Leonhard Hambitzer, Jan Mathis Hornbostel, Richard Prediger, Sebastian Kluck, Michael Daub, Cornelia Lee‐Thedieck, Frederik Kotz‐Helmer
Hydroxyapatite is widely used in tissue engineering due to its similarity to the mineral in bone. Microstructured hydroxyapatite scaffolds are of interest as they provide mechanical support for cells and guide cell behavior through structural cues. However, current structuring methods are limited to either large structures that lack the smallest features of bone or to nanoscale structuring that is not scalable to larger constructs. In this work, we bridge this gap by using two‐photon lithography of a transparent nanocomposite to fabricate dense and mechanically stable hydroxyapatite microscaffolds. Structures ranging from one centimeter in length to structuring submicron features are achieved, enabling multiscale structuring. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells that are seeded on hydroxyapatite show high viability, and an examination of cell morphology and osteogenic differentiation demonstrates the impact of high‐resolution scaffolds for cell culture over commercial low‐resolution counterparts. This approach enables efficient fabrication of multiscale hydroxyapatite scaffolds, with great potential for bone tissue engineering.
{"title":"Multiscale Structuring of Hydroxyapatite via Two‐Photon Lithography of Nanocomposites","authors":"Leonhard Hambitzer, Jan Mathis Hornbostel, Richard Prediger, Sebastian Kluck, Michael Daub, Cornelia Lee‐Thedieck, Frederik Kotz‐Helmer","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202517592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202517592","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroxyapatite is widely used in tissue engineering due to its similarity to the mineral in bone. Microstructured hydroxyapatite scaffolds are of interest as they provide mechanical support for cells and guide cell behavior through structural cues. However, current structuring methods are limited to either large structures that lack the smallest features of bone or to nanoscale structuring that is not scalable to larger constructs. In this work, we bridge this gap by using two‐photon lithography of a transparent nanocomposite to fabricate dense and mechanically stable hydroxyapatite microscaffolds. Structures ranging from one centimeter in length to structuring submicron features are achieved, enabling multiscale structuring. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells that are seeded on hydroxyapatite show high viability, and an examination of cell morphology and osteogenic differentiation demonstrates the impact of high‐resolution scaffolds for cell culture over commercial low‐resolution counterparts. This approach enables efficient fabrication of multiscale hydroxyapatite scaffolds, with great potential for bone tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nick Zahnd, Satyajit Das, John Marc C. Puguan, Carolina Pierucci, Michael Mayer, Christoph Weder
Electric‐fish‐inspired hydrogel batteries based on ion‐concentration gradients offer an attractive route to soft power sources; however, the poor mechanical properties of existing hydrogels limit device assembly and performance. Here, we report poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate hydrogels that enable ion‐gradient batteries composed of thin, mechanically resilient layers. Using a photopolymerization process with LiCl to form high‐ and low‐salinity compartments, or with charged monomers to create ion‐selective membranes, we produce defect‐free layers with thicknesses as low as 117 µm. All components exhibit excellent tensile properties (elongation >300%), enabling facile handling and assembly. Reducing internal resistance through sequential curing and bilayer formation, and minimizing layer thickness, improves battery performance. Single‐cell devices exhibit open‐circuit voltages up to 211 mV and power densities up to 10.3 W·m −2 . Gravimetric and electrical measurements reveal pronounced self‐discharge under open‐circuit conditions, a general phenomenon in ion‐gradient hydrogel batteries driven by coupled ion and water transport. The batteries can be recharged repeatedly under fixed‐current conditions, but the discharge kinetics of recharged batteries differ from pristine devices, suggesting distinct underlying processes. Overall, this work establishes a robust and scalable hydrogel platform for next‐generation soft batteries and provides insights into mitigating self‐discharge and enabling rechargeability.
{"title":"Robust Polymer Hydrogels Improve Electric‐Fish‐Inspired Batteries","authors":"Nick Zahnd, Satyajit Das, John Marc C. Puguan, Carolina Pierucci, Michael Mayer, Christoph Weder","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202600031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202600031","url":null,"abstract":"Electric‐fish‐inspired hydrogel batteries based on ion‐concentration gradients offer an attractive route to soft power sources; however, the poor mechanical properties of existing hydrogels limit device assembly and performance. Here, we report poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate hydrogels that enable ion‐gradient batteries composed of thin, mechanically resilient layers. Using a photopolymerization process with LiCl to form high‐ and low‐salinity compartments, or with charged monomers to create ion‐selective membranes, we produce defect‐free layers with thicknesses as low as 117 µm. All components exhibit excellent tensile properties (elongation >300%), enabling facile handling and assembly. Reducing internal resistance through sequential curing and bilayer formation, and minimizing layer thickness, improves battery performance. Single‐cell devices exhibit open‐circuit voltages up to 211 mV and power densities up to 10.3 W·m <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> . Gravimetric and electrical measurements reveal pronounced self‐discharge under open‐circuit conditions, a general phenomenon in ion‐gradient hydrogel batteries driven by coupled ion and water transport. The batteries can be recharged repeatedly under fixed‐current conditions, but the discharge kinetics of recharged batteries differ from pristine devices, suggesting distinct underlying processes. Overall, this work establishes a robust and scalable hydrogel platform for next‐generation soft batteries and provides insights into mitigating self‐discharge and enabling rechargeability.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao Ji, Qihong Xiong, Chenghao Gao, Yaling Mo, Zizhen Zhou, Peng Chen, Hong Wu, Yanci Yan, Yun Zhou, Bin Zhang, Guang Han, Guoyu Wang, Xu Lu, Xiaoyuan Zhou
Current high‐performance thermoelectric (TE) materials commonly require high‐purity raw materials, delicately designed composition, and elaborate synthesis procedures. Herein, based on a high‐throughput theoretical investigation, we propose a general screen principle of searching compounds with large effective mass and low lattice thermal conductivity to realize robust TE performance upon impurities and defects, which substantially save the energy and time consumptions for large‐scale applications. Taking Cu 12 Sb 4 S 13 , which is predicted to exhibit the strongest performance robustness, as a prototypical example, we demonstrate that the composition and microstructure discrepancies only lead to slight fluctuation on its zT values. Using abundant stibnite and tetrahedrite minerals combining with industrial grade Cu and S powder (99%) as raw materials, a maximum zT value of ∼0.8 at 723 K and a ZTave of 0.5 in the temperature range of 323–723 K can be achieved dispensing with elaborate chemical doping procedure. Comparing with those prepared using analytical‐grade pure elements, the TE performance can be remained by 80%, while the energy consumption is sharply reduced by more than 85%. These findings unveil the critical role and physical origin of performance robustness in TEs, which guides the development of natural mineral‐based compounds for practical TE applications.
目前的高性能热电材料通常需要高纯度的原料、精心设计的成分和复杂的合成过程。在此，基于高通量的理论研究，我们提出了一种搜索具有大有效质量和低晶格热导率的化合物的通用筛选原则，以实现对杂质和缺陷的强大TE性能，这大大节省了大规模应用的能量和时间消耗。以预测性能稳健性最强的Cu 12 Sb 4 S 13为例，我们发现成分和微观结构的差异只会导致其zT值的轻微波动。利用丰富的辉锑矿和四晶石矿物与工业级铜和硫粉（99%）结合为原料，在723 K时zT最大值为~ 0.8，在323-723 K温度范围内zT值为0.5，无需复杂的化学掺杂程序。与使用分析级纯元素制备的样品相比，TE性能可保持80%，而能耗可大幅降低85%以上。这些发现揭示了TE中性能稳健性的关键作用和物理来源，指导了用于实际TE应用的天然矿物基化合物的开发。
{"title":"Performance Robustness Navigates the Development of Natural Mineral‐Based Thermoelectrics","authors":"Xiao Ji, Qihong Xiong, Chenghao Gao, Yaling Mo, Zizhen Zhou, Peng Chen, Hong Wu, Yanci Yan, Yun Zhou, Bin Zhang, Guang Han, Guoyu Wang, Xu Lu, Xiaoyuan Zhou","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202532056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202532056","url":null,"abstract":"Current high‐performance thermoelectric (TE) materials commonly require high‐purity raw materials, delicately designed composition, and elaborate synthesis procedures. Herein, based on a high‐throughput theoretical investigation, we propose a general screen principle of searching compounds with large effective mass and low lattice thermal conductivity to realize robust TE performance upon impurities and defects, which substantially save the energy and time consumptions for large‐scale applications. Taking Cu <jats:sub>12</jats:sub> Sb <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> S <jats:sub>13</jats:sub> , which is predicted to exhibit the strongest performance robustness, as a prototypical example, we demonstrate that the composition and microstructure discrepancies only lead to slight fluctuation on its <jats:italic>zT</jats:italic> values. Using abundant stibnite and tetrahedrite minerals combining with industrial grade Cu and S powder (99%) as raw materials, a maximum <jats:italic>zT</jats:italic> value of ∼0.8 at 723 K and a <jats:italic>ZT</jats:italic> <jats:sub>ave</jats:sub> of 0.5 in the temperature range of 323–723 K can be achieved dispensing with elaborate chemical doping procedure. Comparing with those prepared using analytical‐grade pure elements, the TE performance can be remained by 80%, while the energy consumption is sharply reduced by more than 85%. These findings unveil the critical role and physical origin of performance robustness in TEs, which guides the development of natural mineral‐based compounds for practical TE applications.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing demand for scalable, reliable and cost‐effective battery manufacturing calls for fast, tight‐tolerance, and fully automatic characterization tools to understand battery materials. A major challenge lies in the characterization and control of electrode and cell‐level imperfections across the battery production chain. While laboratory‐based methods remain dominant in understanding material imperfections, their low throughput and high operational cost limit industrial scalability. Notably, automatic optical inspection (AOI) has been widely adopted in semiconductor manufacturing for inline inspection and control of imperfections. In this review, we discussed the critical challenges in transferring AOI techniques to battery manufacturing, which will bridge the knowledge gap between battery material characterization and semiconductor quality inspection. After discussing the imperfections and artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven optical techniques in the semiconductor industry, this review comprehensively assesses the electrode‐level and cell‐level imperfections in battery manufacturing. Offline and online battery characterization strategies, along with AI‐driven techniques in battery manufacturing, are discussed. We believe that digital twins (DTs), integrated with inline AOI and AI techniques, will have great potential for smart manufacturing of future batteries.
{"title":"From Wafers to Electrodes: Transferring Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) for Multiscale Characterization of Smart Battery Manufacturing","authors":"Jianyu Li, Ertao Hu, Wei Wei, Feifei Shi","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202528142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202528142","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for scalable, reliable and cost‐effective battery manufacturing calls for fast, tight‐tolerance, and fully automatic characterization tools to understand battery materials. A major challenge lies in the characterization and control of electrode and cell‐level imperfections across the battery production chain. While laboratory‐based methods remain dominant in understanding material imperfections, their low throughput and high operational cost limit industrial scalability. Notably, automatic optical inspection (AOI) has been widely adopted in semiconductor manufacturing for inline inspection and control of imperfections. In this review, we discussed the critical challenges in transferring AOI techniques to battery manufacturing, which will bridge the knowledge gap between battery material characterization and semiconductor quality inspection. After discussing the imperfections and artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven optical techniques in the semiconductor industry, this review comprehensively assesses the electrode‐level and cell‐level imperfections in battery manufacturing. Offline and online battery characterization strategies, along with AI‐driven techniques in battery manufacturing, are discussed. We believe that digital twins (DTs), integrated with inline AOI and AI techniques, will have great potential for smart manufacturing of future batteries.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Nikiforov, Heshan Hewa Walpitage, Binod Pandey, Stephen McGil, Dmitry Semenov, Xiaomei Jiang, Peter C. Sercel, Zeev V. Vardeny
We present a comprehensive investigation of the Landé g ‐factor of the exciton Rydberg series and band‐edge electron‐hole pairs in two‐dimensional phenethylammonium lead iodide (PEPI) films using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. At low magnetic field ( B < 0.5 T), we observe a sizable difference of 15%–20% between the effective g ‐factors of the 1s exciton and that of the higher energy Rydberg excitons, which overlap with the interband (IB) electron‐hole (e‐h) pair transitions at the band‐edge (labeled here as the “2s+” band). At T = 3 K, we obtained g 1 s = 1.86 ± 0.15 and g 2 s + = 2.33 ± 0.15. These results demonstrate that the exciton g ‐factor is smaller than the sum of the individual electron and hole band edge g ‐factors, namely g exciton < g e + g h = g IB . The experimental results are rationalized by theoretical calculations of the g ‐factors using a multiband effective‐mass model that includes the electron‐hole interaction for the different exciton states. It is shown that with the decreasing spatial extent of the exciton wavefunction, the exciton g ‐factor also decreases. At B > 10 T, the interband Landau level transition (N = 1) extrapolates to the bandgap value in PEPI at E g = 2.62 ± 0.016 eV, providing further evidence of the formation of Rydberg excitons.
本文利用磁圆二色性（MCD）光谱对二维苯乙基铵碘化铅（PEPI）薄膜中的激子Rydberg系列和带边电子空穴对的land因子进行了全面的研究。在低磁场（B < 0.5 T）下，我们观察到1s激子的有效g因子与高能Rydberg激子的有效g因子之间存在15%-20%的相当大的差异，后者与带边缘（这里标记为“2s+”带）的带间（IB）电子-空穴（e - h）对跃迁重叠。在T = 3k时，我们得到g1s = 1.86±0.15,g2s + = 2.33±0.15。这些结果表明，激子的g因子小于单个电子和空穴带边缘g因子的总和，即g激子<； ge + g h = g IB。利用包含不同激子态的电子空穴相互作用的多波段有效质量模型对g因子进行理论计算，使实验结果合理化。结果表明，随着激子波函数空间范围的减小，激子g因子也随之减小。在B >； 10 T时，带间朗道能级跃迁（N = 1）外推到PEPI的带隙值（eg = 2.62±0.016 eV），进一步证明了Rydberg激子的形成。
{"title":"Landé g ‐factor Spectroscopy of Rydberg Excitons and Band Edge Electron‐Hole Pairs in Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Films","authors":"Daniel Nikiforov, Heshan Hewa Walpitage, Binod Pandey, Stephen McGil, Dmitry Semenov, Xiaomei Jiang, Peter C. Sercel, Zeev V. Vardeny","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202526587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202526587","url":null,"abstract":"We present a comprehensive investigation of the Landé <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> ‐factor of the exciton Rydberg series and band‐edge electron‐hole pairs in two‐dimensional phenethylammonium lead iodide (PEPI) films using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. At low magnetic field ( <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> < 0.5 T), we observe a sizable difference of 15%–20% between the effective <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> ‐factors of the 1s exciton and that of the higher energy Rydberg excitons, which overlap with the interband (IB) electron‐hole (e‐h) pair transitions at the band‐edge (labeled here as the “2s+” band). At <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> = 3 K, we obtained <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> <jats:sub> 1 <jats:italic>s</jats:italic> </jats:sub> = 1.86 ± 0.15 and <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> <jats:sub> 2 <jats:italic>s</jats:italic> + </jats:sub> = 2.33 ± 0.15. These results demonstrate that the exciton <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> ‐factor is smaller than the sum of the individual electron and hole band edge <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> ‐factors, namely <jats:italic> g <jats:sub>exciton</jats:sub> </jats:italic> < <jats:italic> g <jats:sub>e</jats:sub> </jats:italic> + <jats:italic> g <jats:sub>h</jats:sub> </jats:italic> = <jats:italic> g <jats:sub>IB</jats:sub> </jats:italic> . The experimental results are rationalized by theoretical calculations of the <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> ‐factors using a multiband effective‐mass model that includes the electron‐hole interaction for the different exciton states. It is shown that with the decreasing spatial extent of the exciton wavefunction, the exciton <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> ‐factor also decreases. At <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> > 10 T, the interband Landau level transition (N = 1) extrapolates to the bandgap value in PEPI at <jats:italic> E <jats:sub>g</jats:sub> </jats:italic> = 2.62 ± 0.016 eV, providing further evidence of the formation of Rydberg excitons.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ignatius Andre Setiawan, Mohammad Mehrali, Jaka Tušek, Shiva Mohajerani, Xiebin Wang, Dermot Brabazon, Mohammad Elahinia, Mehrshad Mehrpouya
The elastocaloric (eC) effect, which harnesses the latent heat released during stress‐induced transformations of superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs), offers a promising pathway toward solid‐state, environmentally friendly refrigeration technologies. However, the advancement of eC devices is constrained by the limited heat transfer surface area between SMAs and heat transfer fluids, as well as the high mechanical work input relative to the extracted latent heat. Among available SMAs, nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys are the most widely commercialized and exhibit strong potential for eC applications, yet their poor machinability and fabrication challenges hinder widespread implementation. Additive manufacturing (AM) provides a solution by enabling layer‐by‐layer fabrication of NiTi with complex geometries, thereby enhancing surface area and reducing work input through lattice structures. This review summarizes recent progress in AM‐fabricated NiTi for eC applications, with an emphasis on components produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and directed energy deposition (DED) techniques using both wire and powder feedstocks. Finally, future directions and opportunities for integrating AM NiTi into practical eC devices are discussed.
{"title":"Additive Manufacturing of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys for Elastocaloric Applications: A Review","authors":"Ignatius Andre Setiawan, Mohammad Mehrali, Jaka Tušek, Shiva Mohajerani, Xiebin Wang, Dermot Brabazon, Mohammad Elahinia, Mehrshad Mehrpouya","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202530524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202530524","url":null,"abstract":"The elastocaloric (eC) effect, which harnesses the latent heat released during stress‐induced transformations of superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs), offers a promising pathway toward solid‐state, environmentally friendly refrigeration technologies. However, the advancement of eC devices is constrained by the limited heat transfer surface area between SMAs and heat transfer fluids, as well as the high mechanical work input relative to the extracted latent heat. Among available SMAs, nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys are the most widely commercialized and exhibit strong potential for eC applications, yet their poor machinability and fabrication challenges hinder widespread implementation. Additive manufacturing (AM) provides a solution by enabling layer‐by‐layer fabrication of NiTi with complex geometries, thereby enhancing surface area and reducing work input through lattice structures. This review summarizes recent progress in AM‐fabricated NiTi for eC applications, with an emphasis on components produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and directed energy deposition (DED) techniques using both wire and powder feedstocks. Finally, future directions and opportunities for integrating AM NiTi into practical eC devices are discussed.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chongyao Li, Zhitian Ling, Pawel Czulkin, Paul W. M. Blom, Wojciech Pisula, Tomasz Marszalek
Understanding the role of interfaces in perovskite devices remains critical for advancing their optoelectronic applications. While most studies on perovskite field‐effect transistors (FETs) focus on bulk or overall film properties, the interface between the semiconductor and dielectric, where the main charge carrier transport occurs, has received relatively limited attention. In this study, polymer films of different dielectric constants were applied to cover hydroxyl groups as trapping sites of a SiO 2 dielectric in 2D phenethylammonium tin iodide‐based FETs. High‐k dielectric polymers with polar functionalities introduce interfacial dipolar disorder that strongly localizes the transported charge carriers, resulting in distinct hysteresis in the device characteristics. On the other hand, low‐k polymers ensure an improved reliability of the device operation with higher charge carrier mobilities. Moreover, the reduced charge localization by the low‐k polymer dielectric surface also contributes to a pronounced bias stress stability being crucial for practical applications. This work provides rational design guidelines for dielectric polymers that promote efficient charge transport and reliable transistor performance, which is also important for the development of flexible electronics.
{"title":"Critical Role of Polymer Gate Dielectrics on the Charge Carrier Transport in Perovskite Field‐Effect Transistors","authors":"Chongyao Li, Zhitian Ling, Pawel Czulkin, Paul W. M. Blom, Wojciech Pisula, Tomasz Marszalek","doi":"10.1002/adfm.74982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.74982","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the role of interfaces in perovskite devices remains critical for advancing their optoelectronic applications. While most studies on perovskite field‐effect transistors (FETs) focus on bulk or overall film properties, the interface between the semiconductor and dielectric, where the main charge carrier transport occurs, has received relatively limited attention. In this study, polymer films of different dielectric constants were applied to cover hydroxyl groups as trapping sites of a SiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> dielectric in 2D phenethylammonium tin iodide‐based FETs. High‐k dielectric polymers with polar functionalities introduce interfacial dipolar disorder that strongly localizes the transported charge carriers, resulting in distinct hysteresis in the device characteristics. On the other hand, low‐k polymers ensure an improved reliability of the device operation with higher charge carrier mobilities. Moreover, the reduced charge localization by the low‐k polymer dielectric surface also contributes to a pronounced bias stress stability being crucial for practical applications. This work provides rational design guidelines for dielectric polymers that promote efficient charge transport and reliable transistor performance, which is also important for the development of flexible electronics.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ines C. Weber, Diego Uruchurtu Patino, Kuang‐Jung Hsu, Yann Zosso, Adrian L.M. Düsselberg, Tianyang Chen, Kostas Parkatzidis, Shiyuan Wei, Alam Mahmud, Grégoire M. G. B. H. Bastide, Anna L. Remund, Mengfei Ashley Wu, Zhenan Bao
Carbon‐based electrochemical sensors have attracted substantial attention for continuous health monitoring due to their high surface area, wide potential window, capability for repeated measurements, and compatibility with soft wearable electronics. However, they face challenges when detecting target biomarker concentrations in the low nanomolar range ( sensitivity ) and differentiating them in a mixture ( selectivity ), limiting their applicability in real scenarios. Herein, we present sensitive and selective “carbon flower” sensors, fabricated via a facile and patternable spray‐coating process on soft, stretchable substrates. Carbon flowers are obtained through the synthesis of polyacrylonitrile and subsequent heat treatments. They exhibit unique hierarchical morphologies, high surface area, and excellent conductivity, ideal for mass transport and electrochemical detection. We demonstrate the detection of estradiol, serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid with detection limits as low as sub‐nanomolar. The carbon flower sensors exhibit good repeatability across 100 cycles and over several weeks, robustness to pH and salt variations, and excellent performance in artificial saliva. In mixtures containing up to four analytes, they differentiate individual molecules, demonstrating high selectivity. This combination of sensitivity, selectivity, and mechanical compatibility makes carbon flower sensors well‐suited for biomolecular sensing in soft, skin‐conformable wearable electronic patches.
{"title":"Sensitive Hormone and Neurotransmitter Detection with Carbon Flower Electrodes","authors":"Ines C. Weber, Diego Uruchurtu Patino, Kuang‐Jung Hsu, Yann Zosso, Adrian L.M. Düsselberg, Tianyang Chen, Kostas Parkatzidis, Shiyuan Wei, Alam Mahmud, Grégoire M. G. B. H. Bastide, Anna L. Remund, Mengfei Ashley Wu, Zhenan Bao","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202528595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202528595","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon‐based electrochemical sensors have attracted substantial attention for continuous health monitoring due to their high surface area, wide potential window, capability for repeated measurements, and compatibility with soft wearable electronics. However, they face challenges when detecting target biomarker concentrations in the low nanomolar range ( <jats:italic>sensitivity</jats:italic> ) and differentiating them in a mixture ( <jats:italic>selectivity</jats:italic> ), limiting their applicability in real scenarios. Herein, we present sensitive and selective “carbon flower” sensors, fabricated via a facile and patternable spray‐coating process on soft, stretchable substrates. Carbon flowers are obtained through the synthesis of polyacrylonitrile and subsequent heat treatments. They exhibit unique hierarchical morphologies, high surface area, and excellent conductivity, ideal for mass transport and electrochemical detection. We demonstrate the detection of estradiol, serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid with detection limits as low as sub‐nanomolar. The carbon flower sensors exhibit good repeatability across 100 cycles and over several weeks, robustness to pH and salt variations, and excellent performance in artificial saliva. In mixtures containing up to four analytes, they differentiate individual molecules, demonstrating high selectivity. This combination of sensitivity, selectivity, and mechanical compatibility makes carbon flower sensors well‐suited for biomolecular sensing in soft, skin‐conformable wearable electronic patches.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"240 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peptides have become an increasingly important therapeutic modality for diverse diseases (e.g., diabetes and cancer) due to their high potency and specificity, favorable safety profiles, and improved manufacturability. Biodegradable micro‐ and nano‐carriers have consequently been widely investigated to protect peptides from enzymatic degradation and rapid systemic clearance while enabling sustained delivery. Despite substantial progress, biodegradable carrier–based peptide delivery remains limited by several persistent challenges: (i) low peptide loading capacity, (ii) an inherent trade‐off between high loading and suppression of initial burst release, and (iii) pronounced peptide‐to‐peptide variability in loading and release arising from heterogeneous physicochemical properties (e.g., charge, hydrophilicity, and solubility). To present insights for overcoming these unresolved issues, we aim to review recent strategies for efficiently loading and releasing peptide therapeutics in biodegradable carriers. After briefly introducing the properties and types of peptides and biodegradable carriers, the major limitations of biodegradable carrier‐based peptide delivery are meticulously discussed. Then, the potential solutions to resolve the limitations are presented based on the recently progressed works. Finally, we outline remaining knowledge gaps and future directions for scalable manufacturing, longer‐duration release, and clinical translation of biodegradable carrier‐based peptide delivery systems.
{"title":"Strategies for Loading and Releasing Peptide Therapeutics in Biodegradable Carriers","authors":"Wookyoung Jang, Ki Wan Bong","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202531987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202531987","url":null,"abstract":"Peptides have become an increasingly important therapeutic modality for diverse diseases (e.g., diabetes and cancer) due to their high potency and specificity, favorable safety profiles, and improved manufacturability. Biodegradable micro‐ and nano‐carriers have consequently been widely investigated to protect peptides from enzymatic degradation and rapid systemic clearance while enabling sustained delivery. Despite substantial progress, biodegradable carrier–based peptide delivery remains limited by several persistent challenges: (i) low peptide loading capacity, (ii) an inherent trade‐off between high loading and suppression of initial burst release, and (iii) pronounced peptide‐to‐peptide variability in loading and release arising from heterogeneous physicochemical properties (e.g., charge, hydrophilicity, and solubility). To present insights for overcoming these unresolved issues, we aim to review recent strategies for efficiently loading and releasing peptide therapeutics in biodegradable carriers. After briefly introducing the properties and types of peptides and biodegradable carriers, the major limitations of biodegradable carrier‐based peptide delivery are meticulously discussed. Then, the potential solutions to resolve the limitations are presented based on the recently progressed works. Finally, we outline remaining knowledge gaps and future directions for scalable manufacturing, longer‐duration release, and clinical translation of biodegradable carrier‐based peptide delivery systems.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antiperovskite nitrides (X3AN) serve as both structural and conceptual counterparts to the extensively studied perovskite oxides. However, their epitaxial stabilization and the associated emergent electronic properties remain largely unexplored. Here, we report the successful growth of Ni3InN thin films on perovskite substrates with lattice constants ranging from 3.78 to 3.98 Å. First-principles phonon calculations confirm the dynamical stability of cubic phase Ni3InN, providing the basis for epitaxial synthesis. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals (001)-oriented coherent interfaces when Ni3InN is grown on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3, while the growth on DyScO3 results in an unexpected (011)-oriented interface, consistent with surface-energy calculations. Transport measurements highlight a strain-controlled within a Fermi-liquid behavior, which correlates with variations in Ni-3d bandwidth, Ni-3d/N-2p hybridization. Band structure calculations reveal a unique dual contribution near the Fermi level: a Dirac-like dispersion that supports high mobility and a Ni-3d-derived manifold that governs strange-metal transport, exhibiting a reduced slope compared to oxide perovskites. Notably, the formal Ni valence (∼+2/3) places Ni3InN within an overdoped correlated-metal regime, distinguishing it from most oxide perovskites. This positions antiperovskite nitrides as a promising platform for investigating overdoped Fermi liquids and strange-metal behavior.
{"title":"Unusual Strain Relaxation and Dirac Semimetallic Behavior in Epitaxial Antiperovskite Nitrides","authors":"Ting Cui, Zihan Xu, Qinghua Zhang, Ying Zhou, Xiaodong Zhang, Qianying Wang, Dongke Rong, Songhee Choi, Axin Xie, Hongyun Ji, Can Wang, Chen Ge, Hongjian Feng, Shanmin Wang, Shuai Dong, Kuijuan Jin, Liang Si, Er-Jia Guo","doi":"10.1002/adfm.75034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75034","url":null,"abstract":"Antiperovskite nitrides (X<sub>3</sub>AN) serve as both structural and conceptual counterparts to the extensively studied perovskite oxides. However, their epitaxial stabilization and the associated emergent electronic properties remain largely unexplored. Here, we report the successful growth of Ni<sub>3</sub>InN thin films on perovskite substrates with lattice constants ranging from 3.78 to 3.98 Å. First-principles phonon calculations confirm the dynamical stability of cubic phase Ni<sub>3</sub>InN, providing the basis for epitaxial synthesis. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals (001)-oriented coherent interfaces when Ni<sub>3</sub>InN is grown on LaAlO<sub>3</sub> and SrTiO<sub>3</sub>, while the growth on DyScO<sub>3</sub> results in an unexpected (011)-oriented interface, consistent with surface-energy calculations. Transport measurements highlight a strain-controlled within a Fermi-liquid behavior, which correlates with variations in Ni-3<i>d</i> bandwidth, Ni-3<i>d</i>/N-2<i>p</i> hybridization. Band structure calculations reveal a unique dual contribution near the Fermi level: a Dirac-like dispersion that supports high mobility and a Ni-3<i>d</i>-derived manifold that governs strange-metal transport, exhibiting a reduced slope compared to oxide perovskites. Notably, the formal Ni valence (∼+2/3) places Ni<sub>3</sub>InN within an overdoped correlated-metal regime, distinguishing it from most oxide perovskites. This positions antiperovskite nitrides as a promising platform for investigating overdoped Fermi liquids and strange-metal behavior.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"270 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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