Anisotropic thermally conductive films (TCFs) capable of achieving efficient intra-plane heat dissipation while suppressing inter-plane thermal transfer have become essential components for next-generation electronics thermal management. Inspired by nacre, we demonstrated an ultrahigh anisotropic thermally conductive MXene (Ti3C2Tx) films through a bioinspired confined strategy. The layer-by-layer blade coating is applied to prepare confined highly oriented layered structure of MXene and montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets by interfacial bridging. The resultant MXene films exhibit exceptional intra-plane thermal conductivity (63.4 W m−1 K−1) while creating substantial phonon scattering interfaces to minimize inter-plane thermal conductivity (0.09 W m−1 K−1), thereby providing a thermal anisotropy factor that reaches 707. The resultant MXene films have superior cooling efficiency compared to commercial TCFs as thermal spreaders for next-generation electronics. Our strategy provides an avenue for assembling other two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets into high-performance functional film.
各向异性导热膜（tcf）能够实现有效的平面内散热，同时抑制平面间的热传递，已成为下一代电子热管理的重要组成部分。受珍珠质启发，我们通过生物激发受限策略展示了超高各向异性导热MXene （Ti3C2Tx）薄膜。采用逐层叶片涂层的方法，通过界面桥接制备了MXene和蒙脱土（MMT）纳米片的受限高取向层状结构。所得到的MXene薄膜具有出色的面内导热系数（63.4 W m−1 K−1），同时产生大量声子散射界面以最小化面间导热系数（0.09 W m−1 K−1），从而提供了热各向异性因子达到707。作为下一代电子产品的散热材料，与商用tcf相比，合成的MXene薄膜具有优越的冷却效率。我们的策略为将其他二维（2D）纳米片组装成高性能功能薄膜提供了一条途径。
{"title":"Bioinspired Confined Anisotropic Thermally Conductive MXene Film for Efficient Thermal Management","authors":"Lei Li, Ruohan Xu, Jia Yan, Yanlei Wang, Junfeng Lu, Zejun Zhang, Wei Li, Wangwei Lian, Jie Sun, Baohua Jia, Qunfeng Cheng","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202529268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202529268","url":null,"abstract":"Anisotropic thermally conductive films (TCFs) capable of achieving efficient intra-plane heat dissipation while suppressing inter-plane thermal transfer have become essential components for next-generation electronics thermal management. Inspired by nacre, we demonstrated an ultrahigh anisotropic thermally conductive MXene (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>) films through a bioinspired confined strategy. The layer-by-layer blade coating is applied to prepare confined highly oriented layered structure of MXene and montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets by interfacial bridging. The resultant MXene films exhibit exceptional intra-plane thermal conductivity (63.4 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>) while creating substantial phonon scattering interfaces to minimize inter-plane thermal conductivity (0.09 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>), thereby providing a thermal anisotropy factor that reaches 707. The resultant MXene films have superior cooling efficiency compared to commercial TCFs as thermal spreaders for next-generation electronics. Our strategy provides an avenue for assembling other two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets into high-performance functional film.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deepika Yadav, Spyros Stathopoulos, Patrick Foster, Andreas Tsiamis, Mohamed Awadein, Hannah Levene, Themis Prodromakis
Tunable capacitors are essential for adaptive and reconfigurable electronics, yet most existing implementations rely on continuous biasing or mechanical actuation. In this context, ferroelectric memcapacitors have emerged as promising non-volatile tuning elements for analogue, RF, and neuromorphic computing applications. While multilevel capacitance has been demonstrated in recent reports, a systematic understanding of switching behavior, stability, and circuit-level implications remains limited. Here, we present a voltage-programmable (<span data-altimg="/cms/asset/dcc2dc97-a57a-48e9-9985-72d7671a1094/adfm74384-math-0001.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0001" display="inline" location="graphic/adfm74384-math-0001.png"> <semantics> <mo>±</mo> $pm$</annotation> </semantics></math>3 V) ferroelectric memcapacitor based on a simple TiN/HfZrO/TiN stack that achieves more than eight stable capacitive states within a competitive memory window of <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/85383981-f2f9-423c-ac68-79bc6c7a451c/adfm74384-math-0002.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0002" display="inline" location="graphic/adfm74384-math-0002.png"> <semantics> <mo>∼</mo> $sim$</annotation> </semantics></math>24 pF in compact <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/40b45f38-694d-43c9-80c9-d4093f9105aa/adfm74384-math-0003.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0003" display="inline" location="graphic/adfm74384-math-0003.png"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>60</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>60</mn> <mspace width="3.33333pt"></mspace> <mi>μ</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> $60 times 60nobreakspace umu{rm m}^2$</annotation> </semantics></math> devices, exhibiting synaptic-like switching behavior. The devices show endurance up to <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/e3fd1e82-91d2-4ccc-a4de-4b97fd97f089/adfm74384-math-0004.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0004" display="inline" location="graphic/adfm74384-math-0004.png"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>6</mn> </msup> $10^{6}$</annotation> </semantics></math> cycles and state retention beyond <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/056f3cf3-50c5-47cf-af0b-75baab91c371/adfm74384-math-0005.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0005" display="inline" location="graphic/adfm74384-math-0005.png"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>5</mn> </msup> $10^{5}$</annotation> </semantics></math> s without extrapolation. Systematic area scaling from <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/71198647-cc0c-4560-ab83-c6474ceddb42/adfm74384-math-0006.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0006" display="inline" location="graphic/adfm74384-math-0006.png"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> $2 times 2$</annotation> </semantics></math> to <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/7a2a02ff-e285-4977-9716-62c47
{"title":"Multibit Ferroelectric HfZrO Memcapacitor for Non-Volatile Analogue Memory and Reconfigurable Electronics","authors":"Deepika Yadav, Spyros Stathopoulos, Patrick Foster, Andreas Tsiamis, Mohamed Awadein, Hannah Levene, Themis Prodromakis","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202531011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202531011","url":null,"abstract":"Tunable capacitors are essential for adaptive and reconfigurable electronics, yet most existing implementations rely on continuous biasing or mechanical actuation. In this context, ferroelectric memcapacitors have emerged as promising non-volatile tuning elements for analogue, RF, and neuromorphic computing applications. While multilevel capacitance has been demonstrated in recent reports, a systematic understanding of switching behavior, stability, and circuit-level implications remains limited. Here, we present a voltage-programmable (<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/dcc2dc97-a57a-48e9-9985-72d7671a1094/adfm74384-math-0001.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/adfm74384-math-0001.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mo>±</mo>\u0000$pm$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>3 V) ferroelectric memcapacitor based on a simple TiN/HfZrO/TiN stack that achieves more than eight stable capacitive states within a competitive memory window of <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/85383981-f2f9-423c-ac68-79bc6c7a451c/adfm74384-math-0002.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/adfm74384-math-0002.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mo>∼</mo>\u0000$sim$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>24 pF in compact <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/40b45f38-694d-43c9-80c9-d4093f9105aa/adfm74384-math-0003.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/adfm74384-math-0003.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mn>60</mn>\u0000<mo>×</mo>\u0000<mn>60</mn>\u0000<mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace>\u0000<mi>μ</mi>\u0000<msup>\u0000<mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mi>\u0000<mn>2</mn>\u0000</msup>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$60 times 60nobreakspace umu{rm m}^2$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> devices, exhibiting synaptic-like switching behavior. The devices show endurance up to <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/e3fd1e82-91d2-4ccc-a4de-4b97fd97f089/adfm74384-math-0004.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0004\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/adfm74384-math-0004.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<msup>\u0000<mn>10</mn>\u0000<mn>6</mn>\u0000</msup>\u0000$10^{6}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> cycles and state retention beyond <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/056f3cf3-50c5-47cf-af0b-75baab91c371/adfm74384-math-0005.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0005\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/adfm74384-math-0005.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<msup>\u0000<mn>10</mn>\u0000<mn>5</mn>\u0000</msup>\u0000$10^{5}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> s without extrapolation. Systematic area scaling from <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/71198647-cc0c-4560-ab83-c6474ceddb42/adfm74384-math-0006.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:1616301X:media:adfm74384:adfm74384-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/adfm74384-math-0006.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mn>2</mn>\u0000<mo>×</mo>\u0000<mn>2</mn>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$2 times 2$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> to <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/7a2a02ff-e285-4977-9716-62c47","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huchao Li, Shuchao Qin, Wen Xu, Guofeng Tian, Yunfeng Deng, Zhixin Hu, Xin Ye, Hui Yang, Lang Jiang, Deyang Ji, Wenping Hu
Organic single-crystal field-effect transistors (OSCFETs) are regarded as an ideal platform for investigating intrinsic charge transport behaviors and developing high-performance organic electronic devices, thanks to their ordered molecular stacking and minimal grain boundary defects. However, conventional integration methods frequently introduce impurities that induce interface defects or crystal damage, significantly impairing charge transport efficiency-a long-standing limitation plaguing diverse organic semiconductors. To address this critical challenge, we propose a universal strategy for the integration of two-dimensional (2D) organic single crystals with fluorinated polymer dielectrics. This approach synergistically combines an in-house microspacing in-air sublimation (MAS) growth technique with a gentle, damage-free transfer process, effectively eliminating interfacial imperfections. The resulting high-quality crystal-dielectric interfaces enable OSCFETs to achieve exceptional comprehensive performance: a record-high mobility of 18.9 cm2 V−1 s−1, ultralow operating voltage of −5 V, ultrafast photoresponse of 30 µs, outstanding high-speed image acquisition capability, and robust dual-mode driving performance for organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). This work establishes a universal method for constructing high-quality single crystals on polymer dielectrics, which holds broad implications for advancing high-speed sensing, imaging technologies, flexible displays, and integrated logic circuits.
有机单晶场效应晶体管（oscfet）由于其有序的分子堆叠和极小的晶界缺陷，被认为是研究本征电荷输运行为和开发高性能有机电子器件的理想平台。然而，传统的集成方法经常引入杂质，导致界面缺陷或晶体损伤，显著降低电荷传输效率，这是困扰多种有机半导体的长期限制。为了解决这一关键挑战，我们提出了一种将二维（2D）有机单晶与氟化聚合物电介质集成的通用策略。该方法将内部微间距空气升华（MAS）生长技术与温和、无损伤的转移过程相结合，有效地消除了界面缺陷。由此产生的高质量晶体介电界面使oscfet实现了卓越的综合性能：18.9 cm2 V - 1 s - 1的创纪录高迁移率，- 5 V的超低工作电压，30µs的超快光响应，出色的高速图像采集能力，以及有机发光二极管（OLED）的强大双模驱动性能。这项工作建立了在聚合物电介质上构建高质量单晶的通用方法，这对推进高速传感、成像技术、柔性显示和集成逻辑电路具有广泛的意义。
{"title":"Universal Integration of 2D Organic Single Crystals With Fluorinated Polymer Dielectrics for High-Performance Transistors and Single-Pixel Imaging Applications","authors":"Huchao Li, Shuchao Qin, Wen Xu, Guofeng Tian, Yunfeng Deng, Zhixin Hu, Xin Ye, Hui Yang, Lang Jiang, Deyang Ji, Wenping Hu","doi":"10.1002/adfm.74393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.74393","url":null,"abstract":"Organic single-crystal field-effect transistors (OSCFETs) are regarded as an ideal platform for investigating intrinsic charge transport behaviors and developing high-performance organic electronic devices, thanks to their ordered molecular stacking and minimal grain boundary defects. However, conventional integration methods frequently introduce impurities that induce interface defects or crystal damage, significantly impairing charge transport efficiency-a long-standing limitation plaguing diverse organic semiconductors. To address this critical challenge, we propose a universal strategy for the integration of two-dimensional (2D) organic single crystals with fluorinated polymer dielectrics. This approach synergistically combines an in-house microspacing in-air sublimation (MAS) growth technique with a gentle, damage-free transfer process, effectively eliminating interfacial imperfections. The resulting high-quality crystal-dielectric interfaces enable OSCFETs to achieve exceptional comprehensive performance: a record-high mobility of 18.9 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, ultralow operating voltage of −5 V, ultrafast photoresponse of 30 µs, outstanding high-speed image acquisition capability, and robust dual-mode driving performance for organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). This work establishes a universal method for constructing high-quality single crystals on polymer dielectrics, which holds broad implications for advancing high-speed sensing, imaging technologies, flexible displays, and integrated logic circuits.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have attracted significant interest in information security and anti-counterfeiting due to their unique afterglow properties. However, the role of non-covalent interactions in enhancing phosphorescence remains insufficiently explored. Herein, we report a composite coating based on the synergistic effects of F-π and π-π stacking interactions within a dual-phase 3D covalently cross-linked network, by confining small molecular guests within an epoxy network host. The coating exhibits an ultra-long room-temperature phosphorescence (URTP) lifetime of up to 5.40 s, representing the longest lifetime reported in an epoxy resin system. The coating also displays switchable URTP and excellent surface characteristics, enabling the creation of rewritable anti-counterfeiting labels through light-activated printing and thermal erasure. Its low surface energy (15.85 mN·m−1) and self-cleaning ability ensure the long-term stability and concealment of encoded information. This work highlights the efficacy of engineering non-covalent interactions for the development of high-performance, erasable organic phosphorescent materials in anti-counterfeiting applications.
{"title":"Epoxy Network Hosts Confine Small Molecule Guests for Enhancing Phosphorescence Through F-π and π-π Synergistic Interactions","authors":"Xinyue Xu, Yanji Zhu, Xuewei Jiao, Haonan Liu, Haodong Hu, Yue Zhang, Junqi Ning, Huaiyuan Wang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202530467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202530467","url":null,"abstract":"Organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have attracted significant interest in information security and anti-counterfeiting due to their unique afterglow properties. However, the role of non-covalent interactions in enhancing phosphorescence remains insufficiently explored. Herein, we report a composite coating based on the synergistic effects of F-π and π-π stacking interactions within a dual-phase 3D covalently cross-linked network, by confining small molecular guests within an epoxy network host. The coating exhibits an ultra-long room-temperature phosphorescence (URTP) lifetime of up to 5.40 s, representing the longest lifetime reported in an epoxy resin system. The coating also displays switchable URTP and excellent surface characteristics, enabling the creation of rewritable anti-counterfeiting labels through light-activated printing and thermal erasure. Its low surface energy (15.85 mN·m<sup>−1</sup>) and self-cleaning ability ensure the long-term stability and concealment of encoded information. This work highlights the efficacy of engineering non-covalent interactions for the development of high-performance, erasable organic phosphorescent materials in anti-counterfeiting applications.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"302 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achieving precise fabrication of ordered superstructures with multifunctional catalytic activity is fascinating but elusive due to uncontrollable interfacial energy and growth kinetics at the material surface. Herein, we develop a facile strategy for oriented formation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) anchored on three-dimensionally ordered macro-microporous (3DOM) superstructure derived from a Co-based 3DOM metal-organic framework (3DOM-MOF). Mechanism studies based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in situ spectroscopy reveal that the synergistic coupling of curved CNTs supports and Co nanoparticles in the as-prepared Co-based porous superstructures CNTs catalysts (Co-HOPS-CNTs20D) can regulate the electronic structure of the isolated Co-N4 sites, thus optimizing the binding strength of the oxygenated intermediates and facilitating intrinsic catalyst activity. The unique feature of the superstructure is validated using 3D transmission electron microscopy tomography, and the corresponding finite element analysis (FEA) simulations prove enhanced conductivity of Co-HOPS-CNTs20D superstructure, which facilitates transfer efficiency of electrons and improves catalytic activity. As a result, the Co-HOPS-CNTs20D exhibits a low overpotential of 287 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER and a high ORR half-wave potential of 0.863 V. The zinc-air battery incorporating Co-HOPS-CNTs20D demonstrates efficient and stable operation over a period of 160 h.
实现具有多功能催化活性的有序超结构的精确制造是令人着迷的，但由于材料表面不可控的界面能和生长动力学，难以实现。在此，我们开发了一种简单的定向形成碳纳米管（CNT）的策略，该策略锚定在由钴基3DOM金属有机框架（3DOM- mof）衍生的三维有序宏微孔（3DOM）上层结构上。基于密度泛函理论（DFT）计算和原位光谱的机理研究表明，在制备的Co基多孔超结构碳纳米管催化剂（Co- hops - cnts20d）中，弯曲CNTs载体与Co纳米颗粒的协同耦合可以调节Co- n4分离位点的电子结构，从而优化氧化中间体的结合强度，提高催化剂的内在活性。通过三维透射电镜断层扫描验证了Co-HOPS-CNTs20D上部结构的独特特性，并通过相应的有限元分析（FEA）模拟证明了Co-HOPS-CNTs20D上部结构的导电性增强，从而提高了电子的传递效率，提高了催化活性。因此，Co-HOPS-CNTs20D在10 mA cm−2下的OER表现出287 mV的低过电位和0.863 V的高ORR半波电位。采用Co-HOPS-CNTs20D的锌空气电池在160小时内高效稳定地运行。
{"title":"Carbon Nanotubes Assembled Ordered Macro-Microporous Superstructure as Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Long-Life Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries","authors":"Shilong Wen, Ke Ma, Yongfang Zhang, Ying Wang, Wenjie Yu, Liyang Shao, Xue Yang, Yanchao Zhao, Cong Han, Rutao Wang, Jianxing Shen, Enyan Guo, Liting Yan, Lili Han, Xuebo Zhao, Lianzhou Wang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202531733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202531733","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving precise fabrication of ordered superstructures with multifunctional catalytic activity is fascinating but elusive due to uncontrollable interfacial energy and growth kinetics at the material surface. Herein, we develop a facile strategy for oriented formation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) anchored on three-dimensionally ordered macro-microporous (3DOM) superstructure derived from a Co-based 3DOM metal-organic framework (3DOM-MOF). Mechanism studies based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in situ spectroscopy reveal that the synergistic coupling of curved CNTs supports and Co nanoparticles in the as-prepared Co-based porous superstructures CNTs catalysts (Co-HOPS-CNTs<sub>20D</sub>) can regulate the electronic structure of the isolated Co-N<sub>4</sub> sites, thus optimizing the binding strength of the oxygenated intermediates and facilitating intrinsic catalyst activity. The unique feature of the superstructure is validated using 3D transmission electron microscopy tomography, and the corresponding finite element analysis (FEA) simulations prove enhanced conductivity of Co-HOPS-CNTs<sub>20D</sub> superstructure, which facilitates transfer efficiency of electrons and improves catalytic activity. As a result, the Co-HOPS-CNTs<sub>20D</sub> exhibits a low overpotential of 287 mV at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> for OER and a high ORR half-wave potential of 0.863 V. The zinc-air battery incorporating Co-HOPS-CNTs<sub>20D</sub> demonstrates efficient and stable operation over a period of 160 h.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phase-change memory (PCM) displays great promise for the storage-class memory (SCM) technology due to its combination of fast speed of dynamic random-access memory and nonvolatility of Flash. Yet, to meet the high industrial requirement of write/erase speed for the SCM application, robust strategies for further accelerating phase transition, particularly from amorphous to crystalline PCM materials, are urgently needed. In this work, we propose a unique strategy of coherent-interface induced ultrafast crystallization in PCM materials. Employing rock-salt YAs/Ge2Sb2Te5 as a prototype, systematic first-principles molecular dynamics demonstrate that rapid nonstochastic crystallization behaviors can be achieved by the rock-salt-lattice-matching and high-temperature-resistant heterogeneous interface attached to the popular PCM material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST). Further experiment shows that the YAs-incorporated GST device has a faster SET process compared with the pure GST device. Finally, to extend the strategy in the family of inorganic materials, high-throughput screening from over 150 000 structures discovers as many as 71 candidates for coherent interfaces with PCM GST. The present study establishes a promising strategy to overcome the speed bottleneck of PCM through atomic-scale interface design for future storage-class memory implementation.
{"title":"Heterogeneous Coherent Interface Enabling Nonstochastic Crystallization for Phase-Change Memory","authors":"Tian-Yu Zhao, Jiahao Li, Nian-Ke Chen, Bai-Qian Wang, Xiaomin Cheng, Shun-Yao Qin, Huan-Ran Ding, Shengbai Zhang, Hong-Bo Sun, Xiangshui Miao, Xian-Bin Li","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202523223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202523223","url":null,"abstract":"Phase-change memory (PCM) displays great promise for the storage-class memory (SCM) technology due to its combination of fast speed of dynamic random-access memory and nonvolatility of Flash. Yet, to meet the high industrial requirement of write/erase speed for the SCM application, robust strategies for further accelerating phase transition, particularly from amorphous to crystalline PCM materials, are urgently needed. In this work, we propose a unique strategy of coherent-interface induced ultrafast crystallization in PCM materials. Employing rock-salt YAs/Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> as a prototype, systematic first-principles molecular dynamics demonstrate that rapid nonstochastic crystallization behaviors can be achieved by the rock-salt-lattice-matching and high-temperature-resistant heterogeneous interface attached to the popular PCM material Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> (GST). Further experiment shows that the YAs-incorporated GST device has a faster SET process compared with the pure GST device. Finally, to extend the strategy in the family of inorganic materials, high-throughput screening from over 150 000 structures discovers as many as 71 candidates for coherent interfaces with PCM GST. The present study establishes a promising strategy to overcome the speed bottleneck of PCM through atomic-scale interface design for future storage-class memory implementation.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenjie Zhang, Xiaosong Xiong, Run Xu, Guangyao Xiang, Tao Wang, Xu Liu, Yong Wang, Lili Liu, Yuping Wu
With the increasing demand for energy storage devices with higher energy density, lithium metal anode (LMA) has emerged as promising candidate due to ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g−1) and the lowest reduction potential (-3.04 V vs. S.H.E.). However, the practical application of LMA is still restricted by notorious active lithium loss and lithium dendrite growth, which cause low Coulombic efficiency, poor cycling life, and even potential safety hazards. In this study, a multifunctional diethyl sulfide electrolyte additive is proposed to synergistically construct a stable Li2S-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and Li2S/Li2SO4/Li2SO3-rich cathode electrolyte interphases (CEI), which could accelerate Li ions (Li+) transport kinetics and enhance the interfacial stability during long-term cycling. Moreover, the sulfur-rich composite in electrolyte interface could reduce the energy barrier for Li+ desolvation and thereby enhance interface dynamics. Based on these merits, the introduction of 2.0 vol.% diethyl sulfide into a carbonate electrolyte (without FEC) enables the lithium anode to achieve a 7-fold enhancement in long-term cycling performance. More impressively, the Li||LiFePO4 (LFP) pouch cell with the modified electrolyte achieves an outstanding capacity retention of 98.75% after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. The multifunctional diethyl sulfide additive paves the way for high-performance LMBs for practical applications.
随着对高能量密度储能器件的需求不断增加，锂金属阳极（LMA）因其超高的理论比容量（3860 mAh g - 1）和最低的还原电位（-3.04 V vs. S.H.E.）而成为有希望的候选材料。然而，LMA的实际应用仍然受到活性锂损失和锂枝晶生长严重的制约，导致库仑效率低，循环寿命差，甚至存在安全隐患。本研究提出了一种多功能二乙基硫化物电解质添加剂，协同构建稳定的富Li2S固体电解质界面（SEI）和富Li2S/Li2SO4/ li2so3阴极电解质界面（CEI），加速Li离子（Li+）传输动力学，增强界面在长期循环过程中的稳定性。此外，电解质界面中的富硫复合材料可以降低Li+脱溶的能垒，从而增强界面动力学。基于这些优点，在碳酸电解质（不含FEC）中引入2.0 vol.%的二乙基硫化物，使锂阳极的长期循环性能提高了7倍。更令人印象深刻的是，在0.1℃下，经过200次循环后，Li||LiFePO4 （LFP）袋状电池的容量保持率达到98.75%。多功能二乙基硫化物添加剂为高性能LFP的实际应用铺平了道路。
{"title":"Diethyl Sulfide as a Multifunctional Electrolyte Additive for Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Metal Batteries","authors":"Wenjie Zhang, Xiaosong Xiong, Run Xu, Guangyao Xiang, Tao Wang, Xu Liu, Yong Wang, Lili Liu, Yuping Wu","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202529688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202529688","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing demand for energy storage devices with higher energy density, lithium metal anode (LMA) has emerged as promising candidate due to ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>) and the lowest reduction potential (-3.04 V vs. S.H.E.). However, the practical application of LMA is still restricted by notorious active lithium loss and lithium dendrite growth, which cause low Coulombic efficiency, poor cycling life, and even potential safety hazards. In this study, a multifunctional diethyl sulfide electrolyte additive is proposed to synergistically construct a stable Li<sub>2</sub>S-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and Li<sub>2</sub>S/Li<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/Li<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>-rich cathode electrolyte interphases (CEI), which could accelerate Li ions (Li<sup>+</sup>) transport kinetics and enhance the interfacial stability during long-term cycling. Moreover, the sulfur-rich composite in electrolyte interface could reduce the energy barrier for Li<sup>+</sup> desolvation and thereby enhance interface dynamics. Based on these merits, the introduction of 2.0 vol.% diethyl sulfide into a carbonate electrolyte (without FEC) enables the lithium anode to achieve a 7-fold enhancement in long-term cycling performance. More impressively, the Li||LiFePO<sub>4</sub> (LFP) pouch cell with the modified electrolyte achieves an outstanding capacity retention of 98.75% after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. The multifunctional diethyl sulfide additive paves the way for high-performance LMBs for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Yuan, Qiufeng Song, Linwen Lan, Xuefen Chen, Jiangchuan Du, Linjun Zhang, Nan Chen, Zhifa Shen, Chang Xue
Chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of malignant tumor treatment; however, off-target effects and severe systemic toxicity limit its efficacy. Here, we developed a programmable theranostic platform based on an all-in-one smart DNA nanodevice (SND) that integrates a programmable cancer-cell classifier (PCC) with a responsive delivery system (RDS). By employing a modular design that permits the customization of aptamer combinations for specific cancer cell types, the platform achieves accurate tumor recognition and spatially controlled drug release. Functioning as a dual-aptamer molecular guide, the PCC utilizes an interlocked configuration to identify cell-surface biomarkers in a stepwise manner, thereby ensuring highly specific target cell recognition. The RDS is constructed from a 1D central trunk flanked by double-stranded drug-loading units, a structure that confers high payload capacity and nuclease-enhanced resistance. These peripheral units also function as recognition elements for endogenous stimuli; upon activation, they trigger conformational changes that facilitate efficient intracellular drug release. In vivo studies in tumor-bearing mice demonstrate that this programmable theranostic platform selectively accumulates in tumor tissues, leading to marked inhibition of tumor growth and a substantial reduction in systemic toxicity. By integrating programmable molecular recognition with stimulus-responsive drug delivery, our theranostic platform offers a promising strategy for advancing targeted cancer therapy.
{"title":"An All-in-One DNA Nanodevice as a Programmed Theranostic Platform for Intelligent Cancer Cell Identification and On-Site Drug Release","authors":"Yi Yuan, Qiufeng Song, Linwen Lan, Xuefen Chen, Jiangchuan Du, Linjun Zhang, Nan Chen, Zhifa Shen, Chang Xue","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202531762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202531762","url":null,"abstract":"Chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of malignant tumor treatment; however, off-target effects and severe systemic toxicity limit its efficacy. Here, we developed a programmable theranostic platform based on an all-in-one smart DNA nanodevice (SND) that integrates a programmable cancer-cell classifier (PCC) with a responsive delivery system (RDS). By employing a modular design that permits the customization of aptamer combinations for specific cancer cell types, the platform achieves accurate tumor recognition and spatially controlled drug release. Functioning as a dual-aptamer molecular guide, the PCC utilizes an interlocked configuration to identify cell-surface biomarkers in a stepwise manner, thereby ensuring highly specific target cell recognition. The RDS is constructed from a 1D central trunk flanked by double-stranded drug-loading units, a structure that confers high payload capacity and nuclease-enhanced resistance. These peripheral units also function as recognition elements for endogenous stimuli; upon activation, they trigger conformational changes that facilitate efficient intracellular drug release. In vivo studies in tumor-bearing mice demonstrate that this programmable theranostic platform selectively accumulates in tumor tissues, leading to marked inhibition of tumor growth and a substantial reduction in systemic toxicity. By integrating programmable molecular recognition with stimulus-responsive drug delivery, our theranostic platform offers a promising strategy for advancing targeted cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia S. Babkova, Ivan V. Zelepukin, Lyubov V. Gorelik, Anton L. Popov, Andrei I. Pastukhov, Gleb V. Tikhonowski, Maxim S. Savinov, Danil D. Kolmanovich, Nikita A. Pivovarov, Alina Yu. Kapitannikova, Anton A. Popov, Anna S. Sogomonyan, Vsevolod A. Skribitsky, Aziz B. Mirkasymov, Andrei V. Kabashin, Sergey M. Deyev
Transition metal nitrides are robust alternatives to noble metals in plasmonics, offering strong NIR absorption, high melting points, and chemical stability. Hafnium nitride (HfN) nanoparticles are especially promising owing to the high atomic number of hafnium, which could provide X-ray-based theranostic functionalities in addition to the prominent plasmonic properties. However, their biomedical potential has remained unexplored due to difficulties in synthesis of pure water-dispersible nanostructures. Here, we use femtosecond laser ablation in acetone to produce HfN-based nanoparticles exhibiting a red-shifted plasmon resonance spanning both the NIR-I and NIR-II windows. We then present the first in vivo assessment of the biocompatibility, photothermal performance, and radiosensitizing capacity of HfN-based nanomaterials. We show that PEGylated HfN nanoparticles exhibit negligible cytotoxicity across three cancer cell lines in vitro and no significant long-term adverse effects in healthy mice following intravenous administration. NIR-I photothermal therapy of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after systemic nanoparticle administration leads to a 2.4-fold suppression of tumor growth and a significant extension of survival. The multimodal therapeutic potential of HfN is demonstrated by the enhanced efficacy of X-ray radiotherapy after local administration of nanoparticles. Laser ablated engineering of hafnium nitrides establishes this nanomaterial as a promising candidate for multimodal optical and radiosensitizing theranostics.
{"title":"Laser Engineering of HfN-Based Nanoparticles for Safe NIR-I Photothermal and X-ray Enhancing Cancer Therapies","authors":"Julia S. Babkova, Ivan V. Zelepukin, Lyubov V. Gorelik, Anton L. Popov, Andrei I. Pastukhov, Gleb V. Tikhonowski, Maxim S. Savinov, Danil D. Kolmanovich, Nikita A. Pivovarov, Alina Yu. Kapitannikova, Anton A. Popov, Anna S. Sogomonyan, Vsevolod A. Skribitsky, Aziz B. Mirkasymov, Andrei V. Kabashin, Sergey M. Deyev","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202529532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202529532","url":null,"abstract":"Transition metal nitrides are robust alternatives to noble metals in plasmonics, offering strong NIR absorption, high melting points, and chemical stability. Hafnium nitride (HfN) nanoparticles are especially promising owing to the high atomic number of hafnium, which could provide X-ray-based theranostic functionalities in addition to the prominent plasmonic properties. However, their biomedical potential has remained unexplored due to difficulties in synthesis of pure water-dispersible nanostructures. Here, we use femtosecond laser ablation in acetone to produce HfN-based nanoparticles exhibiting a red-shifted plasmon resonance spanning both the NIR-I and NIR-II windows. We then present the first in vivo assessment of the biocompatibility, photothermal performance, and radiosensitizing capacity of HfN-based nanomaterials. We show that PEGylated HfN nanoparticles exhibit negligible cytotoxicity across three cancer cell lines in vitro and no significant long-term adverse effects in healthy mice following intravenous administration. NIR-I photothermal therapy of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after systemic nanoparticle administration leads to a 2.4-fold suppression of tumor growth and a significant extension of survival. The multimodal therapeutic potential of HfN is demonstrated by the enhanced efficacy of X-ray radiotherapy after local administration of nanoparticles. Laser ablated engineering of hafnium nitrides establishes this nanomaterial as a promising candidate for multimodal optical and radiosensitizing theranostics.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"288 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Namuersaihan Namuersaihan, Zhiqiang Zhao, Oliver J. Conquest, Ying Shu, Haoyue Sun, Chunjing Su, Qi Cheng, Aloysius Soon, Catherine Stampfl, Jun Huang
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media is a promising strategy for sustainable hydrogen production, but the exploration of efficient and durable HER electrocatalysts is often hindered by the empirical and time-consuming nature of traditional synthesis. Herein, a machine learning (ML)–driven strategy combining Bayesian optimization is introduced to achieve the rational design of Ni3S4/Ni3Mo heterostructures for alkaline HER. By coupling predictive modeling with experimental feedback, this approach efficiently navigated a complex synthesis space and identified conditions yielding a structurally and electronically optimized catalyst. The optimized Ni3S4/Ni3Mo exhibits a vibrant morphological evolution—from compact buds to blooming petal-like structures—enabling enriched active sites and accelerated mass transport. Guided by Bayesian optimization, the optimized Ni3S4/Ni3Mo achieves a 10.5-fold enhancement in Cdl and delivers an exceptionally low overpotential of 18.2 mV at 100 mA cm−2, outperforming most reported transition-metal catalysts and even surpassing commercial Pt/C. Mechanistic insights from in situ Raman and DFT reveal that interfacial charge redistribution between Ni3S4 and Ni3Mo optimizes H* adsorption (ΔGH* ≈ 0.04 eV) and significantly reduces the water-dissociation barrier (0.08 eV), thereby accelerating reaction kinetics. This work demonstrates how the ML-guided optimization can synergistically couple morphology control, interfacial engineering with electronic tuning, offering a generalizable framework for intelligent catalyst discovery and mechanistic understanding in electrochemical energy conversion.
碱性介质中的析氢反应（HER）是一种很有前途的可持续制氢策略，但传统合成的经验和耗时特性往往阻碍了高效耐用的析氢电催化剂的探索。本文提出了一种结合贝叶斯优化的机器学习驱动策略，以实现碱性HER中Ni3S4/Ni3Mo异质结构的合理设计。通过将预测建模与实验反馈相结合，该方法有效地导航了复杂的合成空间，并确定了产生结构和电子优化催化剂的条件。优化后的Ni3S4/Ni3Mo呈现出充满活力的形态进化——从致密的芽状结构到盛开的花瓣状结构，从而丰富了活性位点，加速了质量传输。在贝叶斯优化的指导下，优化后的Ni3S4/Ni3Mo在Cdl中实现了10.5倍的增强，并且在100 mA cm−2下提供了18.2 mV的极低过电位，优于大多数报道的过渡金属催化剂，甚至超过了商业Pt/C。原位拉曼和DFT的机理分析表明，Ni3S4和Ni3Mo之间的界面电荷重新分配优化了H*吸附（ΔGH*≈0.04 eV），显著降低了水解离势垒（0.08 eV），从而加速了反应动力学。这项工作展示了机器学习引导的优化如何协同耦合形态控制、界面工程和电子调谐，为电化学能量转换中的智能催化剂发现和机制理解提供了一个可推广的框架。
{"title":"Accelerated Discovery of High Performance Ni3S4/Ni3Mo HER Catalysts via Bayesian Optimization","authors":"Namuersaihan Namuersaihan, Zhiqiang Zhao, Oliver J. Conquest, Ying Shu, Haoyue Sun, Chunjing Su, Qi Cheng, Aloysius Soon, Catherine Stampfl, Jun Huang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202528363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202528363","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media is a promising strategy for sustainable hydrogen production, but the exploration of efficient and durable HER electrocatalysts is often hindered by the empirical and time-consuming nature of traditional synthesis. Herein, a machine learning (ML)–driven strategy combining Bayesian optimization is introduced to achieve the rational design of Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>/Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo heterostructures for alkaline HER. By coupling predictive modeling with experimental feedback, this approach efficiently navigated a complex synthesis space and identified conditions yielding a structurally and electronically optimized catalyst. The optimized Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>/Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo exhibits a vibrant morphological evolution—from compact buds to blooming petal-like structures—enabling enriched active sites and accelerated mass transport. Guided by Bayesian optimization, the optimized Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>/Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo achieves a 10.5-fold enhancement in <i>C</i><sub>dl</sub> and delivers an exceptionally low overpotential of 18.2 mV at 100 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, outperforming most reported transition-metal catalysts and even surpassing commercial Pt/C. Mechanistic insights from in situ Raman and DFT reveal that interfacial charge redistribution between Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub> and Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo optimizes H* adsorption (Δ<i>G</i><sub>H*</sub> ≈ 0.04 eV) and significantly reduces the water-dissociation barrier (0.08 eV), thereby accelerating reaction kinetics. This work demonstrates how the ML-guided optimization can synergistically couple morphology control, interfacial engineering with electronic tuning, offering a generalizable framework for intelligent catalyst discovery and mechanistic understanding in electrochemical energy conversion.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：