Photo-biological hybrid hydrogen production systems integrate the advantages of microbial whole-cell catalysis and functional catalytic materials, but reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photoactive materials often impair metabolic activity and electron transfer efficiency. Here, we reported a photosensitive MOF nanozyme-microbe hybrid engineered to achieve ROS-mitigated interfacial electron transfer and highly efficient light-driven hydrogen production. By anchoring Rose Bengal sodium (RB) onto MIL-101, we constructed a bifunctional photosensitizing nanozyme MIL-101-nRB with a tunable bandgap, RB-dependent peroxidase-like activity, and excellent biocompatibility. Under illumination, triethanolamine (TEOA) mediates directional electron transfer from MIL-101-nRB to the microbe surface, reshaping intracellular redox fluxes and promoting photo-fermentation hydrogen metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming is evidenced by the near-complete depletion of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) at the end of hydrogen production. Under sufficient light intensity, the hybrid achieved a record-high cumulative hydrogen yield of 11.88 mol/mol-glucose, unambiguously demonstrating a genuinely light-driven process. Our hybrid system exhibits an exceptional apparent quantum yield of 23.56% at 470 nm, exceeding those of most reported hybrid systems. This work establishes a generalizable strategy to resolve ROS-induced toxicity while enhancing interfacial electron transfer in MOF-based biological hybrid systems, advancing the development of high-efficiency, solar-powered green hydrogen technologies.
{"title":"Near-Theoretical Solar-Powered Hydrogen Production From a Photosensitive MOF Nanozyme-Microbe Hybrid","authors":"Qiushi Jiang, Yanjing Li, Minmin Wang, Changpeng Ren, Yuhan Zhang, Wen Cao, Sihu Zhang, Wenwen Wei, Liejin Guo","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75000","url":null,"abstract":"Photo-biological hybrid hydrogen production systems integrate the advantages of microbial whole-cell catalysis and functional catalytic materials, but reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photoactive materials often impair metabolic activity and electron transfer efficiency. Here, we reported a photosensitive MOF nanozyme-microbe hybrid engineered to achieve ROS-mitigated interfacial electron transfer and highly efficient light-driven hydrogen production. By anchoring Rose Bengal sodium (RB) onto MIL-101, we constructed a bifunctional photosensitizing nanozyme MIL-101-nRB with a tunable bandgap, RB-dependent peroxidase-like activity, and excellent biocompatibility. Under illumination, triethanolamine (TEOA) mediates directional electron transfer from MIL-101-nRB to the microbe surface, reshaping intracellular redox fluxes and promoting photo-fermentation hydrogen metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming is evidenced by the near-complete depletion of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) at the end of hydrogen production. Under sufficient light intensity, the hybrid achieved a record-high cumulative hydrogen yield of 11.88 mol/mol-glucose, unambiguously demonstrating a genuinely light-driven process. Our hybrid system exhibits an exceptional apparent quantum yield of 23.56% at 470 nm, exceeding those of most reported hybrid systems. This work establishes a generalizable strategy to resolve ROS-induced toxicity while enhancing interfacial electron transfer in MOF-based biological hybrid systems, advancing the development of high-efficiency, solar-powered green hydrogen technologies.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saemon Yoon, Han-Gyun Lim, Jinyoung Kim, Gyu Min Kim, Seojun Lee, Jun Ryu, SungWon Cho, Jincheol Kim, Hyosung Choi, Jung Sang Cho, Jongsung Park, Dong-Won Kang
Ultra-wide-bandgap (UWBG) perovskites (>2.0 eV) are essential for high-efficiency triple-junction tandem solar cells but suffer from photo-induced phase segregation and open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficits arising from surface defects and energetic misalignment. Here, we report an in situ solution complexation (ISC) strategy to reconstruct the surface of 2.0 eV perovskites. By exploiting a proton transfer reaction between phenethylammonium chloride and ethylenediamine, we activate the passivation agents to selectively deplete unstable surface iodine clusters and eliminate metallic lead defects. This chemical reconstruction induces a degenerate-like n-type surface with pronounced downward band bending, simultaneously forming a robust hole-blocking barrier and enabling efficient electron extraction via an Ohmic tunneling contact. Consequently, the ISC-treated 2.0 eV single-junction device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.7% with a high VOC of 1.41 V and a fill factor of 0.84, while exhibiting superior photostability by suppressing phase segregation. Leveraging this UWBG top cell together with a 1.5 eV perovskite bottom cell, we further demonstrate a monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cell delivering a PCE of 24.2% with a VOC of 2.58 V. This work provides a practical pathway to minimize voltage losses and stabilize UWBG perovskites, advancing perovskite tandems toward perovskite/perovskite/Si triple-junction architecture.
{"title":"In-Situ Solution Complexation for n-Type Surface-Energetics Reconstruction in 2.0 eV Ultra-Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Saemon Yoon, Han-Gyun Lim, Jinyoung Kim, Gyu Min Kim, Seojun Lee, Jun Ryu, SungWon Cho, Jincheol Kim, Hyosung Choi, Jung Sang Cho, Jongsung Park, Dong-Won Kang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202532139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202532139","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-wide-bandgap (UWBG) perovskites (>2.0 eV) are essential for high-efficiency triple-junction tandem solar cells but suffer from photo-induced phase segregation and open-circuit voltage (<i>V<sub>OC</sub></i>) deficits arising from surface defects and energetic misalignment. Here, we report an in situ solution complexation (ISC) strategy to reconstruct the surface of 2.0 eV perovskites. By exploiting a proton transfer reaction between phenethylammonium chloride and ethylenediamine, we activate the passivation agents to selectively deplete unstable surface iodine clusters and eliminate metallic lead defects. This chemical reconstruction induces a degenerate-like n-type surface with pronounced downward band bending, simultaneously forming a robust hole-blocking barrier and enabling efficient electron extraction via an Ohmic tunneling contact. Consequently, the ISC-treated 2.0 eV single-junction device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.7% with a high <i>V<sub>OC</sub></i> of 1.41 V and a fill factor of 0.84, while exhibiting superior photostability by suppressing phase segregation. Leveraging this UWBG top cell together with a 1.5 eV perovskite bottom cell, we further demonstrate a monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cell delivering a PCE of 24.2% with a <i>V<sub>OC</sub></i> of 2.58 V. This work provides a practical pathway to minimize voltage losses and stabilize UWBG perovskites, advancing perovskite tandems toward perovskite/perovskite/Si triple-junction architecture.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yingying Li, Kunyan Qian, Xiaofeng Yan, Xijuan Tan, Hui Wang, Gang Wang, Beibei Wang
Stable operation under harsh conditions remains challenging for sodium metal batteries (SMBs) due to large volume expansion, sluggish transport kinetics, and dendrite growth. In this study, a sodophilic host material consisting of MgF2 nanoparticles embedded within fluorine-rich graphene fibers (MgF2@GF) is successfully synthesized through chemical vapor deposition with in situ fluorination. During the initial Na plating process, MgF2 nanocrystals undergo an in situ electrochemical conversion to form metallic Mg and NaF. The generated metallic Mg serves as sodiophilic nucleation seeds to promote uniform sodium deposition, while the robust NaF-rich protective layer prevents unnecessary side reactions, thereby synergistically inhibiting the growth of sodium dendrites. Meanwhile, the porous, F-doped GF framework offers a buffering space for Na deposition, enhancing cycling stability. Multi-scale analysis, including theoretical calculations and finite element simulations, are employed to systematically reveal the mechanisms behind the enhanced sodium deposition behavior. The fabricated MgF2@GF symmetric cell demonstrates long-term stable cycling exceeding 1500 h with low overpotential. When paired with Na3V2(PO4)2O2F cathode, the full cell exhibits good thermal stability at 40°C and maintains a reversible capacity of 93 mAh g−1 at −15°C with 92.1% capacity retention. This study offers new insights into the design of high-performance SMBs.
由于钠金属电池（smb）体积膨胀大、传输动力学缓慢以及枝晶生长，在恶劣条件下稳定运行仍然是一个挑战。在本研究中，通过化学气相沉积和原位氟化，成功合成了一种由嵌入富氟石墨烯纤维（MgF2@GF）的MgF2纳米颗粒组成的亲钠宿主材料。在初始镀Na过程中，MgF2纳米晶体发生原位电化学转化，形成金属Mg和NaF。生成的金属Mg作为亲钠成核种子，促进钠均匀沉积，而强大的富naf保护层防止不必要的副反应，从而协同抑制钠枝晶的生长。同时，多孔掺f的GF框架为Na沉积提供了缓冲空间，增强了循环稳定性。采用多尺度分析，包括理论计算和有限元模拟，系统地揭示了钠沉积行为增强背后的机制。制造的MgF2@GF对称电池具有超过1500 h的长期稳定循环和低过电位。当与Na3V2(PO4)2O2F阴极配对时，电池在40°C时表现出良好的热稳定性，在- 15°C时保持93 mAh g - 1的可逆容量，容量保持率为92.1%。本研究为高性能中小企业的设计提供了新的见解。
{"title":"Regulating Sodium Deposition Kinetics: A MgF2@Graphene Fibers Host for Wide-Temperature Sodium Metal Batteries","authors":"Yingying Li, Kunyan Qian, Xiaofeng Yan, Xijuan Tan, Hui Wang, Gang Wang, Beibei Wang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202526896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202526896","url":null,"abstract":"Stable operation under harsh conditions remains challenging for sodium metal batteries (SMBs) due to large volume expansion, sluggish transport kinetics, and dendrite growth. In this study, a sodophilic host material consisting of MgF<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles embedded within fluorine-rich graphene fibers (MgF<sub>2</sub>@GF) is successfully synthesized through chemical vapor deposition with in situ fluorination. During the initial Na plating process, MgF<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals undergo an in situ electrochemical conversion to form metallic Mg and NaF. The generated metallic Mg serves as sodiophilic nucleation seeds to promote uniform sodium deposition, while the robust NaF-rich protective layer prevents unnecessary side reactions, thereby synergistically inhibiting the growth of sodium dendrites. Meanwhile, the porous, F-doped GF framework offers a buffering space for Na deposition, enhancing cycling stability. Multi-scale analysis, including theoretical calculations and finite element simulations, are employed to systematically reveal the mechanisms behind the enhanced sodium deposition behavior. The fabricated MgF<sub>2</sub>@GF symmetric cell demonstrates long-term stable cycling exceeding 1500 h with low overpotential. When paired with Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>F cathode, the full cell exhibits good thermal stability at 40°C and maintains a reversible capacity of 93 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at −15°C with 92.1% capacity retention. This study offers new insights into the design of high-performance SMBs.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sources of light characterized by a well-defined number of photons are widely used in quantum experiments and technologies due to their peculiar properties, which include sub-Poissonian statistics, spatial, temporal, and frequency correlations, as well as maximal and high-dimensional entanglement. Searching for the best experimental approaches that allow us to visualize the quantum state of two (or more) photons has been a long-standing fundamental question, which has been mainly addressed via mode projection techniques. The rapid development of single-photon-sensitive cameras, however, has opened the pathway to conceptually simple, yet faster and more efficient, measurement techniques. This review explores the latest advancements in measuring the spatial structure of the quantum state of light using 3D imaging techniques. An overview of the most used single-photon camera technologies is given, highlighting their differences and respective advantages. Besides the fundamental interest in reconstructing experimentally one of the most mysterious concepts of microscopic physics, this review illustrates how the techniques developed in this direction can lead to new ideas in the fields of imaging and sensing, for instance, superresolution measurements and phase-enhanced and sub-shot noise imaging.
{"title":"Imaging of Biphoton States: Fundamentals and Applications","authors":"Alessio D'Errico, Ebrahim Karimi","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202526562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202526562","url":null,"abstract":"Sources of light characterized by a well-defined number of photons are widely used in quantum experiments and technologies due to their peculiar properties, which include sub-Poissonian statistics, spatial, temporal, and frequency correlations, as well as maximal and high-dimensional entanglement. Searching for the best experimental approaches that allow us to visualize the quantum state of two (or more) photons has been a long-standing fundamental question, which has been mainly addressed via mode projection techniques. The rapid development of single-photon-sensitive cameras, however, has opened the pathway to conceptually simple, yet faster and more efficient, measurement techniques. This review explores the latest advancements in measuring the spatial structure of the quantum state of light using 3D imaging techniques. An overview of the most used single-photon camera technologies is given, highlighting their differences and respective advantages. Besides the fundamental interest in reconstructing experimentally one of the most mysterious concepts of microscopic physics, this review illustrates how the techniques developed in this direction can lead to new ideas in the fields of imaging and sensing, for instance, superresolution measurements and phase-enhanced and sub-shot noise imaging.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mei Huang, Pengfei Liu, Zhihong Zhang, Ruijing Fu, Kar Wei Ng, Qingguang Zeng, Bo Wang, Shuangpeng Wang
Self-assembly of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals into long-range ordered superstructures can achieve reorganization of the morphological and chiroptical properties. Here, an efficient method is reported to achieve highly intrinsic chiral amplification in aqueous perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) through freezing-induced strong H-bond driving self-assembly into asymmetric superstructures. The aqueous PNCs with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 92% are successfully synthesized by the water-assisted strategy. Low temperature enhanced hydrogen bond network regulates the freezing-induced self-assembly of PNCs into asymmetric superstructures in aqueous solution, notably enhancing intrinsic circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) emission with over 200-fold amplification of dissymmetry factor (glum), along with the glum of 4.1 × 10−3 at 253 K. The emission wavelength of CPL could be tunable by anion exchange in aqueous solution. Our finding offers a pioneering insight into efficiently amplifying intrinsic chiroptical response in low-symmetry perovskites, opening a new avenue for the design of novel self-assembly perovskite materials with superior optical properties and CPL character.
{"title":"Giant Intrinsic Chirality Amplification of Aqueous Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals via H-Bond Driven Self-Assembly Superstructures","authors":"Mei Huang, Pengfei Liu, Zhihong Zhang, Ruijing Fu, Kar Wei Ng, Qingguang Zeng, Bo Wang, Shuangpeng Wang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75069","url":null,"abstract":"Self-assembly of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals into long-range ordered superstructures can achieve reorganization of the morphological and chiroptical properties. Here, an efficient method is reported to achieve highly intrinsic chiral amplification in aqueous perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) through freezing-induced strong H-bond driving self-assembly into asymmetric superstructures. The aqueous PNCs with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 92% are successfully synthesized by the water-assisted strategy. Low temperature enhanced hydrogen bond network regulates the freezing-induced self-assembly of PNCs into asymmetric superstructures in aqueous solution, notably enhancing intrinsic circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) emission with over 200-fold amplification of dissymmetry factor (<i>g</i><sub>lum</sub>), along with the <i>g</i><sub>lum</sub> of 4.1 × 10<sup>−3</sup> at 253 K. The emission wavelength of CPL could be tunable by anion exchange in aqueous solution. Our finding offers a pioneering insight into efficiently amplifying intrinsic chiroptical response in low-symmetry perovskites, opening a new avenue for the design of novel self-assembly perovskite materials with superior optical properties and CPL character.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ning Sun, Bowen Zhang, Yuwei Liu, Yang Qin, Xinyu Xie, Guowei Liu, Pengda Ye, Xiangjiang Dong, Gongjin Xu, Lei Lian, Peng Wei, Lijia Zhou, Yu-Cheng Huang, Jing Zhou, Jihao Zhang, Ruxanda Mireanu, Qingyu Kong, Ying-Rui Lu, Zhiwei Hu, Ming Lei, Kai Huang, Xiang Li, Runze Yu
Surface reconstruction governs the activity and stability of oxide-based electrocatalysts in alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), yet its structural origins remain unclear. Here, we show that tuning the connectivity of RuO6 octahedra in BaRuO3 perovskites modulates reconstruction thermodynamics, with the balance between corner- and face-sharing units determining the formation of amorphous surface RuxOy layers. Increased corner-sharing weakens lattice cohesion and promotes early Ba/Ru dissolution and amorphization, whereas excessive face-sharing suppresses reconstruction. The 6H phase, featuring a balanced connectivity motif, undergoes moderate, self-activating reconstruction that preserves bulk stability. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals rapid Ru–O rearrangement producing an amorphous RuxOy shell with accelerated OH* turnover and interfacial water reorganization. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that reconstructed RuxOy domains redistribute interfacial charge, strengthen Ru 4d–O 2p orbital hybridization, lower the water-dissociation barrier, and optimize hydrogen-binding energetics. These features account for the outstanding performance of AC-6H (the activated 6H-BaRuO3 is denoted as AC-6H), achieving 11 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and sustaining 150 h at 200 mA cm−2. This work establishes octahedral-connectivity engineering as a platform for directing reconstruction and designing high-performance HER catalysts.
表面重构决定了碱性析氢反应（HER）中氧化基电催化剂的活性和稳定性，但其结构起源尚不清楚。在这里，我们发现调整BaRuO3钙钛矿中RuO6八面体的连性可以调节重构热力学，角共享单元和面共享单元之间的平衡决定了非晶表面RuxOy层的形成。角共享的增加削弱了晶格内聚，促进了Ba/Ru的早期溶解和非晶化，而过度的面共享则抑制了重构。6H相具有平衡的连通性基序，经历适度的自激活重建，保持了体稳定性。原位拉曼光谱显示Ru-O的快速重排产生了一个无定形的RuxOy壳，加速了OH*的周转和界面水的重组。密度泛函理论（DFT）表明，重构的RuxOy结构域重新分配了界面电荷，增强了Ru 4d-O 2p轨道杂化，降低了水解离势垒，优化了氢键能。这些特征解释了AC-6H（活化的6H-BaRuO3表示为AC-6H）的优异性能，在10 mA cm - 2下达到11 mV，在200 mA cm - 2下持续150小时。这项工作建立了八面体连接工程作为指导重建和设计高性能HER催化剂的平台。
{"title":"Steering Dynamic Surface Reconstruction via Octahedral Stacking: A Strategy for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution","authors":"Ning Sun, Bowen Zhang, Yuwei Liu, Yang Qin, Xinyu Xie, Guowei Liu, Pengda Ye, Xiangjiang Dong, Gongjin Xu, Lei Lian, Peng Wei, Lijia Zhou, Yu-Cheng Huang, Jing Zhou, Jihao Zhang, Ruxanda Mireanu, Qingyu Kong, Ying-Rui Lu, Zhiwei Hu, Ming Lei, Kai Huang, Xiang Li, Runze Yu","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75083","url":null,"abstract":"Surface reconstruction governs the activity and stability of oxide-based electrocatalysts in alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), yet its structural origins remain unclear. Here, we show that tuning the connectivity of RuO<sub>6</sub> octahedra in BaRuO<sub>3</sub> perovskites modulates reconstruction thermodynamics, with the balance between corner- and face-sharing units determining the formation of amorphous surface Ru<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> layers. Increased corner-sharing weakens lattice cohesion and promotes early Ba/Ru dissolution and amorphization, whereas excessive face-sharing suppresses reconstruction. The 6H phase, featuring a balanced connectivity motif, undergoes moderate, self-activating reconstruction that preserves bulk stability. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals rapid Ru–O rearrangement producing an amorphous Ru<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> shell with accelerated OH<sup>*</sup> turnover and interfacial water reorganization. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that reconstructed Ru<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> domains redistribute interfacial charge, strengthen Ru 4<i>d</i>–O 2<i>p</i> orbital hybridization, lower the water-dissociation barrier, and optimize hydrogen-binding energetics. These features account for the outstanding performance of AC-6H (the activated 6H-BaRuO<sub>3</sub> is denoted as AC-6H), achieving 11 mV at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and sustaining 150 h at 200 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. This work establishes octahedral-connectivity engineering as a platform for directing reconstruction and designing high-performance HER catalysts.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reports of large temperature inhomogeneities inside single cells have sparked intense debate over the past decade. Initial claims were challenged as inconsistent with basic heat transport, yet the number of such reports continues to grow. Here, we present a concise, physics-led assessment of intracellular nanothermometry, grounded in experimental data from cellular biology and studies reporting intracellular temperature contrast, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity. This perspective provides a stricter and more detailed treatment of physical models, including a microscopic approach to thermal conductivity and molecular dynamics simulations. We also review potential sources of biased measurements in cells, including photonic effects, osmotic changes, optical trapping by tightly focused beams (tweezer effect), and electric-field shifts. Diamond color centers are highlighted as promising candidates for reference thermometers. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers enable optical readout through microwave-driven resonance that is largely insensitive to optical inhomogeneities and allows in situ cross-checks using multiple centers (NV, SiV, and others) embedded in the same nanocrystal. Their sensitivity to electric fields can be reduced by surface passivation, improving the reliability of intracellular temperature measurements. However, challenges in materials science, fabrication, and, most importantly, quantitative theoretical modeling remain to be addressed.
{"title":"Nanothermometry in Living Cells: Physical Limits, Conceptual and Material Challenges","authors":"Taras Plakhotnik","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202528655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202528655","url":null,"abstract":"Reports of large temperature inhomogeneities inside single cells have sparked intense debate over the past decade. Initial claims were challenged as inconsistent with basic heat transport, yet the number of such reports continues to grow. Here, we present a concise, physics-led assessment of intracellular nanothermometry, grounded in experimental data from cellular biology and studies reporting intracellular temperature contrast, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity. This perspective provides a stricter and more detailed treatment of physical models, including a microscopic approach to thermal conductivity and molecular dynamics simulations. We also review potential sources of biased measurements in cells, including photonic effects, osmotic changes, optical trapping by tightly focused beams (tweezer effect), and electric-field shifts. Diamond color centers are highlighted as promising candidates for reference thermometers. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers enable optical readout through microwave-driven resonance that is largely insensitive to optical inhomogeneities and allows in situ cross-checks using multiple centers (NV, SiV, and others) embedded in the same nanocrystal. Their sensitivity to electric fields can be reduced by surface passivation, improving the reliability of intracellular temperature measurements. However, challenges in materials science, fabrication, and, most importantly, quantitative theoretical modeling remain to be addressed.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insufficient grain growth and unfavorable band structure are key issues that limit the performance of magnetron sputtering Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells. Herein, a combined engineering strategy comprising bulk H doping and surface S grading is reported to achieve high-efficiency CIGSe solar cells, in which H doping is introduced via reactively depositing CIGSe precursor under an H2 ambient, while S grading is completed by depositing Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) layer. H doping passivates dangling bonds and alleviates localized Na-O clusters, facilitating grain growth and curbing native InCu and VSe defects. S grading increases the surface S content and passivates grain boundaries, thereby widening the near-surface bandgap and reducing carrier recombination. Synergistically, H and Na atoms activated by H doping inhibit Se out-diffusion from the CIGSe absorber and S in-diffusion from the CIGS layer, further diminishing surface defect density and mitigating electric potential fluctuations. Benefitting from the superior grain growth and the formed S gradient, a champion device with 18.69% conversion efficiency with a high VOC at 0.678 V is achieved. This work highlights the potential of a dual engineering strategy for increasing the performance of magnetron sputtered CIGSe solar cells and provides a feasible approach for their scalable industrial fabrication.
{"title":"Dual Engineering Strategy of H Doping and S Grading for High Efficiency CIGSe Solar Cells","authors":"Zeran Gao, Zihan Guo, Yuchen Xiong, Wanlei Dai, Yali Sun, Qing Zhou, Chao Gao, Xinzhan Wang, Wei Yu","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202531847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202531847","url":null,"abstract":"Insufficient grain growth and unfavorable band structure are key issues that limit the performance of magnetron sputtering Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> (CIGSe) solar cells. Herein, a combined engineering strategy comprising bulk H doping and surface S grading is reported to achieve high-efficiency CIGSe solar cells, in which H doping is introduced via reactively depositing CIGSe precursor under an H<sub>2</sub> ambient, while S grading is completed by depositing Cu(In,Ga)S<sub>2</sub> (CIGS) layer. H doping passivates dangling bonds and alleviates localized Na-O clusters, facilitating grain growth and curbing native In<sub>Cu</sub> and V<sub>Se</sub> defects. S grading increases the surface S content and passivates grain boundaries, thereby widening the near-surface bandgap and reducing carrier recombination. Synergistically, H and Na atoms activated by H doping inhibit Se out-diffusion from the CIGSe absorber and S in-diffusion from the CIGS layer, further diminishing surface defect density and mitigating electric potential fluctuations. Benefitting from the superior grain growth and the formed S gradient, a champion device with 18.69% conversion efficiency with a high <i>V</i><sub>OC</sub> at 0.678 V is achieved. This work highlights the potential of a dual engineering strategy for increasing the performance of magnetron sputtered CIGSe solar cells and provides a feasible approach for their scalable industrial fabrication.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) requires flexible electronics to have high computing performance and good environmental stability, rather than just simple flexibility. However, traditional polymer and metal substrates are limited by their low processing temperatures or crystallinity, restricting the integration of advanced functional materials. Mica, a natural layered mineral, has recently emerged as an inorganic platform, “MICAtronics”, bridging the gap between rigid wafers and soft electronics. This review provides a comprehensive roadmap of mica electronics, tracing its evolution from fundamental van der Waals epitaxy to wafer-scale system integration. First, we explain the “quasi-van der Waals epitaxy” growth mechanisms. This method allows the high-quality growth of many different materials, including 3D complex oxides and nitrides, without the strict limits of lattice matching. Next, we discuss the progress in large-scale production. We highlight self-separation technologies that allow substrate recycling and low-cost batch processing for future industrial use. We also systematically review the functional applications, grouping them into power management, logic computing, sensing, and connectivity. Finally, we discuss new research directions such as intercalation engineering and heterogeneous integration. We expect that mica will be an important foundation for fully integrated, all-inorganic flexible electronic systems.
{"title":"MICAtronics: A Flexible Electronics Platform","authors":"Yi-Cheng Chen, Ying-Hao Chu","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202600001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202600001","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) requires flexible electronics to have high computing performance and good environmental stability, rather than just simple flexibility. However, traditional polymer and metal substrates are limited by their low processing temperatures or crystallinity, restricting the integration of advanced functional materials. Mica, a natural layered mineral, has recently emerged as an inorganic platform, “MICAtronics”, bridging the gap between rigid wafers and soft electronics. This review provides a comprehensive roadmap of mica electronics, tracing its evolution from fundamental van der Waals epitaxy to wafer-scale system integration. First, we explain the “quasi-van der Waals epitaxy” growth mechanisms. This method allows the high-quality growth of many different materials, including 3D complex oxides and nitrides, without the strict limits of lattice matching. Next, we discuss the progress in large-scale production. We highlight self-separation technologies that allow substrate recycling and low-cost batch processing for future industrial use. We also systematically review the functional applications, grouping them into power management, logic computing, sensing, and connectivity. Finally, we discuss new research directions such as intercalation engineering and heterogeneous integration. We expect that mica will be an important foundation for fully integrated, all-inorganic flexible electronic systems.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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