The indoor photovoltaic (IPV) technology is an advanced energy harvesting solution to power electronics for the sustainable Internet of Things. Sb 2 S 3 is a highly promising environmentally friendly absorber for IPVs in view of its ideal bandgap of ∼1.75 eV. However, the current high‐performance Sb 2 S 3 solar cells typically involve the use of CdS and Spiro‐OMeTAD charge transport layers, which cause severe toxicity and stability concerns. In this work, we developed all‐vacuum‐processed full‐inorganic Sb 2 S 3 solar cells based on magnetron sputtered TiO 2 electron transport layers. Through comprehensive characterization of structural, morphological, spectroscopic and optoelectronic properties, it is revealed that magnetron sputtered TiO 2 ‐based devices outperform those of solution‐processed counterparts, mainly due to (1) the increase in the oxygen vacancy density of TiO 2 that promotes the subsequent growth of preferential [hkl, l≠0] orientation of close‐spaced sublimation processed Sb 2 S 3 absorber, and (2) the optimization of energy band at the TiO 2 /Sb 2 S 3 heterojunction that reduces charge recombination losses. The as‐obtained Sb 2 S 3 devices deliver a power conversion efficiency of 5.72% under one‐sun illumination, which is the highest reported thus far for all‐vacuum‐processed Sb 2 S 3 solar cells. Furthermore, this device demonstrates a remarkable 14.28% indoor efficiency under 1000 lux WLED. This study provides a feasible all‐vacuum fabrication technology for industrializing Sb 2 S 3 IPVs.
{"title":"All‐Vacuum‐Processed Full‐Inorganic Sb 2 S 3 Indoor Photovoltaics Based on Magnetron Sputtered TiO 2 Electron Transport Layers","authors":"Kehan Dong, Biao Guo, Qingjun Zuo, Pengyu Zhang, Lei Wan, Haihong Niu, Huan Wang, Wei Dang, Zhiqiang Li, Ru Zhou","doi":"10.1002/adfm.74994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.74994","url":null,"abstract":"The indoor photovoltaic (IPV) technology is an advanced energy harvesting solution to power electronics for the sustainable Internet of Things. Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> is a highly promising environmentally friendly absorber for IPVs in view of its ideal bandgap of ∼1.75 eV. However, the current high‐performance Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> solar cells typically involve the use of CdS and Spiro‐OMeTAD charge transport layers, which cause severe toxicity and stability concerns. In this work, we developed all‐vacuum‐processed full‐inorganic Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> solar cells based on magnetron sputtered TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> electron transport layers. Through comprehensive characterization of structural, morphological, spectroscopic and optoelectronic properties, it is revealed that magnetron sputtered TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ‐based devices outperform those of solution‐processed counterparts, mainly due to (1) the increase in the oxygen vacancy density of TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> that promotes the subsequent growth of preferential [hkl, l≠0] orientation of close‐spaced sublimation processed Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> absorber, and (2) the optimization of energy band at the TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> /Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> heterojunction that reduces charge recombination losses. The as‐obtained Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> devices deliver a power conversion efficiency of 5.72% under one‐sun illumination, which is the highest reported thus far for all‐vacuum‐processed Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> solar cells. Furthermore, this device demonstrates a remarkable 14.28% indoor efficiency under 1000 lux WLED. This study provides a feasible all‐vacuum fabrication technology for industrializing Sb <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> IPVs.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Zhang, Mengyuan Li, Ling Li, Wanyun Zhang, Yanlin Song, Ziyu Wang
Interfacial defects and unfavorable energy‐level alignment at the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) interface remain critical bottlenecks that constrain the efficiency and operational stability of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a multifunctional interfacial passivation strategy based on 4,6‐dihydroxy‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine (TBA) is developed to simultaneously regulate defect states and interfacial energetics. Benefiting from its dual hydroxyl and thiol functionalities, TBA establishes strong multidentate coordination with undercoordinated Pb 2+ ions while simultaneously forming robust hydrogen bonds with formamidinium (FA + ) cations, enabling site‐selective anchoring at the perovskite surface. This cooperative coordination–hydrogen‐bonding interaction effectively reduces interfacial trap density, suppresses nonradiative recombination, and optimizes energy‐level alignment at the perovskite/ETL interface. Consequently, inverted PSCs incorporating TBA achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.31%, accompanied by an enhanced open‐circuit voltage and negligible J–V hysteresis. Furthermore, TBA‐modified devices exhibit substantially improved thermal and operational stability, retaining 90.4% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking at 45°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. This work highlights the effectiveness of multifunctional molecular passivation for simultaneously advancing the efficiency and durability of inverted perovskite solar cells.
{"title":"Multifunctional Interfacial Passivation via Cooperative Coordination and Hydrogen Bonding for Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Bo Zhang, Mengyuan Li, Ling Li, Wanyun Zhang, Yanlin Song, Ziyu Wang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75040","url":null,"abstract":"Interfacial defects and unfavorable energy‐level alignment at the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) interface remain critical bottlenecks that constrain the efficiency and operational stability of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a multifunctional interfacial passivation strategy based on 4,6‐dihydroxy‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine (TBA) is developed to simultaneously regulate defect states and interfacial energetics. Benefiting from its dual hydroxyl and thiol functionalities, TBA establishes strong multidentate coordination with undercoordinated Pb <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> ions while simultaneously forming robust hydrogen bonds with formamidinium (FA <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ) cations, enabling site‐selective anchoring at the perovskite surface. This cooperative coordination–hydrogen‐bonding interaction effectively reduces interfacial trap density, suppresses nonradiative recombination, and optimizes energy‐level alignment at the perovskite/ETL interface. Consequently, inverted PSCs incorporating TBA achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.31%, accompanied by an enhanced open‐circuit voltage and negligible <jats:italic>J–V</jats:italic> hysteresis. Furthermore, TBA‐modified devices exhibit substantially improved thermal and operational stability, retaining 90.4% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking at 45°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. This work highlights the effectiveness of multifunctional molecular passivation for simultaneously advancing the efficiency and durability of inverted perovskite solar cells.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) were successfully developed for perspective iron‐based anode materials in potassium ion batteries (PIBs) to achieve excellent K‐storage cycling stability, however, which was usually achieved at the expense of compromised K‐storage kinetics, presenting a significant challenge in reconciling the trade‐off between K‐storage kinetics and cycling stability. Herein a donor number (DN)‐driven solvation manipulation strategy was proposed to develop weakly polar and various‐DN ether‐assisted ionic liquid electrolytes (ILE) for iron carbodiimide (FeNCN) anode. The optimized HDILE via introducing high‐DN anisole (AS) into ILE demonstrated high ionic transport kinetics and FSI − ‐rich dominant solvated structures, which can provide multi‐scale guarantees for the rapid and stable K‐storage behaviors. Consequently, the FeNCN anode in HDILE electrolyte delivered a high reversible specific capacity of 420.5 mAh/g after 250 cycles at 200 mA/g with an average Coulombic efficiency of more than 99.5%, attributed to the accelerated K‐storage kinetics via locally dispersing solvation structures as well as formation of inorganic‐dominated robust solid‐electrolyte‐interphase (SEI) via trapping the organic cation by high‐DN ether solvent. This work provides novel insights into the electrolyte design principle for reconciling the trade‐off between kinetics and stability in energy storage devices.
{"title":"Donor Number‐Driven Solvation Manipulation of Ether‐Aided Ionic Liquid Electrolytes Enables Stable K‐Storage for FeNCN Anode","authors":"Qun Li, Jiang Zhou, Ziqi Zhang, Jing Zheng, Hao Wang, Hao Lou, Xiaokang Chu, Ran Chen, Leqing Deng, Mengtao Ma, Zixia Lin, Qingxue Lai","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75041","url":null,"abstract":"Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) were successfully developed for perspective iron‐based anode materials in potassium ion batteries (PIBs) to achieve excellent K‐storage cycling stability, however, which was usually achieved at the expense of compromised K‐storage kinetics, presenting a significant challenge in reconciling the trade‐off between K‐storage kinetics and cycling stability. Herein a donor number (DN)‐driven solvation manipulation strategy was proposed to develop weakly polar and various‐DN ether‐assisted ionic liquid electrolytes (ILE) for iron carbodiimide (FeNCN) anode. The optimized HDILE via introducing high‐DN anisole (AS) into ILE demonstrated high ionic transport kinetics and FSI <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> ‐rich dominant solvated structures, which can provide multi‐scale guarantees for the rapid and stable K‐storage behaviors. Consequently, the FeNCN anode in HDILE electrolyte delivered a high reversible specific capacity of 420.5 mAh/g after 250 cycles at 200 mA/g with an average Coulombic efficiency of more than 99.5%, attributed to the accelerated K‐storage kinetics via locally dispersing solvation structures as well as formation of inorganic‐dominated robust solid‐electrolyte‐interphase (SEI) via trapping the organic cation by high‐DN ether solvent. This work provides novel insights into the electrolyte design principle for reconciling the trade‐off between kinetics and stability in energy storage devices.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The electrochemical reconstruction behavior of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) profoundly affects their catalytic performance, but their effective regulation remains a major challenge. Herein, we propose a facile single‐atom‐driven strategy to manipulate the surface reconstruction of a gallogen‐based MOF, engineering an efficient active structure of ellagic acid and monatomic Cu co‐modified bismuth oxycarbonate, achieving organic–inorganic dual‐modulation. The reconstructed organic–inorganic hybrid electrocatalyst demonstrates notable performance for CO 2 electroreduction to formate with a maximal Faraday efficiency of 99.4% ± 1.5%. Moreover, throughout the continuous electrocatalysis period of 600 h at 250 mA·cm −2 , the formate Faraday efficiency always maintains above 95.2% ± 2.4%. The corresponding charge transfer amount for formate generation reaches 507600 C·cm −2 , representing one of the best among CO 2 ‐to‐formate electrocatalysts and setting a record among bismuth‐based electrocatalysts. A series of operando and non‐operando characterization techniques combined with theoretical calculations reveal that the dual‐modulation of monatomic Cu and ellagic acid optimizes the p ‐band center of Bi sites, thereby enhancing the adsorption of key * OCHO intermediate. This work establishes a molecular enhancement paradigm for engineering high‐performance electrocatalysts by harnessing surface reconstruction of MOFs.
{"title":"Manipulating Surface Reconstruction of a Metal–Organic Framework to Achieve Molecule‐Enhanced CO 2 Electroreduction","authors":"Xuan Li, Li‐Ming Cao, Li‐Wen Ding, Wei Zhang, Jian Yang, Wen‐Juan Huang, Zhong‐Bao Wen, Xue‐Feng Zhang, Hai‐Hua Huang, Yan‐Tong Xu, Jia Zhang, Chun‐Ting He","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202529029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202529029","url":null,"abstract":"The electrochemical reconstruction behavior of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) profoundly affects their catalytic performance, but their effective regulation remains a major challenge. Herein, we propose a facile single‐atom‐driven strategy to manipulate the surface reconstruction of a gallogen‐based MOF, engineering an efficient active structure of ellagic acid and monatomic Cu co‐modified bismuth oxycarbonate, achieving organic–inorganic dual‐modulation. The reconstructed organic–inorganic hybrid electrocatalyst demonstrates notable performance for CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> electroreduction to formate with a maximal Faraday efficiency of 99.4% ± 1.5%. Moreover, throughout the continuous electrocatalysis period of 600 h at 250 mA·cm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> , the formate Faraday efficiency always maintains above 95.2% ± 2.4%. The corresponding charge transfer amount for formate generation reaches 507600 C·cm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> , representing one of the best among CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ‐to‐formate electrocatalysts and setting a record among bismuth‐based electrocatalysts. A series of operando and non‐operando characterization techniques combined with theoretical calculations reveal that the dual‐modulation of monatomic Cu and ellagic acid optimizes the <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ‐band center of Bi sites, thereby enhancing the adsorption of key <jats:sup>*</jats:sup> OCHO intermediate. This work establishes a molecular enhancement paradigm for engineering high‐performance electrocatalysts by harnessing surface reconstruction of MOFs.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ibrahim Cinar, Ibrahimhan Dilci, Kubra Genc, Yavuz Atasoy, Fantai Kong, Zhengguo Xiao, Savas Sonmezoglu
In recent years, research on the ferroelectric coupling photovoltaic effect has gained remarkable advances in enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, Fe‐doped Zn 2 SnO 4 ferroelectric thin films were produced at room temperature via the magnetron co‐sputtering method and employed as electron transport layers in planar based PSCs. The impact of various polarization directions on photovoltaic performance has been extensively examined. Diamagnetic Zn 2 SnO 4 thin films were effectively endowed with ferromagnetic characteristics by doping with iron as a “hard ferromagnetic element”. The incorporation of iron enhances spontaneous dipole polarization and reduces defects at the perovskite/ETL interface, leading to an impressive efficiency of over 23% with a perpendicular magnetic field, compared to 22% for control. The cells also exhibited remarkable operational stability, maintaining 97% after 600 h under continuous illumination at 85°C, and 91% of initial efficiency after 1000 h under a relative humidity environment. This work emphasizes the utilization of ferromagnetic electron transport layers for controlling spontaneous polarization and altering carrier dynamics in perovskite, which is crucial for achieving highly efficient PSCs with improved operational stability.
{"title":"Ferromagnetic–Electronic Coupling Strategy for Enhancing Operational Stability of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells toward Magnetron Co‐Sputtered Iron‐Doped Zinc‐Tin‐Oxide Ferroelectric Electron Transport Layers","authors":"Ibrahim Cinar, Ibrahimhan Dilci, Kubra Genc, Yavuz Atasoy, Fantai Kong, Zhengguo Xiao, Savas Sonmezoglu","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202529943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202529943","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, research on the ferroelectric coupling photovoltaic effect has gained remarkable advances in enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, Fe‐doped Zn <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> SnO <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> ferroelectric thin films were produced at room temperature via the magnetron co‐sputtering method and employed as electron transport layers in planar based PSCs. The impact of various polarization directions on photovoltaic performance has been extensively examined. Diamagnetic Zn <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> SnO <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> thin films were effectively endowed with ferromagnetic characteristics by doping with iron as a “hard ferromagnetic element”. The incorporation of iron enhances spontaneous dipole polarization and reduces defects at the perovskite/ETL interface, leading to an impressive efficiency of over 23% with a perpendicular magnetic field, compared to 22% for control. The cells also exhibited remarkable operational stability, maintaining 97% after 600 h under continuous illumination at 85°C, and 91% of initial efficiency after 1000 h under a relative humidity environment. This work emphasizes the utilization of ferromagnetic electron transport layers for controlling spontaneous polarization and altering carrier dynamics in perovskite, which is crucial for achieving highly efficient PSCs with improved operational stability.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapid charging triggers phase transitions and interfacial degradation, which results in rapid capacity fading in nickel‐rich layered oxide cathodes (LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 , NCM) and restricts the realization of their high energy density advantages. Herein, a dual‐modification strategy is developed by employing the Wadsley–Roth phase fast ionic conductor NaNb 13 O 33 (NNO) to achieve simultaneous Nb bulk doping and the construction of an epitaxial coating on LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 . The lattice‐matched NNO coating, featuring exceptionally wide interlayer spacing and robust structural stability, effectively suppresses phase‐induced structural degradation and enhances interfacial Li + kinetics. Combined analyses from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) reveal that the NNO epitaxial layer and Nb doping collaboratively mitigate unit cell volume changes and promote Li + diffusion, even under rigorous cycling conditions. Consequently, the optimized cathode (NCM@NNO‐2) delivers outstanding electrochemical stability, retaining 86.7% of its initial capacity after 300 cycles at a high rate of 7C, and exhibits a high discharge capacity of 149.7 mAh g −1 at an ultrahigh rate of 10C. This work pioneers the atomic‐scale stabilization of NCM materials through lattice‐coherent coatings, offering a novel and effective avenue for designing high‐performance, fast‐charging battery cathodes.
快速充电触发相变和界面退化，导致富镍层状氧化物阴极（LiNi x Co y Mn z o2， NCM）的容量快速衰减，限制了其高能量密度优势的实现。本文采用Wadsley-Roth相快速离子导体NaNb 13o33 （NNO）的双改性策略，在LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2上同时实现了Nb体掺杂和外延涂层的构建。晶格匹配的NNO涂层具有极宽的层间距和强大的结构稳定性，有效地抑制了相诱导的结构降解，提高了界面Li +动力学。结合密度泛函理论（DFT）计算、原位X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和飞行时间二次离子质谱（TOF - SIMS）的分析表明，NNO外延层和Nb掺杂共同减缓了单元电池的体积变化，促进了Li +的扩散，即使在严格的循环条件下也是如此。因此，优化后的阴极（NCM@NNO‐2）具有出色的电化学稳定性，在7C的高倍率下，在300次循环后仍保持86.7%的初始容量，并且在10C的超高倍率下具有149.7 mAh g−1的高放电容量。该研究率先通过晶格相干涂层实现了NCM材料在原子尺度上的稳定，为设计高性能、快速充电的电池阴极提供了一种新颖有效的途径。
{"title":"Wadsley–Roth Phase Armored Ultra‐Stable Ni‐Rich Cathodes via Synergistic Interfacial Engineering","authors":"Jietian Liang, Dongliang Yan, Xingming Zhang, Ao Jiang, Shunmin Yi, Yanfei Zeng, Qifan Liu, Tonghan Yang, Ketong Luo, Longqing Li, Zhian Qiu, Renheng Wang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75050","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid charging triggers phase transitions and interfacial degradation, which results in rapid capacity fading in nickel‐rich layered oxide cathodes (LiNi <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> Co <jats:sub>y</jats:sub> Mn <jats:sub>z</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> , NCM) and restricts the realization of their high energy density advantages. Herein, a dual‐modification strategy is developed by employing the Wadsley–Roth phase fast ionic conductor NaNb <jats:sub>13</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> (NNO) to achieve simultaneous Nb bulk doping and the construction of an epitaxial coating on LiNi <jats:sub>0.8</jats:sub> Co <jats:sub>0.1</jats:sub> Mn <jats:sub>0.1</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> . The lattice‐matched NNO coating, featuring exceptionally wide interlayer spacing and robust structural stability, effectively suppresses phase‐induced structural degradation and enhances interfacial Li <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> kinetics. Combined analyses from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) reveal that the NNO epitaxial layer and Nb doping collaboratively mitigate unit cell volume changes and promote Li <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> diffusion, even under rigorous cycling conditions. Consequently, the optimized cathode (NCM@NNO‐2) delivers outstanding electrochemical stability, retaining 86.7% of its initial capacity after 300 cycles at a high rate of 7C, and exhibits a high discharge capacity of 149.7 mAh g <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> at an ultrahigh rate of 10C. This work pioneers the atomic‐scale stabilization of NCM materials through lattice‐coherent coatings, offering a novel and effective avenue for designing high‐performance, fast‐charging battery cathodes.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiahui Dong, Xinyu Che, Huimin Xiang, Huiwen Shu, Hao Li, Yang Liu, Hui Huang, Zhenhui Kang, Mengling Zhang
The critical role of high‐performance catalytic devices in green technologies, from environmental remediation to sustainable energy, demands a transformation from materials to functional devices. In this study, we leverage carbon dots (CDs) to construct high‐performance and environmentally benign catalytic systems, motivated by their low toxicity, enzyme‐like activities, and tunable structures and properties. Specifically, CDs featuring a cyclic dipeptide structure and hydrolase‐like activity were immobilized in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to form a fibrous membrane (CDs@PAN). Using the hydrolysis of p ‐nitrophenyl phosphate ( p NPP) as a model reaction, the CDs@PAN membrane demonstrated high efficiency ( Vm = 40.79 µM/h) in the hydrolysis of p NPP under mild, neutral conditions. Moreover, the membrane could be easily recovered and reused at least five times without significant loss of activity. A practical catalytic device constructed with the CDs@PAN membrane achieved an 81.88% degradation rate within 72 h. Besides, the catalytic mechanism of the CDs@PAN membrane was explored, which revealed that the PAN matrix enhances substrate adsorption, thereby promoting stronger hydrogen bonding between CDs and substrate. This interaction effectively activates the P─O bond and facilitates efficient hydrolysis. Overall, this study provides a feasible strategy and a promising material platform for developing practical green catalytic technologies.
高性能催化装置在绿色技术中的关键作用，从环境修复到可持续能源，要求从材料到功能装置的转变。在这项研究中，我们利用碳点（cd）来构建高性能和环境友好的催化系统，其动机是其低毒性，酶样活性和可调的结构和性质。具体来说，具有环二肽结构和水解酶样活性的CDs被固定在聚丙烯腈（PAN）中形成纤维膜（CDs@PAN）。以对硝基苯磷酸（p - NPP）的水解为模型反应，CDs@PAN膜在温和的中性条件下水解p - NPP的效率很高（V m = 40.79µm /h）。此外，该膜可以很容易地回收和重复使用至少五次，而不会有明显的活性损失。用CDs@PAN膜构建的实用催化装置在72 h内降解率达到81.88%。此外，对CDs@PAN膜的催化机理进行了探索，发现PAN基质增强了底物的吸附，从而促进了CDs与底物之间更强的氢键。这种相互作用有效地激活了P─O键，促进了有效的水解。总的来说，本研究为开发实用的绿色催化技术提供了可行的策略和有前景的材料平台。
{"title":"A Green Catalytic Device Utilizing Carbon Dots as Hydrolase Mimetics for p ‐Nitrophenyl Phosphate Hydrolysis","authors":"Jiahui Dong, Xinyu Che, Huimin Xiang, Huiwen Shu, Hao Li, Yang Liu, Hui Huang, Zhenhui Kang, Mengling Zhang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75047","url":null,"abstract":"The critical role of high‐performance catalytic devices in green technologies, from environmental remediation to sustainable energy, demands a transformation from materials to functional devices. In this study, we leverage carbon dots (CDs) to construct high‐performance and environmentally benign catalytic systems, motivated by their low toxicity, enzyme‐like activities, and tunable structures and properties. Specifically, CDs featuring a cyclic dipeptide structure and hydrolase‐like activity were immobilized in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to form a fibrous membrane (CDs@PAN). Using the hydrolysis of <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ‐nitrophenyl phosphate ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> NPP) as a model reaction, the CDs@PAN membrane demonstrated high efficiency ( <jats:italic>V</jats:italic> <jats:sub>m</jats:sub> = 40.79 µM/h) in the hydrolysis of <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> NPP under mild, neutral conditions. Moreover, the membrane could be easily recovered and reused at least five times without significant loss of activity. A practical catalytic device constructed with the CDs@PAN membrane achieved an 81.88% degradation rate within 72 h. Besides, the catalytic mechanism of the CDs@PAN membrane was explored, which revealed that the PAN matrix enhances substrate adsorption, thereby promoting stronger hydrogen bonding between CDs and substrate. This interaction effectively activates the P─O bond and facilitates efficient hydrolysis. Overall, this study provides a feasible strategy and a promising material platform for developing practical green catalytic technologies.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar‐driven cogeneration of freshwater and electricity addresses global water‐energy challenges but is hindered by complex fabrication and inefficient energy utilization. Herein, we propose a buried‐interface engineering strategy to ultrafast construct an all‐carbon fabric evaporator through a straightforward solution immersion process (<10 min), which is enabled by an O 2 plasma pretreatment that creates a superhydrophilic and oxygen‐functionalized buried interface on carbon cloth. The activated interface imparts a high surface charge and directs dense graphene nanosheets adsorption, forming a continuous network that provides abundant nanoconfined channels and enhanced electrical conductivity. The resulting hierarchical device delivers an evaporation rate of 2.62 kg m −2 h −1 with robust salt rejection and cycling stability, a solar‐to‐vapor conversion efficiency of 159.5%, and an evaporation‐driven power density of 50.03 µW cm −2 . These achievements originate from the synergistic effects of the buried interface, which collectively enable efficient light absorption, rapid water transport, high zeta potential, effective electrical double layer overlap, and superior bulk conductivity. Outdoor experiments validate the durability of the cogeneration system, producing freshwater at ∼11.7 L m −2 day −1 while maintaining stable electricity generation. This work establishes a feasible and ultrafast strategy for constructing high‐performance cogeneration architectures, demonstrating the universal potential of buried‐interface engineering for scalable and sustainable water‐energy solutions.
太阳能驱动的淡水和电力热电联产解决了全球水能源挑战，但受到复杂的制造和低效的能源利用的阻碍。在此，我们提出了一种埋藏界面工程策略，通过直接的溶液浸泡过程（<；10分钟）超快速构建全碳织物蒸发器，这是通过o2等离子体预处理在碳布上形成超亲水性和氧功能化的埋藏界面实现的。激活的界面赋予高表面电荷并引导致密石墨烯纳米片吸附，形成一个连续的网络，提供丰富的纳米限制通道和增强的导电性。由此产生的分层装置的蒸发速率为2.62 kg m−2 h−1，具有强大的防盐性和循环稳定性，太阳能到水蒸气的转换效率为159.5%，蒸发驱动的功率密度为50.03µW cm−2。这些成就源于埋藏界面的协同效应，它们共同实现了高效的光吸收、快速的水输送、高zeta电位、有效的双电层重叠和卓越的体导电性。室外实验验证了热电联产系统的耐久性，在保持稳定发电的同时，以~ 11.7 L m−2 day−1的速度生产淡水。这项工作为构建高性能热电联产架构建立了一个可行的超快策略，展示了埋藏界面工程在可扩展和可持续的水能源解决方案中的普遍潜力。
{"title":"Buried‐Interface Engineering for Ultrafast Construction of All‐Carbon Fabric Toward Synergistic Water‐Electricity Cogeneration","authors":"Zihao Zhai, Xiang Li, Jieyi Chen, Bowen Ruan, Weicheng Sun, Haodong Yu, Kai Ye, Shengkang Liu, Huaming Liu, Qi Liu, Yufang Li, Hanyu Yao, Honglie Shen","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202530077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202530077","url":null,"abstract":"Solar‐driven cogeneration of freshwater and electricity addresses global water‐energy challenges but is hindered by complex fabrication and inefficient energy utilization. Herein, we propose a buried‐interface engineering strategy to ultrafast construct an all‐carbon fabric evaporator through a straightforward solution immersion process (<10 min), which is enabled by an O <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> plasma pretreatment that creates a superhydrophilic and oxygen‐functionalized buried interface on carbon cloth. The activated interface imparts a high surface charge and directs dense graphene nanosheets adsorption, forming a continuous network that provides abundant nanoconfined channels and enhanced electrical conductivity. The resulting hierarchical device delivers an evaporation rate of 2.62 kg m <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> h <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> with robust salt rejection and cycling stability, a solar‐to‐vapor conversion efficiency of 159.5%, and an evaporation‐driven power density of 50.03 µW cm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> . These achievements originate from the synergistic effects of the buried interface, which collectively enable efficient light absorption, rapid water transport, high zeta potential, effective electrical double layer overlap, and superior bulk conductivity. Outdoor experiments validate the durability of the cogeneration system, producing freshwater at ∼11.7 L m <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> day <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> while maintaining stable electricity generation. This work establishes a feasible and ultrafast strategy for constructing high‐performance cogeneration architectures, demonstrating the universal potential of buried‐interface engineering for scalable and sustainable water‐energy solutions.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyu Li, Kezhan Zhao, Long Chen, Zhewei Huang, Shaokai Li, Qian Ma, Jian Wei You, Lianlin Li, Tie Jun Cui
Metamaterials and metasurfaces have revolutionized the electromagnetic (EM) wave control, and programmable metasurfaces enabled dynamic manipulation of wavefronts. However, the current programmable metasurfaces lack autonomous intelligence and rely heavily on manual control or pre‐specified rule sets, limiting the self‐adaptability in dynamic scenarios. Here, we propose an autonomous intelligent metasurface (AIM) that seamlessly integrates the programmable metasurface with the large language model (LLM)‐based reasoning, multimodal control, and closed‐loop feedback. Inspired by human cognition, AIM is structured into six functional modules to mimic the ear, brain, eye, hand, neuron, and mouth, which enable natural language interaction, environmental understanding, and autonomous EM manipulation. Notably, AIM supports integrated sensing and communication using widely‐used WiFi signals, realizing simultaneous data transmissions and real‐time human vital‐sign monitoring without modifying the communication protocols. Demonstrated in smart indoor settings, AIM can provide us with a transformative framework for intelligent and user‐driven EM interaction, with broad potential for future applications in smart homes, healthcare, and human‐machine interfaces.
{"title":"Autonomous Intelligent Metasurface for Wireless Communications and Contactless Human Sensing","authors":"Xinyu Li, Kezhan Zhao, Long Chen, Zhewei Huang, Shaokai Li, Qian Ma, Jian Wei You, Lianlin Li, Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202525849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202525849","url":null,"abstract":"Metamaterials and metasurfaces have revolutionized the electromagnetic (EM) wave control, and programmable metasurfaces enabled dynamic manipulation of wavefronts. However, the current programmable metasurfaces lack autonomous intelligence and rely heavily on manual control or pre‐specified rule sets, limiting the self‐adaptability in dynamic scenarios. Here, we propose an autonomous intelligent metasurface (AIM) that seamlessly integrates the programmable metasurface with the large language model (LLM)‐based reasoning, multimodal control, and closed‐loop feedback. Inspired by human cognition, AIM is structured into six functional modules to mimic the ear, brain, eye, hand, neuron, and mouth, which enable natural language interaction, environmental understanding, and autonomous EM manipulation. Notably, AIM supports integrated sensing and communication using widely‐used WiFi signals, realizing simultaneous data transmissions and real‐time human vital‐sign monitoring without modifying the communication protocols. Demonstrated in smart indoor settings, AIM can provide us with a transformative framework for intelligent and user‐driven EM interaction, with broad potential for future applications in smart homes, healthcare, and human‐machine interfaces.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuke Xu, Yi Zou, Jiabin Ye, Zhenyuan Lin, Chuiying Yang, Tao Lin, Hao Chen, Ziyu Huang, Lixuan Liu, Gengxu Chen, Huipeng Chen
In the contemporary landscape of accelerating artificial intelligence (AI) development, multi‐dimensional information recognition has emerged as a critical enabler for enhancing both data computational efficiency and decision‐making precision. However, traditional multi‐dimensional recognition architectures exhibit a fundamental reliance on extensive hardware arrays and complex circuit topologies, posing significant challenges to hardware integration and system‐level miniaturization for AI‐based recognition systems. Here, for the first time, we propose an in situ 4D neuromorphic transistor (I‐FNT) and design a 4D spatiotemporal recognition system based on I‐FNT. Through dynamic encoding of the input port voltages of I‐FNT, programmable switching among three recognition modes (grayscale, depth, and time) is achieved, enabling cross‐dimensional information perception. Compared to existing multi‐dimensional information recognition systems, our 4D spatiotemporal recognition system significantly simplifies hardware while achieving 100% device integration gain. The I‐FNT‐integrated convolutional neural network (CNN) harnesses spatial (depth) information to achieve breakthrough performance in object recognition: 122% higher training efficiency and 345% faster training speed relative to conventional architectures, while attaining 94% accuracy. The system simultaneously facilitates object motion trajectory recognition, demonstrating comprehensive spatiotemporal processing capabilities. Therefore, I‐FNT provides an efficient and accurate novel solution for multi‐dimensional information recognition, representing a significant breakthrough for intelligent sensing and AI‐based recognition systems.
{"title":"In‐Situ Four‐Dimensional Neuromorphic Transistors for Spatiotemporal Fusion Information Perception","authors":"Yuke Xu, Yi Zou, Jiabin Ye, Zhenyuan Lin, Chuiying Yang, Tao Lin, Hao Chen, Ziyu Huang, Lixuan Liu, Gengxu Chen, Huipeng Chen","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202524468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202524468","url":null,"abstract":"In the contemporary landscape of accelerating artificial intelligence (AI) development, multi‐dimensional information recognition has emerged as a critical enabler for enhancing both data computational efficiency and decision‐making precision. However, traditional multi‐dimensional recognition architectures exhibit a fundamental reliance on extensive hardware arrays and complex circuit topologies, posing significant challenges to hardware integration and system‐level miniaturization for AI‐based recognition systems. Here, for the first time, we propose an in situ 4D neuromorphic transistor (I‐FNT) and design a 4D spatiotemporal recognition system based on I‐FNT. Through dynamic encoding of the input port voltages of I‐FNT, programmable switching among three recognition modes (grayscale, depth, and time) is achieved, enabling cross‐dimensional information perception. Compared to existing multi‐dimensional information recognition systems, our 4D spatiotemporal recognition system significantly simplifies hardware while achieving 100% device integration gain. The I‐FNT‐integrated convolutional neural network (CNN) harnesses spatial (depth) information to achieve breakthrough performance in object recognition: 122% higher training efficiency and 345% faster training speed relative to conventional architectures, while attaining 94% accuracy. The system simultaneously facilitates object motion trajectory recognition, demonstrating comprehensive spatiotemporal processing capabilities. Therefore, I‐FNT provides an efficient and accurate novel solution for multi‐dimensional information recognition, representing a significant breakthrough for intelligent sensing and AI‐based recognition systems.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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