), and oxyclozanide and carnidazole (100 µM). Toltrazuril and a commercially available anticiliate product containing naphthoquinones were not effective at any dose tested. Shortened (15 min) time trials were performed using ciliate cultures reared in natural seawater to better reflect natural environmental conditions, and revealed that 2 of the compounds (quinacrine and tomatine) induced 100% ciliate mortality at 100 µM, with tomatine also effective at 50 µM. This study identified several treatments effective against the causative agent of DaSc in vitro, but their toxicity and utility in vivo remain unknown.

20 世纪 80 年代,佛罗里达和加勒比海珊瑚礁上的长棘海胆 Diadema antillarum 大规模死亡。D. antillarum 的种群基本上没有恢复,2022 年,剩余的种群又经历了一次大规模死亡事件。一种与 Philaster apodigitiformis 最为相似的纤毛虫被确定为 2022 年事件的致病因子,并被命名为 D. antillarum scuticociliatosis(DaSc)。在此,我们研究了这种病原体的可能治疗方法。我们测试了 10 种化合物(最终浓度分别为 100、50、25、12.5、6.25 和 3.13 µM,或 10 倍序列稀释系列)对从受感染的 D. antillarum 标本中培养出的纤毛虫的疗效。在测试的化合物中,有 8 种化合物能在 24 小时后以某种剂量诱导纤毛虫 100%死亡。最有效的(定义为需要最低剂量才能诱导纤毛虫 100%死亡的化合物)是喹吖啶和番茄碱(均在 12.5 µM 时有效),其次是呋喃他酮和plumbagin(25 µM)、双硫醇亚砜和 2'4' 二羟基查尔酮(50 µM)以及氧环扎腈和肉桂唑(100 µM)。唑螨酯和一种含有萘醌的市售抗螨产品在任何剂量的测试中都无效。为了更好地反映自然环境条件,使用在天然海水中饲养的纤毛虫培养物进行了缩短(15 分钟)时间试验,结果表明,其中 2 种化合物(喹吖啶和番茄碱)在 100 µM 的剂量下可诱导 100%的纤毛虫死亡,番茄碱在 50 µM 的剂量下也有效。这项研究确定了几种在体外对 DaSc 致病菌有效的治疗方法,但它们在体内的毒性和效用仍然未知。
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引用次数: 0
First molecular confirmation of cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV1) in diseased carp in Serbia. 首次从分子角度证实塞尔维亚患病鲤鱼体内存在鲤科疱疹病毒 1 (CyHV1)。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03777
Vladimir Radosavljevic, Dimitrije Glisic, Jelena Maksimovic-Zoric, Ljubisa Veljovic, Bozidar Savic

Mass mortality of farmed 1 yr old common carp Cyprinus carpio occurred at a carp farm in April 2022. In addition to high mortality, diseased fish exhibited papillomatous growths on the skin and fins, characteristic of carp pox. To investigate a possible viral cause, tissue samples were collected and nucleic acid was extracted using standard procedures. In a pooled sample from the gills and kidneys, carp edema virus (CEV) was detected by real-time PCR. In a skin tissue sample with papillomatous growths, cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV1) was detected by a conventional PCR targeting a conserved region of the DNA polymerase of cyprinid herpesviruses. PCR products were visualized through agarose gel electrophoresis, and the presence of CyHV1 DNA was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This represents the first molecular confirmation of CyHV1 in common carp in Serbia.

2022 年 4 月,一家鲤鱼养殖场的 1 龄鲤鱼大量死亡。除死亡率高外,病鱼的皮肤和鳍上出现乳头状增生,这是鲤鱼痘的特征。为了调查可能的病毒原因,我们采集了组织样本,并使用标准程序提取核酸。通过实时聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR),在鳃和肾的集合样本中检测到了鲤鱼水肿病毒(CEV)。在有乳头状增生的皮肤组织样本中,通过针对鲤科疱疹病毒 DNA 聚合酶保守区的传统 PCR 方法检测到了鲤科疱疹病毒 1(CyHV1)。PCR 产物通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳显现,CyHV1 DNA 的存在通过桑格测序得到证实。这是塞尔维亚首次从分子角度证实鲤鱼感染了 CyHV1。
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引用次数: 0
Susceptibility of shellfish aquaculture species in the Chesapeake Bay and Maryland coastal bays to ostreid herpesvirus 1 microvariants. 切萨皮克湾和马里兰沿海海湾的贝类水产养殖物种对奥斯特里德疱疹病毒 1 微变种的易感性。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03775
M L Kachmar, K S Reece, M V Agnew, H J Schreier, C A Burge

Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (µVars) cause economically devastating mass mortalities of oysters and pose a threat to the shellfish aquaculture industry globally. OsHV-1 outbreaks can cause up to 100% mortality in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. However, OsHV-1 and its variants have a broad host range and can infect at least 7 bivalve species, including bay scallops Argopecten irradians and eastern oysters C. virginica. Determining the susceptibility of economically and ecologically important bivalve species to OsHV-1 is critical for improving biosecurity and disease management to protect the aquaculture industry. Surveys of eastern oysters were conducted in June to August 2021 in the Maryland portion of the Chesapeake Bay to determine the prevalence and viral load of OsHV-1 at 5 aquaculture farms. Using quantitative PCR, OsHV-1 was not detected at any sites. Experiments examined the susceptibility of single stocks of eastern oysters and hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria to the virus and their ability to horizontally transmit it using OsHV-1 µVar SD (San Diego, California) and OsHV-1 µVar FRA (Marennes-Olreon, France). Results showed that OsHV-1 µVars did not cause mortality or symptomatic infection in the single stocks of eastern oysters and hard clams used in these experiments using natural infection pathways. However, the eastern oyster stock, when injected with OsHV-1, did transmit the virus to naïve Pacific oysters. Further experimentation using additional stocks and lines and establishment of surveillance programs along the east and Gulf coasts of the USA are necessary to prepare for the potential spread and impact of OsHV-1 related disease.

牡蛎疱疹病毒 1(OsHV-1)及其微变体(µVars)会造成牡蛎大量死亡,对经济造成破坏性影响,并对全球贝类养殖业构成威胁。OsHV-1 的爆发可导致太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)100%死亡。然而,OsHV-1 及其变种的宿主范围很广,至少可以感染 7 种双壳贝类,包括海湾扇贝 Argopecten irradians 和东部牡蛎 C. virginica。确定具有重要经济和生态意义的双壳贝类对 OsHV-1 的易感性对于改善生物安全和疾病管理以保护水产养殖业至关重要。2021 年 6 月至 8 月,在切萨皮克湾的马里兰州部分对东部牡蛎进行了调查,以确定 5 个水产养殖场 OsHV-1 的流行率和病毒载量。通过定量 PCR,没有在任何地点检测到 OsHV-1。实验使用 OsHV-1 µVar SD(加利福尼亚州圣迭戈)和 OsHV-1 µVar FRA(法国马伦内-奥利昂)检测了东部牡蛎和硬蛤 Mercenaria mercenaria 单一种群对病毒的敏感性及其水平传播病毒的能力。结果表明,OsHV-1 µVars在这些实验中使用的东部牡蛎和硬蛤的单一种群中不会导致死亡或症状感染。然而,东部牡蛎种群在注射 OsHV-1 后,确实将病毒传播给了天真的太平洋牡蛎。有必要使用更多的种群和品系进行进一步的实验,并在美国东部和海湾沿岸建立监控计划,为 OsHV-1 相关疾病的潜在传播和影响做好准备。
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引用次数: 0
Habitat shift of adult Caligus undulatus (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) from host fish to plankton in response to host behavior. 桡足类:虹吸目:桡足科)成体根据宿主行为从宿主鱼类转移到浮游生物的栖息地。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 FISHERIES Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3354/dao03773
Yusuke Kondo, Susumu Ohtsuka, Masaki Nawata, Yusuke Nishida, Sota Komeda, Sadaharu Iwasaki, Panakkool Thamban Aneesh, Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran

Before 2019, adults of the sea louse Caligus undulatus were reported exclusively in plankton from ocean samples worldwide and were not known to parasitize fish hosts. In 2019, the first instance of this caligid parasitizing a fish host, Japanese sardinella Sardinella zunasi, was reported in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The presently reported study aimed to investigate the biology and ecology of adult C. undulatus in plankton communities in the Seto Inland Sea and surrounding waters from March 2020 to November 2021. The occurrence of sea lice in plankton communities was restricted to the period of August-January, mainly between October and December with maximum plankton abundance (10.5 ind. per 1000 m3) recorded on 30 November 2020. All post-naupliar stages of C. undulatus were found on the host fish, and they represented a typical life cycle pattern known for Caligus species. The sex ratios in both planktonic and parasitic adults were not significantly different. The frequency of occurrence of planktonic and parasitic adult females with egg strings was 68 and 46%, respectively. The number of eggs per string was significantly higher in parasitic adult females (mean ± SD: 16.9 ± 8.6) than in planktonic females (10.4 ± 10.8). These data suggest that adult females were detached from their hosts and continued to produce eggs without feeding. Seasonal migration of S. zunasi to brackish water for spawning may result in the detachment of mature caligids from the host and may be effective in protecting the offspring, which are less tolerant of less brackish water.

2019年之前,海虱Caligus undulatus的成虫仅见于世界各地海洋样本中的浮游生物,尚未发现其寄生于鱼类宿主。2019 年,日本濑户内海首次报道了这种海虱寄生鱼类宿主日本沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)的情况。本次报告的研究旨在调查 2020 年 3 月至 2021 年 11 月期间濑户内海及周边水域浮游生物群落中的海虱成虫的生物学和生态学情况。浮游生物群落中海虱的出现仅限于 8 月至 1 月期间,主要集中在 10 月至 12 月期间,2020 年 11 月 30 日记录到最大浮游生物丰度(每 1000 立方米 10.5 个)。在寄主鱼类身上发现了所有后甲壳虫阶段,它们代表了 Caligus 物种已知的典型生命周期模式。浮游成虫和寄生成虫的性别比例没有显著差异。浮游雌成虫和寄生雌成虫带卵串的出现频率分别为 68% 和 46% 。寄生雌性成虫的每串卵数(平均值 ± 标准差:16.9 ± 8.6)明显高于浮游雌性成虫(10.4 ± 10.8)。这些数据表明,雌性成虫脱离寄主后,在不摄食的情况下继续产卵。S.zunasi季节性迁移到咸水中产卵,可能会导致成熟的鳞鳃鱼脱离宿主,并能有效保护后代,因为后代对咸水的耐受性较差。
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Diseases of aquatic organisms
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